城市供热模式评价理论方法及应用研究
|
摘要
本文在梳理相关研究文献的基础上,采取规范分析与实证分析相结合的研究方法,分析我国供热及城市供热评价理论、方法等相关研究现状,综合经济、社会、环境、能耗和热损失等因素,从节约能源、提高能源利用率等角度出发,确定了集中供热与分散供热模式的选择思路。
运用理论移植等方法,提出了以集中供热为基础的源网分开供热模式,界定了源网分开的含义,搭建了城市供热源网分开的供热体系框架,提出了热力市场中的三级市场管理模式,指出源网分开供热模式是城市集中供热发展的必然趋势。
对城市供热的技术、经济、社会、环境等评价的理论与方法的系统内部体系及其对外部环境的影响进行探究,构建了城市供热综合评价体系。
以经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和人文环境效益为准则,运用AHP、DEA交叉法和DEA/AHP评价方法,对城市供热模式进行了评价,并对三种方法的评价结论进行了比较。进一步揭示了城市供热评价方法的本质和特性,从一般性的角度出发,提出了对城市供热评价具有理论和实际意义的新见解。针对沈阳市的供热现状,明确了沈阳市的供热发展方向,对其应用地源热泵供热模式提出综合评价结论和富有建设性地建议。
As city infrastructure,heating system covers all aspects of society.Its level of development speed and good or bad quality will have a significant impact on the people's livelihood,social stability,energy conservation and other issues.Recently,every country has become increasingly concerned about the issue of city heating and the research of it. The attentions also include the appraisal of city heating systems.However,there are many problems in researching the appraisal of city heating system.Particularly,the theories and methods about appraisal of city heating systems needs to develop and improve.One of the most important problems is how can we appraise the city heating from all aspects of economics,social,environments,resources and the further in-depth research from theoretical approaches.The main reasons are as follows:
The obvious contradiction between energy supply and demand in China has become the bottleneck of sustainable development.Recently,energy and environmental issues become the major social problem which faced the world.Energy is material basis of the modern society and life.With the rapid growth of population and economic the consumption of energy has also increased dramatically.Coupled with the limited availability of energy,the growing imbalance between supply and demand,which significantly limits the sustainable development of economic and social.
The proportion of building energy consumption is too large and the conservation of enery must be implemented immediately.The current situations of China is not only the large total building energy consumption but also the low energy efficiency of construction. Implementing the concept of scientific development and the strategy of sustainable development and holding on the policy of "equall resource development and saving, taking savings in the first place,raising the utilization rate of resources",which achieves to make the implementation of building energy-saving having a leap-forward development. All above have became urgent tasks.
A wide range of choices are facing the heating mode.As the pressure of environmental protection that the city faced is getting more and more tremendous,the structure of city energy is being adjusting.The reform of economic system needs reforming the old heating system urgently.At the same time,the rapid development of city heating technology and the emerging of various heating modes make we face the difficult of choices.
Economic appraisal of city heating is an important component of the city heating's development and energy-saving of construction.How to appraise city heating from the perspective of economic and social,particular the appraisal and selection of heating modes which Concerns many issues like decision-making of government and the developers,the choices of consumer and so on.That is also related to money-saving,energy-saving, meeting customer need and promoting development of city in harmony and sustainable.
Currently,there are many methods of appraising city heating from economic and social point of view.The purposes of appraisal are different.There are simple method or complex method.No only exist single-objective methods but also multi-objective methods. There are single-factor methods or multi-factor methods.So,there is a need to analysis and define the methods in theory.We must make our thinking clear and provide basis of theories and practices for the decision-making.
It needs to improve the theory and method of city heating appraisal urgently.The ideas of appraisal have been applicated in the appraisal of city heating system.But it needs adapt to the rapid development of heating technology and socio-economic.We must examine current theories and methods of appraisal from a new perspective.
We raise the idea of this text basing on the theoretical and practical background above.This paper takes the theories and methods of city heating appraisal as its theme.It not only reveals the nature and characteristics of city heating appraisal but also discovers general lows.All above are through the composing of city heating appraisal system,the factors affecting the methods of appraisal,the establishment of appraisal index system,as well as researching on the development trends of city heating modes.It proposes development mechanism of city heating modes and provides guidance with theoretical and practical significance for guiding the practice of city heating appraisal,guiding the the direction of developing about city heating technology,further reforming of heating system and promoting heating sustainable developing.According to the purposes and ideas of this paper's,its research contents eight chapters,the main contents in each chapter are as follows:
In the first chapter,it raises the issues we study from such point of views of the supply and demand of energy,energy consumption and saving of buildings,development of the city heating technology and present situations of the city heating system.This chapter aims to analyze the purposes,contents,methods and the technical route of the research.
In the second chapter,it raises the theoretical literature review and synthesis.Aiming at researching questions,it not only explores the sources of city heating appraisal theories and methods but also explains appraisal theories from different perspectives.Both are through using secondary data analysis,comparative analysis,logical reasoning and other methods.Through the reviewing and carding of related literatures,it further explains the theoretical basis of appraisal about city heating system.It analyzes the theories of economic appraisal and social appraisal about city heating systems at home and abroad. This chapter also analyzes the current situations and progressing of city heating appraisal theories and methods,and points out the problems concerning the appraisal theories and methods of city heating appraisal.①The tendency of new and complex appraisal methods is becoming more and more serious;②In practical applications,the selecting of indicators is not scientific and lacks of theoretical guidance;③There exists a gap between theoretical research and practical application;④It is failure to establish a more comprehensive and systematic social appraisal system,the coverage of social indicators is small;⑤The determining of weights lacks of scientific basis;⑥The qualitative analysis of appraisal is ignored.
In the third chapter,it analyzes the present situations of the city heating at home and abroad.It analyzes the situation about heating sources of district heating,energy consumption of heating,technology of heating metering and charging and heating metering and charging in typical cities.
The main problems that city heating system exist in our country are as follows:The energy consumption of heating is huge and the efficient of heating is low;The quality of heating is poor,sometime is hot and sometime is cold.There is a serious waste of energy; The means of control is lack and indoor thermal environment is poor;choosing heating programs is lack of basis.The problems heating mechanisms exist are given out:The welfare of heating has problems;The methods of drafting heating price are not in accordance with the rules of market economy;The current heating system is not perfect. The main problems that heating metering and charging exist are as follows:The heating metering is carried out,but the charging is not.The core issues of heating metering are unresolved;The standards of heating metering are imperfect;The pricing is not uniform and science;The users' cognitive level of heating metering is low.
In the fourth chapter,it analyzes the city heating modes and how to choose one.It makes a further study on city heating modes basing on analysis of constituent elements of city heating modes.This chapter divides the heating modes into three categories:district heating,dispersing heating,household-heating.It analyzes the characteristics of the three heating modes.At the same time,it analyzes district heating and dispersing heating qualitatively from point of views environmental benefits,economic benefits,social benefits,heating quality,energy consumption,heat loss and so on.
The main factors which restrict the development of city multi-heat sources networks in our country have been analyzed which are though the methods of exploratory analyzing of literatures,speculative summarizing and theory transplantation.It expounds the necessity of networks-heating in city.The advantages and issues of multi-heat sources networks are both pointed out.
Basing on the analyzing of the heating sources and nets in our country,the "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised for the first time.It defines the meaning and prerequisite for the establishment of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.It elaborates the significance of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.This paper holds the idea that "Sources Parted from Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating."Sources Parted from Networks" is a complete set of heating system which is based on multi-heat sources networks.This system is companied by heating source,heating net,heating Source Services and users."Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode needs departing the heating sources from heating net.The purposes are as follows:ensuring the safety of heating system,meeting the needs of users, ensuring the a higher reliability of heating,breaking up monopolies and promoting fair competition in the industry,building the formation mechanism of price which meets the requirements of competition in the market.The "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised.It also raises the heating system of "Sources Parted from Networks". It conceives the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" from the perspective of market economy.That is using "three-tier market" model in the heating market:heating exchanging market,heating supplying market,heating products market.
In the fifth chapter,it investigates the theory and methods of city heating system appraisal.The city heating appraisal system is also constructed.It researches appraisal theories and methods from the aspects such as technical,economical and social.A appraisal system is constructed from various perspectives.
The content and the composition of appraisal index system about technology,society and economic appraisal and the sorts of appraisal methods have been analyzed comprehensively.The opinions of this chapter are as follows:The city heating system appraisal should be carried out from every perspective;Heating is a systematic engineering;Combining the characteristics of city heating systems,we can divided city heating appraisal system into technical appraisal system,economic appraisal system, social appraisal system and environmental appraisal system;That is building a comprehensive and theoretical appraisal system of city heating system though appraising city heating system and its affects on external environment,which is using theories and methods of technical,economic,social appraisal.
In the sixth chapter,it analyzes the appraisal of city heating modes.It makes quantitative analysis of the city heating modes with the appraisal methods of AHP, crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP.It compares typical appraisal methods from theory;the comparison is in accordance with the idea of individual to general.It summarizes the essence of the appraisal methods with the purpose of finding out general rule.
Taking the principle of establishing appraisal index system as guidance,it divides the factors impacting on heating modes into four main categories:economic benefits,social benefits,ecological benefits,environmental and humanities benefits.There are 14 indicators,for example,initial investment costs,operating costs,the emissions of harmful gases and dust,consumption of energy per unit area,the rate of disputes about charging, exergy efficiency,safety,health and comfort,regulating of temperature and time.It builds up an index system of heating mode appraisal.The acquisition of dates is though the methods of statistics,calculation of sample enterprise and experts points.The results of heating modes appraisal are different.However,considering the trends of development in future and the interval,the results are nearly identical.Electricity combination,small-scale gas-fired domestic water heaters,electrical ground-source heat pump heating modes are nearly top three and have a good development trend no matter which methods is used. That is meeting the actual situation.So,the appraisal methods of AHP,crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP are accurate and scientific,they all suitable for heating modes appraisal.
Though the analysis of three methods and the results of the heating modes appraisal, we can get the following conclusions:①There is no perfect appraisal method.The credibility of the results can be greatly improved if we use a variety of methods to appraise;②It use DEA/AHP which is an innovation of combining DEA with AHP to appraise heating modes.Although the appraisal results have been satisfactory,but we can not say that such a combination method is the best way to appraise heating modes;③The results of appraisal do not have the accuracy like mathematics.It is very important that although the appraisal method is a quantitative study,but the combination of qualitative analysis can not be ignored;④The more complex method is not the better one.The best is the suitable one.
In the seventh chapter,it not only apprises the heating in Shenyang but also chooses the modes.The chapter analyzes the present situation of heating and the heating problems exit in Shenyang.It appraises six main heating modes in Shenyang city with DEA/AHP. At the same time,it apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is including the comparison of coal-saving,the comparison between ground-source heat pump heating mode and others.It apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode from the aspects of investment-estimating,economic benefits,social benefits and environmental benefits.
The ideas this paper holds are as follows:It should be given priority to develop heating and electricity combination and ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is should be in accordance with the results' guiding.At the same time, we can apply other heating modes according to the objective conditions.It puts forward reducing heating energy,taking district heating as the lender,using a variety heating modes according to the conditions,putting household heat-metering into effect and two-fold heating price for per household,implementing the "Sources Parted from Networks" mode when the conditions is appropriate to the circumstances.It can be implemented in some new city areas first and then promoted.
In the eighth chapter,it gives out the conclusion of the study and the outlook.It summarizes and analyzes the conclusions above.It points out the gaps and future directions of our researching.The new ideas and innovative researching results of this paper have been arranged:
1) Identifying how to select district heating mode or dispersing heating mode;
2) Putting forward the concept of "Sources Parted form Networks" heating mode. Elaborating the idea that "Sources Parted form Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating,which based on developing district heating.Setting its heating system framework. Conceiving the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode which uses "Three-tier market" mode in the heating market;
3) Constructing a comprehensive appraisal system of city heating which includes technical,economic,social and environmental appraisal systems;
4) The DEA crossed-appraisal method and the DEA/AHP method have been applied to appraisal the heating mode for the first time;Considering the two methods are appropriate for heating mode appraisal;
5) Expounding some new methods to appraise city heating and making conclusions;
6) Giving out the new perspectives and insights about the impelling of ground-source heat pump heating in Shenyang;
Therefore,the research of this paper has important theoretical significances and practically real values.
运用理论移植等方法,提出了以集中供热为基础的源网分开供热模式,界定了源网分开的含义,搭建了城市供热源网分开的供热体系框架,提出了热力市场中的三级市场管理模式,指出源网分开供热模式是城市集中供热发展的必然趋势。
对城市供热的技术、经济、社会、环境等评价的理论与方法的系统内部体系及其对外部环境的影响进行探究,构建了城市供热综合评价体系。
以经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和人文环境效益为准则,运用AHP、DEA交叉法和DEA/AHP评价方法,对城市供热模式进行了评价,并对三种方法的评价结论进行了比较。进一步揭示了城市供热评价方法的本质和特性,从一般性的角度出发,提出了对城市供热评价具有理论和实际意义的新见解。针对沈阳市的供热现状,明确了沈阳市的供热发展方向,对其应用地源热泵供热模式提出综合评价结论和富有建设性地建议。
As city infrastructure,heating system covers all aspects of society.Its level of development speed and good or bad quality will have a significant impact on the people's livelihood,social stability,energy conservation and other issues.Recently,every country has become increasingly concerned about the issue of city heating and the research of it. The attentions also include the appraisal of city heating systems.However,there are many problems in researching the appraisal of city heating system.Particularly,the theories and methods about appraisal of city heating systems needs to develop and improve.One of the most important problems is how can we appraise the city heating from all aspects of economics,social,environments,resources and the further in-depth research from theoretical approaches.The main reasons are as follows:
The obvious contradiction between energy supply and demand in China has become the bottleneck of sustainable development.Recently,energy and environmental issues become the major social problem which faced the world.Energy is material basis of the modern society and life.With the rapid growth of population and economic the consumption of energy has also increased dramatically.Coupled with the limited availability of energy,the growing imbalance between supply and demand,which significantly limits the sustainable development of economic and social.
The proportion of building energy consumption is too large and the conservation of enery must be implemented immediately.The current situations of China is not only the large total building energy consumption but also the low energy efficiency of construction. Implementing the concept of scientific development and the strategy of sustainable development and holding on the policy of "equall resource development and saving, taking savings in the first place,raising the utilization rate of resources",which achieves to make the implementation of building energy-saving having a leap-forward development. All above have became urgent tasks.
A wide range of choices are facing the heating mode.As the pressure of environmental protection that the city faced is getting more and more tremendous,the structure of city energy is being adjusting.The reform of economic system needs reforming the old heating system urgently.At the same time,the rapid development of city heating technology and the emerging of various heating modes make we face the difficult of choices.
Economic appraisal of city heating is an important component of the city heating's development and energy-saving of construction.How to appraise city heating from the perspective of economic and social,particular the appraisal and selection of heating modes which Concerns many issues like decision-making of government and the developers,the choices of consumer and so on.That is also related to money-saving,energy-saving, meeting customer need and promoting development of city in harmony and sustainable.
Currently,there are many methods of appraising city heating from economic and social point of view.The purposes of appraisal are different.There are simple method or complex method.No only exist single-objective methods but also multi-objective methods. There are single-factor methods or multi-factor methods.So,there is a need to analysis and define the methods in theory.We must make our thinking clear and provide basis of theories and practices for the decision-making.
It needs to improve the theory and method of city heating appraisal urgently.The ideas of appraisal have been applicated in the appraisal of city heating system.But it needs adapt to the rapid development of heating technology and socio-economic.We must examine current theories and methods of appraisal from a new perspective.
We raise the idea of this text basing on the theoretical and practical background above.This paper takes the theories and methods of city heating appraisal as its theme.It not only reveals the nature and characteristics of city heating appraisal but also discovers general lows.All above are through the composing of city heating appraisal system,the factors affecting the methods of appraisal,the establishment of appraisal index system,as well as researching on the development trends of city heating modes.It proposes development mechanism of city heating modes and provides guidance with theoretical and practical significance for guiding the practice of city heating appraisal,guiding the the direction of developing about city heating technology,further reforming of heating system and promoting heating sustainable developing.According to the purposes and ideas of this paper's,its research contents eight chapters,the main contents in each chapter are as follows:
In the first chapter,it raises the issues we study from such point of views of the supply and demand of energy,energy consumption and saving of buildings,development of the city heating technology and present situations of the city heating system.This chapter aims to analyze the purposes,contents,methods and the technical route of the research.
In the second chapter,it raises the theoretical literature review and synthesis.Aiming at researching questions,it not only explores the sources of city heating appraisal theories and methods but also explains appraisal theories from different perspectives.Both are through using secondary data analysis,comparative analysis,logical reasoning and other methods.Through the reviewing and carding of related literatures,it further explains the theoretical basis of appraisal about city heating system.It analyzes the theories of economic appraisal and social appraisal about city heating systems at home and abroad. This chapter also analyzes the current situations and progressing of city heating appraisal theories and methods,and points out the problems concerning the appraisal theories and methods of city heating appraisal.①The tendency of new and complex appraisal methods is becoming more and more serious;②In practical applications,the selecting of indicators is not scientific and lacks of theoretical guidance;③There exists a gap between theoretical research and practical application;④It is failure to establish a more comprehensive and systematic social appraisal system,the coverage of social indicators is small;⑤The determining of weights lacks of scientific basis;⑥The qualitative analysis of appraisal is ignored.
In the third chapter,it analyzes the present situations of the city heating at home and abroad.It analyzes the situation about heating sources of district heating,energy consumption of heating,technology of heating metering and charging and heating metering and charging in typical cities.
The main problems that city heating system exist in our country are as follows:The energy consumption of heating is huge and the efficient of heating is low;The quality of heating is poor,sometime is hot and sometime is cold.There is a serious waste of energy; The means of control is lack and indoor thermal environment is poor;choosing heating programs is lack of basis.The problems heating mechanisms exist are given out:The welfare of heating has problems;The methods of drafting heating price are not in accordance with the rules of market economy;The current heating system is not perfect. The main problems that heating metering and charging exist are as follows:The heating metering is carried out,but the charging is not.The core issues of heating metering are unresolved;The standards of heating metering are imperfect;The pricing is not uniform and science;The users' cognitive level of heating metering is low.
In the fourth chapter,it analyzes the city heating modes and how to choose one.It makes a further study on city heating modes basing on analysis of constituent elements of city heating modes.This chapter divides the heating modes into three categories:district heating,dispersing heating,household-heating.It analyzes the characteristics of the three heating modes.At the same time,it analyzes district heating and dispersing heating qualitatively from point of views environmental benefits,economic benefits,social benefits,heating quality,energy consumption,heat loss and so on.
The main factors which restrict the development of city multi-heat sources networks in our country have been analyzed which are though the methods of exploratory analyzing of literatures,speculative summarizing and theory transplantation.It expounds the necessity of networks-heating in city.The advantages and issues of multi-heat sources networks are both pointed out.
Basing on the analyzing of the heating sources and nets in our country,the "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised for the first time.It defines the meaning and prerequisite for the establishment of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.It elaborates the significance of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode.This paper holds the idea that "Sources Parted from Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating."Sources Parted from Networks" is a complete set of heating system which is based on multi-heat sources networks.This system is companied by heating source,heating net,heating Source Services and users."Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode needs departing the heating sources from heating net.The purposes are as follows:ensuring the safety of heating system,meeting the needs of users, ensuring the a higher reliability of heating,breaking up monopolies and promoting fair competition in the industry,building the formation mechanism of price which meets the requirements of competition in the market.The "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode has been raised.It also raises the heating system of "Sources Parted from Networks". It conceives the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" from the perspective of market economy.That is using "three-tier market" model in the heating market:heating exchanging market,heating supplying market,heating products market.
In the fifth chapter,it investigates the theory and methods of city heating system appraisal.The city heating appraisal system is also constructed.It researches appraisal theories and methods from the aspects such as technical,economical and social.A appraisal system is constructed from various perspectives.
The content and the composition of appraisal index system about technology,society and economic appraisal and the sorts of appraisal methods have been analyzed comprehensively.The opinions of this chapter are as follows:The city heating system appraisal should be carried out from every perspective;Heating is a systematic engineering;Combining the characteristics of city heating systems,we can divided city heating appraisal system into technical appraisal system,economic appraisal system, social appraisal system and environmental appraisal system;That is building a comprehensive and theoretical appraisal system of city heating system though appraising city heating system and its affects on external environment,which is using theories and methods of technical,economic,social appraisal.
In the sixth chapter,it analyzes the appraisal of city heating modes.It makes quantitative analysis of the city heating modes with the appraisal methods of AHP, crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP.It compares typical appraisal methods from theory;the comparison is in accordance with the idea of individual to general.It summarizes the essence of the appraisal methods with the purpose of finding out general rule.
Taking the principle of establishing appraisal index system as guidance,it divides the factors impacting on heating modes into four main categories:economic benefits,social benefits,ecological benefits,environmental and humanities benefits.There are 14 indicators,for example,initial investment costs,operating costs,the emissions of harmful gases and dust,consumption of energy per unit area,the rate of disputes about charging, exergy efficiency,safety,health and comfort,regulating of temperature and time.It builds up an index system of heating mode appraisal.The acquisition of dates is though the methods of statistics,calculation of sample enterprise and experts points.The results of heating modes appraisal are different.However,considering the trends of development in future and the interval,the results are nearly identical.Electricity combination,small-scale gas-fired domestic water heaters,electrical ground-source heat pump heating modes are nearly top three and have a good development trend no matter which methods is used. That is meeting the actual situation.So,the appraisal methods of AHP,crossed-DEA,and DEA/AHP are accurate and scientific,they all suitable for heating modes appraisal.
Though the analysis of three methods and the results of the heating modes appraisal, we can get the following conclusions:①There is no perfect appraisal method.The credibility of the results can be greatly improved if we use a variety of methods to appraise;②It use DEA/AHP which is an innovation of combining DEA with AHP to appraise heating modes.Although the appraisal results have been satisfactory,but we can not say that such a combination method is the best way to appraise heating modes;③The results of appraisal do not have the accuracy like mathematics.It is very important that although the appraisal method is a quantitative study,but the combination of qualitative analysis can not be ignored;④The more complex method is not the better one.The best is the suitable one.
In the seventh chapter,it not only apprises the heating in Shenyang but also chooses the modes.The chapter analyzes the present situation of heating and the heating problems exit in Shenyang.It appraises six main heating modes in Shenyang city with DEA/AHP. At the same time,it apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is including the comparison of coal-saving,the comparison between ground-source heat pump heating mode and others.It apprises ground-source heat pump heating mode from the aspects of investment-estimating,economic benefits,social benefits and environmental benefits.
The ideas this paper holds are as follows:It should be given priority to develop heating and electricity combination and ground-source heat pump heating mode in Shenyang,which is should be in accordance with the results' guiding.At the same time, we can apply other heating modes according to the objective conditions.It puts forward reducing heating energy,taking district heating as the lender,using a variety heating modes according to the conditions,putting household heat-metering into effect and two-fold heating price for per household,implementing the "Sources Parted from Networks" mode when the conditions is appropriate to the circumstances.It can be implemented in some new city areas first and then promoted.
In the eighth chapter,it gives out the conclusion of the study and the outlook.It summarizes and analyzes the conclusions above.It points out the gaps and future directions of our researching.The new ideas and innovative researching results of this paper have been arranged:
1) Identifying how to select district heating mode or dispersing heating mode;
2) Putting forward the concept of "Sources Parted form Networks" heating mode. Elaborating the idea that "Sources Parted form Networks" is an inevitable trend of district heating,which based on developing district heating.Setting its heating system framework. Conceiving the management mode of "Sources Parted from Networks" heating mode which uses "Three-tier market" mode in the heating market;
3) Constructing a comprehensive appraisal system of city heating which includes technical,economic,social and environmental appraisal systems;
4) The DEA crossed-appraisal method and the DEA/AHP method have been applied to appraisal the heating mode for the first time;Considering the two methods are appropriate for heating mode appraisal;
5) Expounding some new methods to appraise city heating and making conclusions;
6) Giving out the new perspectives and insights about the impelling of ground-source heat pump heating in Shenyang;
Therefore,the research of this paper has important theoretical significances and practically real values.
引文
2 胡艳蕾,论城市公共工程的评价[D].济南:.山东大学,2007.4
3 齐中英,朱彬,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,12-13
4 Kahn.R.G.,《The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment》[M].1931
5 齐中英,朱彬,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,13-15;
6 胡艳蕾,论城市公共工程的评价[D].济南:.山东大学,2007.4
7[美]约翰.罗尔斯(著)姚大志(译),《作为公平的正义—正义新论》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2002
8 李成威,《公共产品的需求与供给:评价与激励》[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005,22-29
9 埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆(著)余进达,陈旭东(译),《公共事物的治理之道:集体行动的演进》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2000,16-19
10 洪银兴,高波等,《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13
11 陈阿江..范式视角下的项目社会评价[J]..江苏社会科学,.2003.(5),92-96.
12 向清.项目社会评价方法评介[J].自然辩证法研究,1997.(6),24-27
13 吴大军.王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002.
14 Therivel,Riki and others.Strategic Environmental Assessment.London:Earth scan,1992.
15 Kauppinen,Tapani."Impacts Can Be Assessed in Advance",Dialogi,1B(200),26-27.
16 王朝刚,李开孟.投资项目社会评价专题讲座(十二)[J]..中国工程咨询.2004.(12),42-44.
17 Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion:Hidden Impact? Ex-Post Evaluation of an Anti-Poverty Program[R].
18 吴大军,王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002
19 邹一峰,邹欣.中外投资项目评价[M.南京:.南京大学出版社,1995.
20 国家计委,建设部..建设项目经济评价参数与方法(第二版)[M].北京:.中国计划出版社,2004
21 供银兴 高波,等.《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13
22 齐中英,朱彬.《公共项目管理与评估》[M]..北京:科学出版社,2004.7,17
23 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.6
24 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M]..北京:清华大学出版社,2008.6
25 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.
26 徐伟,王敏.中国供热计量技术的发展与实践 中国建筑科学研究院建筑环境与节能研究院
29 常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,8-9
30 常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,15
31 刘新国.水源热泵技术发展优势及应用中存在的问题[J].河南建材,2008.(3),17
32 常缨.采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,28-29
33 亢燕铭.地板辐射供暖的节能效应分析[J].暖通空调.2001.(04),4-5
35 鲁祥春.哈热集中供热扩建项目技术经济评价[D].华北电力大学,2008.5:20-23
36 康艳兵,不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008.(1),16-22
37 杨东华.热经济学[M].北京:科学出版社.2003.1
38 王加漩.(火用)法及其应用[M].北京:烃加工出版社.1990,34
39 周洁,集中供热系统热经济学优化方法的研究[D].济南:山东科技大学,2007..6
40 戎卫国.供热系统的热力学经济评价及分析[J].山东建筑工程学院学报(自.然科学版),1988.(4),54
41 赵玉甫,城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,29-30
42 赵玉甫,城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:.哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,47
43 左玉辉.环境经济学[M].北京:.高等教育出版社,2003.7
44 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,18
45 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,22
46 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,22.
47 花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.4,7
48 花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:.重庆大学,2004.4,33
49 丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.6,15-19
50 石小翠.建设项目环境影响的经济评价方法研究[D].乌鲁木齐:.新疆农业大学,2005.5,25-26
51 王伟.城市供暖热源环境影响评价[J].低温建筑技术..2004..3
52 杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,200l,285-331
53 杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001:P285-331
55 王瑛,孙林岩,陈宏,基于两阶段的物流系统综合评价DEA/AHP法[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003.(23),19-84
[1]胡艳蕾,论城市公共工程的评价[D]..济南:山东大学,2007.4.
[2]齐中英,朱彬编著,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,12-13.
[3].Kahn.R.G.,《The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment》[M].193.
[4][美]约翰.罗尔斯(著)姚大志(译),《作为公平的正义—正义新论》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2002..
[5]李成威,《公共产品的需求与供给:评价与激励》[M]..北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005,22-29..
[6]埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆(著)余进达,陈旭东(译),《公共事物的治理之道:集体行动的演进》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2000,16-19.
[7]洪银兴,高波等,《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13.
[8]陈阿江..范式视角下的项目社会评价[J]..江苏社会科学,.2003.(5),92-96.
[9]向清.项目社会评价方法评介[J].自然辩证法研究,1997.(6),24-27.
[10]吴大军.王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002.
[11]Therivel,Riki and others.Strategic Environmental Assessment.London:Earth scan,1992..
[12]Kauppinen,Tapani."Impacts Can Be Assessed in Advance",Dialogi,1B(200),26-27..
[13]王朝刚,李开孟.投资项目社会评价专题讲座(十二)[J]..中国工程咨询.2004.(12),42-44.
[14]Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion:Hidden Impact? Ex-Post Evaluation of an Anti-Poverty Program[R]..
[15]邹一峰,邹欣.中外投资项目评价[M.南京:南京大学出版社,1995.
[16]国家计委,建设部.建设项目经济评价参数与方法(第二版)[M].北京:.中国计划出版社,2004..
[17]供银兴 高波,等.《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13.
[18]杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.6.
[19]徐伟,王敏.中国供热计量技术的发展与实践 中国建筑科学研究院建筑环境与节能研究院.
[20]赵玉甫.城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:.哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,50-52.
[21]常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建 筑科技大学,2006.6,8-9.
[22]刘新国.水源热泵技术发展优势及应用中存在的问题[J].河南建材,2008.(3),17.
[23]亢燕铭.地板辐射供暖的节能效应分析[J].暖通空调.2001.(04),4-5.
[24]陈永明.供热系统可靠性指标探析[J]..煤气与热力.2003.(7),400-402.
[25]鲁祥春.哈热集中供热扩建项目技术经济评价[D].华北电力大学,2008.5:20-23.
[26]康艳兵,不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008.(1),16-22.
[27]杨东华.热经济学[M].北京:科学出版社.2003.1.
[28]王加漩.(火用) 法及其应用[M].北京:烃加工出版社.1990,34.
[29]周洁,集中供热系统热经济学优化方法的研究[D].济南:山东科技大学,2007.6.
[30]戎卫国.供热系统的热力学经济评价及分析[J].山东建筑工程学院学报(自..然科学版),1988.(4),54.
[31]左玉辉.环境经济学[M].北京:.高等教育出版社,2003.7.
[32]杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,18.
[33]花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.4.
[34]丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.6,15-19.
[35]石小翠.建设项目环境影响的经济评价方法研究[D].乌鲁木齐:.新疆农业大学,2005.5,25-2.
[36]王伟.城市供暖热源环境影响评价[J].低温建筑技术..2004.3.
[37]杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001,285-331.
[38]彭育威,吴守宪,徐小湛,利用MATLAB进行DEA交叉评价分析[J],西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2 004(30):P553-556.
[39]王瑛,孙林岩,陈宏,基于两阶段的物流系统综合评价DEA/AHP法[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003.(23),19-84.
[40]樊小林.某热电联产汽轮发电机组供热经济性分析[J].电力学报,2004,(03)
[41]张沈生,李惠先.新型供暖方式与房地产[J].工业技术经济,2004,(06).
[42]黄文,管昌生.城市集中供热研究现状及发展趋势[J].国外建材科技,2004,(05)
[43]朱彩霞,王红霞,马富琴.几种常用城市供热方式的技术经济分析[J].河南科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(04).
[44]周志廉.关于我国城市集中供热发展的思考[J].经济丛刊,2006,(1).
[45]杨玉军.我国热电联产的发展趋势[J].中国能源,2004,(10).
[46]李保群.新疆医科大学集中供热系统节能改造项目技术经济研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2007.
[47]李志芳.住宅供暖方式综合性能比较研究[D].西安:长安大学,2006.
[48]安亚林,施伟,于晓敬.不同供暖方式技术经济比较及发展方向[J].房材与应用,2001,(03).
[49]康艳兵.不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008,(01).
[50]王艳.多种采暖方式的比较及其选择[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,(12).
[51]程斌,付天君.采暖方式评价与选择的研究[J].科技资讯,2007,(17).
[52]庄茜.数据包络分析法在港口综合评价中的应用研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[53]赵莹.基于DEA方法的区域主导产业决策分析[D].南京理工大学,2006.
[54]田贯三,郭非,耿克成.天然气锅炉采暖方式的比较分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[55]刘艳峰,刘加平,刘亚.燃气热源供暖系统综合经济分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[56]董敬,王桂斗,王俭.集中供热建设项目环境影响评价的清洁生产分析[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,(04)
[57]曾贤刚.环境影响经济评价[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2003.7
[58]傅家骥.仝允恒.工业技术经济学(第三版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.3.
[59]张沈生,傅卓林,张兆弟.住宅供暖设备的评价与选择[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然版),2006.4.
[60]孟萍.关于集中供热系统热用户节能问题的探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(24)
[61]卢军,龚琪,冯源,高亚锋.集中供热的环境影响[J].煤气与热力,2005,(05).
[62]柏晨,安大伟,娄承芝.计量供热系统热源和热网的自动控制[J].煤气与热力,2003,(11).
[63]董志国.集中供热管网的监控系统[J].煤气与热力,2005,(10).
[64]韦建忠.大型集中供热锅炉房的规模效益[J].区域供热,2005,(2).
[65]杨印生.经济系统定量分析方法[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[66]苏为华.多指标综合评价理论与方法研究[M].北京:中国物价出版社,2001
[67]赵焕臣,许树柏,和金生.层次分析法——一种简易的新决策方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1986
[68]李宝山.管理系统工程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[69]尹娟.城市集中供热管网优化[D].河北工业大学,2005.
[70]陈宏振.徐州市集中供热的经济性比较研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[71]赵全胜.洛阳市东区集中供热规划方案设计[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[72]丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].吉林大学,2006.
[73]李民.邯郸市主城区集中供热规划研究[D].华北电力大学(河北),2008.
[74]李先瑞.热电联产集中供热如何有序发展[J].节能与环保,2005,(01)
[75]于来福,刘汉平.热电联产企业为何这般难[J].电力需求侧管理,2006,(01).
[76]师涌江,刘丽莉.城市集中供热优化规划模型研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2006,(02).
[77]董壮进,廖荣平.城市集中供热形式的探讨[J].煤气与热力,2004,(07).
[78]田祥祥,杨冰,商红彬,高广轶,吴增福,刘文超.从经济效益和环保效益看供热锅炉的应用前景[A]第七届全国工业炉学术年会论文集[C],2006.
[79]姜赫男,党文辉.采暖用天然气锅炉的分析与比较[A]中国土木工程学会燃气分会应用专业委员会2007年会论文集[C],2007.
[80]常缨.常见室内采暖供热形式能效比较[A]山东省暖通空调制冷 2007年学术年会论文集[C],2007.
[81]国家环境保护总局科技标准司.GB 13271-2001锅炉大气污染物排放标准[S].国家质检总局(SBTS),2001.
[82]郭亚军,综合评价理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[83]姜启源,数学模型[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[84]傅家骥,全允恒.工业技术经济学[M].清华大学出版社1996.
[85]黄渝祥,费用一效益分析[M].同济大学出版社1987.
[86]董福忠,现代管理技术经济大辞典[M],中国经济出版社,1995.
[87]孟萍.关于集中供热系统热用户节能问题的探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(24).
[88]陆慧琦,孙毅.集中供热与环境质量改善的探析[J].节能技术,2000,(2).
[89]邢艳艳,刘艳峰,鱼亚丽,刘加平.拉萨市民用建筑采暖热源经济性分析[A]建筑环境与建筑节能研究进展——2007全国建筑环境与建筑节能学术会议论文集[C],2007.
[90]宗杰.低温地板辐射采暖系统调节性能研究[D].天津大学,2003.
[91]刘群.低温辐射加热电缆的研制及应用环境下热场分析[D].哈尔滨理工大学,2006.
[92]周兴红.低温地板辐射采暖数值模拟及其性能分析[D].南京理工大学,2004.
[93]李兆坚,江亿,雷毅.对空调舒适性的伦理学思考[J].暖通空调,2008,(05)
[94]A.Myrick.Freeman著.曾贤刚译.环境资源价值评估[M].中国人民大学出版社.2002.8.
[95]李安桂,何思凤,张新记,张永岐,李波.多热源并网供热的调度研究——宝鸡市 联网集中供热调节分析[J].暖通空调,2008,(02).
[96]刘欢,王飞.集中供热的发展趋势——谈多热源联网供热技术[J].山西能源与节能,2008,(04).
[97]寇群,余宝法.多热源环形热网的自动控制[J].区域供热,2000,(03).
[98]赵鑫,赵安平.多热源区域供热系统的环网和调节[J].区域供热,2003,(04).
[99]张琪欣.浅谈多热源联网技术的优越性[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,(06).
[100]田贯三,郭非,耿克成.天然气锅炉采暖方式的比较分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[101]宋凌,刘翔,张宇峰,郭非,朱颖心,江亿.对独立式燃气炉冬季运行情况的调研研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[102]刘艳峰,刘加平,刘亚.燃气热源供暖系统综合经济分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[103]王潇,董重成,赵先智.低温热水地面辐射供暖系统调节的研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2006年学术年会文集[C],2006.
[104]王潇,董重成,赵先智.低温热水地面辐射供暖系统调节的研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2006年学术年会文集[C],2006
[105]黄东.浅谈居住区供热方式的选择[J].城市开发,2003,(01).
[106]毕永明,刘宝贤,许富昌.关于分户供热和分户计量热量方法的探讨[J].发电设备,2001,(03).
[107]徐忠堂.发展中的中国城市集中供热[J].城市发展研究,2000,(04).
[108]马长威.分户采暖的明智选择燃气壁挂炉[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2002,(04).
[109]夏喜英,王建华.集中供热、燃气锅炉及电热供暖系统的经济分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2002,(03).
[110]刁乃仁,黄鸿翔,方肇洪.地源热泵——建筑节能新技术[J].建设科技,2002,(10).
[111]王志勇,齐朝建.城市集中供热管网施工改造[J].内蒙古电力技术,2002(1).
[112]苏登超,刁乃仁,方肇洪.热泵与建筑节能[J].能源技术,2003,(1).
[113]周兴红.低温地板辐射采暖数值模拟及其性能分析[D]南京理工大学,2004.
[114]闻作祥,马景掏.北京地区多种供热方式研究[J].区域供热,2003(3):14-30.
[115]张培红.基于层次分析法的暖通空调设备管理模糊评价[J].沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,2005,21(5)
[116]李钦,杨印生,刘心报.集成AHP/DEA模型及其应用[A]计算机模拟与信息技术会议论文集[C],2001.
[117]孙伟.层次分析法应用研究[J].市场研究,2008,(12).
[118]李恺.层次分析法在生态环境综合评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2009,(02)
[119]任仙姬.层次分析法在数字参考咨询服务评价中的应用研究[J].情报科学,2008,(12)
[120]庄茜.数据包络分析法在港口综合评价中的应用研究[D]天津大学,2006.
[121]赵莹.基于DEA方法的区域主导产业决策分析[D]南京理工大学,2006.
[122]林济铿,蒋越梅,岳顺民,郑卫洪,王海林,时燕新,顾强.基于DEA/AHP模型的电力系统黑启动有效方案评估[J]电力系统自动化,2007,(15).
[123]张宝友,达庆利,黄祖庆.基于AHP/DEA模型的上市物流公司绩效评价[J]工业工程与管理,2008,(05).
[124]晏华辉,崔晋川.基于AHP与DEA的多因素排序法[J].系统工程学报,2004,(05).
[125]洪伟民,刘晋.基于DEA/AH法的供应链合作伙伴综合评价[J].商业研究,2006,(21).
[126]张沈生,孙晓兵,傅卓林.国外供暖方式现状与发展趋势[J].工业技术经济,2006,(07).
[127]魏权龄.评价相对有效性的DEA方法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988.
[128]盛昭瀚等.DEA理论、方法与应用,北京:科学出版社,1996.
[129]李宗元等.运筹学ABC.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.
[130]宋绛雄.供热工程方案的技术经济评价[J].煤气与热力,2002,(02)
宋扬.合理确定热源形式提高热能利用效率[J].林业科技情报,2005,(03)
[131]汤学忠.热能转换与利用.冶金工业出版社,2004.
[132]张佑全.采暖方式的多元化趋向及比较[J].节能.2000,(12).
[133]刁乃仁,黄鸿翔,方肇洪.地源热泵—建筑节能新技术[J].建设科技,2002
[134]冯国会.城市住宅建筑供热模式的分析[J].节能,2002,11.
[135]杨洪涛.我国目前供热形式优劣浅谈[J].林业科技情报,2004,36(02).
[136]李志芳.住宅供暖方式综合性能比较研究[D].长安大学.2006.5.
[137]田晓霞.供暖系统的选择与供热调节[J].煤气与热力,2004,24(09).
[138]朱志国.低温地板辐射的优点[J].中国建筑金属结构,2004,6.
[139]王宇航.地源热泵的研究与应用[J].建筑热能通风空调,2004,23(04).
[140]乌斌.浅议新型供热方式及电热锅炉优缺点[J].宁夏电力,2007,(03)
[141]王振铭.我国热电联产的新发展[J].电力技术经济,2007,(02).
[142]郭晓克,康慧.发展热电联产缓解能源压力[J].电力建设,2007,(08).
[143]徐平旭,付超,顾鑫,鹿娜.热电联产的优越性及其技术改进[J].科技资讯,2007,(22).
[144]周小谦.中国电力改革和推进热电联产、分布式供电的发展[J].热电技术,2006,(02).
[145]吴添祖,冯勤,欧阳仲健.技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[146]杨治金.丹麦的集中供热[J].区域供热,2006,(6).
[147]韦新东,尹军,全贞花.日本集中供热(冷)系统的发展现状[J].吉林建筑工程学报,2001,(1).
[148]姜永顺.韩国的集中供热[J].区域供热,1996,(3).
[149]郭义铭.意大利的家庭供暖方式与思考[J].全球科技经济晾望,2000,30(5).
[150]贺平,孙尉.供热工程(第三版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[151]魏兵,李丽.我国热网的现状及供热节能的对策[J].制冷与空调,2008.(03).
[152]刘文贤.谈谈国外的供暖方式[J].北京房地产,2005,(12).
[153]鄢毅平.从条件变化看我国浅层地能供暖的未来趋势[J].工程建设与设计,2007,(05).
[154]杨桂春,赵广庆,王乐一.浅谈供热系统的智能监测与科学管理[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2003,(03).
[155]国家环境保护总局监督管理公司.中国环境影响评价[M].化学工业出版社2000
[156]黄文,管昌生.城市集中供热研究现状及发展趋势[J].国外建材科技,2004,(05).
[157]曾享麟,蔡启林,解鲁生,姚约翰,吴玉环,李先瑞,翟国冬.欧洲集中供热的发展[J].区域供热,2002,(01).
[158]郑龙武.保证城市集中供热系统质量的几个关键问题[J].黑龙江科技信息,2004,(02).
[159]孟哲,刘应宗,金宇澄.我国集中供热的现状与对策[J].华东交通大学学报,2004,(03).
[160]贺平,孙刚等.供热工程[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[161]章熙民,任泽霈,梅飞鸣.王中铮等.传热学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[162]尹航.基于地热水资源供热供冷系统能源利用率评价方法的研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[163]尹娟.城市集中供热管网优化[D].河北工业大学,2005.
[164]陈宏振.徐州市集中供热的经济性比较研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[165]赵全胜.洛阳市东区集中供热规划方案设计[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[166]胡建平.土壤源热泵系统设计方法[J].暖通空调,2005,(02).
[167]罗清海,汤广发,龚光彩,汤春芳.建筑热水节能中的热泵技术[J].给水排水,2004,(05).
[168]李悦.土壤源热泵系统的设计[J].煤气与热力,2007,(02).
[169]黄金保,浦绍选.太阳能热泵技术及其供热应用[J].中国建设动态(阳光能源),2004,(06).
[170]单军勇,刘效洲.太阳能采暖的可行性分析[J].工业锅炉,2003,(06).
[171]Gagge A P.A Standard Podictive Index of Human Re-sponse to the Thermal Environment[J].ASHRAE Trans,1986,92(2):709-731.
[172]McCullough E,Olesen B W.Thermal Insulation Pro-vided by Chairs[J].ASHRAE Trans,1994,100(1):795-802.
[173]Jain S,Dhar P L.Evaluation of Solid-desiccant-based Evaporative Cooling Cycles for Typical Hot and Humid Climates[J].Int.J.of Refrigeration,1995,17(5):287-296.
[174]Waugaman D G,Kettleborough C F.A Review of Des-iccant Cooling Systems[J].J.of Energy Resources Technology,1993,115(3):1-8.
[175]]MacCluerCR.Analysisand simulation of out door reset control of radiantslab heating system s.ASH RAE Trans,1990,96,96(1):1283-1286
[176]Cho S.H,Zaheer-Uddin M.Predictive control of intermittently operated radiant floor heating systems[J].Energy Conversion and Management.2003,44,44:1333-1342
[177]Sung-Hwan Cho,Mohgnmed ZdIeer-uddin.Temperature Regulation of Radiant Floor Heating Systems Using two-Parameter On-Off Control An Experimental Study[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):70-75.
[178]L F Sehutrum,C M Humphreys.Heat Exchanges in a Floor Panel Heated Room[J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):44-49.
[179]J R Canoll.Natural Convection in Panel Heating[J].Heating and Ventilating,2003,(45):43-48.
[180]Bioll Kilkis,and Muhammed etc.A simplified Model for the Design of Radiant in-slab Heating Panels[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):100-107.
[181]Peter Bean,Ray Jones.Safety Related Considerations for Resistance Heat Tracing Cables IEEE Paper[J].PCIC,1994,(8):1-3.
[182]ASHRAE.1992 ASHRAE handbook—Systems and Equipment[S].1992,
[183]Haruo Hanibuchi,and Shuichi Hokoi.Basic Study of Radiative and Convective Heat Exchange in a Room With floor Heating[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):80-85.
[184]]Maryl D Freetone,Mlliam M worek.Radiant Panel Perimeter Heating Options.Effectiveness and ThermalComfort[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):92-98.
[185]T C Min,L F Schutrum,J D Vouris.Natural Convection and Radiation in a Panel-Heated Room[J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):56-60.
[186]Peter Simmonds.Practical Applications of Radiant Heating and Cooling to Maintain Comfort Conditions [J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):60～65.
[187]Zhang Youping.Stable neural controller design for unknown nonlinear systems using back stepping [J].IEEE Transactions Neural Networks,2000,70,70(3):1347-1360.
[188]Feng G.An approach to adaptive control of fuzzy dynamics systems.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,2002,10,10(2):268-275.
[189]Polycarpou,loarmou.Modeling identification and stable adaptive control of continuoustime nonlinear dynamical systems using neural networks [A].Proceedings of the 1992 American Control Conference [C].Boston:MA.1992,:36-40.
[190]Kanellapolous,Kokotovic P V,Morse A S.Adaptive output-feedback control of systems with output nonlinearities.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1992.37, 37(11):1666—1682.
[191]M.R.Azimi-Sadjadi,&R.J.Lion.Fast learning process of multilayer neural networks using recursive least squares method.IEEE Trans.on SP,1992,Vol.40,Vol.40(No.3):446-450
[192]Hanse J,Sastry S,Meyer GNonlinear control design for slightly non-minimum phase applications to V/STOL[J].Aircraft Automatic,1992,28,28(4):665-679
[193]M,T,Hagan,,M,Menhaj.Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm [J].IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,1994,5,5(6):295-301.
[194]Marino R,Tomei P.Global adaptive output-feedback control for a class nonlinear systems,Part Ⅱ:linear parameterization.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(1):33-48.
[195]KrsticM,KanellakopoulosI.Adaptiveoverparameterization.Systems&Control Leters,1992,19,19(1):177-185.
[196]Lin J S,Kanellakovoulos I.Nonlinearities enhance parameter convergence in strict systems.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1999,44,44(1):89-94.
[197]Isabelle Rivals,Leon Personnaz.Nonlinear internal model control using neural networks:application toprocesses with delay and design issues[J].IEEE Transactions Neural Networks,2000,(11):80-89.
[198]Marino R,Tomei P.Global adaptive output-feedback control for a class nonlinear systems,Part Ⅰ:linear parameterization.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(1):17-27.
[199]Aloliwi B,Khalil H K.Adaptive output regulation of a class of nonlinear systems:convergence and robustness.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1997,42,42(12):1714-1716.
[200]Orteaga R.On Morse's new adaptive controller:parameter convergence and transient performance.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(8):1191-1202.
[201]Zhang Y,Ioannou P A,Chien C C.Parameter convergence of a adaptive controllers.IEEE Transactions on 1489-1493.
[202]Lin J S,Kanellakopoulos L Nonlinearities enhance parameter convergence in outputfeedback systems.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1998,43,43(2):204-222.
[203]Lin W,Qian C.Adaptive control of nonlinearly parameterized systems:a onsmooth feedback framework.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2002,47,47(5):757-774
[204]Wang Dazhi,Wang Zhenlei.Identification and control of induction motor using artificial neural network [A].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems [C].Beijing:The International Academic Publishers of World Publishing Corporation,2001,:751-754.
[205]Saleh Kh,Badr M.A.Analysis of PM SM control system using artificial neural network [A].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems [C].Beijing:The International Academic Publishers of World Publishing Corporation,2001,:791-795.
[206]Spooner.Stable direct adaptive control of a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems[A].Proceedings of the 13th World Congress of IFAC[C].San Francisco:CA.1996,:343-348.
3 齐中英,朱彬,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,12-13
4 Kahn.R.G.,《The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment》[M].1931
5 齐中英,朱彬,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,13-15;
6 胡艳蕾,论城市公共工程的评价[D].济南:.山东大学,2007.4
7[美]约翰.罗尔斯(著)姚大志(译),《作为公平的正义—正义新论》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2002
8 李成威,《公共产品的需求与供给:评价与激励》[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005,22-29
9 埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆(著)余进达,陈旭东(译),《公共事物的治理之道:集体行动的演进》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2000,16-19
10 洪银兴,高波等,《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13
11 陈阿江..范式视角下的项目社会评价[J]..江苏社会科学,.2003.(5),92-96.
12 向清.项目社会评价方法评介[J].自然辩证法研究,1997.(6),24-27
13 吴大军.王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002.
14 Therivel,Riki and others.Strategic Environmental Assessment.London:Earth scan,1992.
15 Kauppinen,Tapani."Impacts Can Be Assessed in Advance",Dialogi,1B(200),26-27.
16 王朝刚,李开孟.投资项目社会评价专题讲座(十二)[J]..中国工程咨询.2004.(12),42-44.
17 Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion:Hidden Impact? Ex-Post Evaluation of an Anti-Poverty Program[R].
18 吴大军,王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002
19 邹一峰,邹欣.中外投资项目评价[M.南京:.南京大学出版社,1995.
20 国家计委,建设部..建设项目经济评价参数与方法(第二版)[M].北京:.中国计划出版社,2004
21 供银兴 高波,等.《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13
22 齐中英,朱彬.《公共项目管理与评估》[M]..北京:科学出版社,2004.7,17
23 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.6
24 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M]..北京:清华大学出版社,2008.6
25 杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.
26 徐伟,王敏.中国供热计量技术的发展与实践 中国建筑科学研究院建筑环境与节能研究院
29 常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,8-9
30 常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,15
31 刘新国.水源热泵技术发展优势及应用中存在的问题[J].河南建材,2008.(3),17
32 常缨.采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.6,28-29
33 亢燕铭.地板辐射供暖的节能效应分析[J].暖通空调.2001.(04),4-5
35 鲁祥春.哈热集中供热扩建项目技术经济评价[D].华北电力大学,2008.5:20-23
36 康艳兵,不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008.(1),16-22
37 杨东华.热经济学[M].北京:科学出版社.2003.1
38 王加漩.(火用)法及其应用[M].北京:烃加工出版社.1990,34
39 周洁,集中供热系统热经济学优化方法的研究[D].济南:山东科技大学,2007..6
40 戎卫国.供热系统的热力学经济评价及分析[J].山东建筑工程学院学报(自.然科学版),1988.(4),54
41 赵玉甫,城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,29-30
42 赵玉甫,城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:.哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,47
43 左玉辉.环境经济学[M].北京:.高等教育出版社,2003.7
44 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,18
45 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,22
46 杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,22.
47 花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.4,7
48 花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:.重庆大学,2004.4,33
49 丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.6,15-19
50 石小翠.建设项目环境影响的经济评价方法研究[D].乌鲁木齐:.新疆农业大学,2005.5,25-26
51 王伟.城市供暖热源环境影响评价[J].低温建筑技术..2004..3
52 杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,200l,285-331
53 杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001:P285-331
55 王瑛,孙林岩,陈宏,基于两阶段的物流系统综合评价DEA/AHP法[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003.(23),19-84
[1]胡艳蕾,论城市公共工程的评价[D]..济南:山东大学,2007.4.
[2]齐中英,朱彬编著,《公共项目管理与评估》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,12-13.
[3].Kahn.R.G.,《The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment》[M].193.
[4][美]约翰.罗尔斯(著)姚大志(译),《作为公平的正义—正义新论》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2002..
[5]李成威,《公共产品的需求与供给:评价与激励》[M]..北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005,22-29..
[6]埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆(著)余进达,陈旭东(译),《公共事物的治理之道:集体行动的演进》[M].上海:.上海三联书店,2000,16-19.
[7]洪银兴,高波等,《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13.
[8]陈阿江..范式视角下的项目社会评价[J]..江苏社会科学,.2003.(5),92-96.
[9]向清.项目社会评价方法评介[J].自然辩证法研究,1997.(6),24-27.
[10]吴大军.王立国.项目评估[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2002.
[11]Therivel,Riki and others.Strategic Environmental Assessment.London:Earth scan,1992..
[12]Kauppinen,Tapani."Impacts Can Be Assessed in Advance",Dialogi,1B(200),26-27..
[13]王朝刚,李开孟.投资项目社会评价专题讲座(十二)[J]..中国工程咨询.2004.(12),42-44.
[14]Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion:Hidden Impact? Ex-Post Evaluation of an Anti-Poverty Program[R]..
[15]邹一峰,邹欣.中外投资项目评价[M.南京:南京大学出版社,1995.
[16]国家计委,建设部.建设项目经济评价参数与方法(第二版)[M].北京:.中国计划出版社,2004..
[17]供银兴 高波,等.《可持续发展经济学》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2000,5-13.
[18]杜栋、庞庆华、吴炎,《现代综合评价方法与案例精选》[M].北京:.清华大学出版社,2008.6.
[19]徐伟,王敏.中国供热计量技术的发展与实践 中国建筑科学研究院建筑环境与节能研究院.
[20]赵玉甫.城市供热可持续发展研究[D].哈尔滨:.哈尔滨工业大学,2007.10,50-52.
[21]常缨.住宅建筑各种类型采暖供热方式的综合比较及节能研究[D].西安:西安建 筑科技大学,2006.6,8-9.
[22]刘新国.水源热泵技术发展优势及应用中存在的问题[J].河南建材,2008.(3),17.
[23]亢燕铭.地板辐射供暖的节能效应分析[J].暖通空调.2001.(04),4-5.
[24]陈永明.供热系统可靠性指标探析[J]..煤气与热力.2003.(7),400-402.
[25]鲁祥春.哈热集中供热扩建项目技术经济评价[D].华北电力大学,2008.5:20-23.
[26]康艳兵,不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008.(1),16-22.
[27]杨东华.热经济学[M].北京:科学出版社.2003.1.
[28]王加漩.(火用) 法及其应用[M].北京:烃加工出版社.1990,34.
[29]周洁,集中供热系统热经济学优化方法的研究[D].济南:山东科技大学,2007.6.
[30]戎卫国.供热系统的热力学经济评价及分析[J].山东建筑工程学院学报(自..然科学版),1988.(4),54.
[31]左玉辉.环境经济学[M].北京:.高等教育出版社,2003.7.
[32]杨建坤.北方小城镇供热模式分析与热网优化控制的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.3,18.
[33]花拥军.项目社会评价指标体系及方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.4.
[34]丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.6,15-19.
[35]石小翠.建设项目环境影响的经济评价方法研究[D].乌鲁木齐:.新疆农业大学,2005.5,25-2.
[36]王伟.城市供暖热源环境影响评价[J].低温建筑技术..2004.3.
[37]杨印生.《经济系统定量分析方法》[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001,285-331.
[38]彭育威,吴守宪,徐小湛,利用MATLAB进行DEA交叉评价分析[J],西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2 004(30):P553-556.
[39]王瑛,孙林岩,陈宏,基于两阶段的物流系统综合评价DEA/AHP法[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003.(23),19-84.
[40]樊小林.某热电联产汽轮发电机组供热经济性分析[J].电力学报,2004,(03)
[41]张沈生,李惠先.新型供暖方式与房地产[J].工业技术经济,2004,(06).
[42]黄文,管昌生.城市集中供热研究现状及发展趋势[J].国外建材科技,2004,(05)
[43]朱彩霞,王红霞,马富琴.几种常用城市供热方式的技术经济分析[J].河南科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(04).
[44]周志廉.关于我国城市集中供热发展的思考[J].经济丛刊,2006,(1).
[45]杨玉军.我国热电联产的发展趋势[J].中国能源,2004,(10).
[46]李保群.新疆医科大学集中供热系统节能改造项目技术经济研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2007.
[47]李志芳.住宅供暖方式综合性能比较研究[D].西安:长安大学,2006.
[48]安亚林,施伟,于晓敬.不同供暖方式技术经济比较及发展方向[J].房材与应用,2001,(03).
[49]康艳兵.不同采暖方式的技术经济评价分析[J].中国能源,2008,(01).
[50]王艳.多种采暖方式的比较及其选择[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,(12).
[51]程斌,付天君.采暖方式评价与选择的研究[J].科技资讯,2007,(17).
[52]庄茜.数据包络分析法在港口综合评价中的应用研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[53]赵莹.基于DEA方法的区域主导产业决策分析[D].南京理工大学,2006.
[54]田贯三,郭非,耿克成.天然气锅炉采暖方式的比较分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[55]刘艳峰,刘加平,刘亚.燃气热源供暖系统综合经济分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[56]董敬,王桂斗,王俭.集中供热建设项目环境影响评价的清洁生产分析[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,(04)
[57]曾贤刚.环境影响经济评价[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2003.7
[58]傅家骥.仝允恒.工业技术经济学(第三版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.3.
[59]张沈生,傅卓林,张兆弟.住宅供暖设备的评价与选择[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然版),2006.4.
[60]孟萍.关于集中供热系统热用户节能问题的探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(24)
[61]卢军,龚琪,冯源,高亚锋.集中供热的环境影响[J].煤气与热力,2005,(05).
[62]柏晨,安大伟,娄承芝.计量供热系统热源和热网的自动控制[J].煤气与热力,2003,(11).
[63]董志国.集中供热管网的监控系统[J].煤气与热力,2005,(10).
[64]韦建忠.大型集中供热锅炉房的规模效益[J].区域供热,2005,(2).
[65]杨印生.经济系统定量分析方法[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2001.
[66]苏为华.多指标综合评价理论与方法研究[M].北京:中国物价出版社,2001
[67]赵焕臣,许树柏,和金生.层次分析法——一种简易的新决策方法[M].北京:科学出版社,1986
[68]李宝山.管理系统工程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[69]尹娟.城市集中供热管网优化[D].河北工业大学,2005.
[70]陈宏振.徐州市集中供热的经济性比较研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[71]赵全胜.洛阳市东区集中供热规划方案设计[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[72]丛颖.珲春市集中供热能耗与环境效益分析[D].吉林大学,2006.
[73]李民.邯郸市主城区集中供热规划研究[D].华北电力大学(河北),2008.
[74]李先瑞.热电联产集中供热如何有序发展[J].节能与环保,2005,(01)
[75]于来福,刘汉平.热电联产企业为何这般难[J].电力需求侧管理,2006,(01).
[76]师涌江,刘丽莉.城市集中供热优化规划模型研究[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2006,(02).
[77]董壮进,廖荣平.城市集中供热形式的探讨[J].煤气与热力,2004,(07).
[78]田祥祥,杨冰,商红彬,高广轶,吴增福,刘文超.从经济效益和环保效益看供热锅炉的应用前景[A]第七届全国工业炉学术年会论文集[C],2006.
[79]姜赫男,党文辉.采暖用天然气锅炉的分析与比较[A]中国土木工程学会燃气分会应用专业委员会2007年会论文集[C],2007.
[80]常缨.常见室内采暖供热形式能效比较[A]山东省暖通空调制冷 2007年学术年会论文集[C],2007.
[81]国家环境保护总局科技标准司.GB 13271-2001锅炉大气污染物排放标准[S].国家质检总局(SBTS),2001.
[82]郭亚军,综合评价理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[83]姜启源,数学模型[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[84]傅家骥,全允恒.工业技术经济学[M].清华大学出版社1996.
[85]黄渝祥,费用一效益分析[M].同济大学出版社1987.
[86]董福忠,现代管理技术经济大辞典[M],中国经济出版社,1995.
[87]孟萍.关于集中供热系统热用户节能问题的探讨[J].科技情报开发与经济,2005,(24).
[88]陆慧琦,孙毅.集中供热与环境质量改善的探析[J].节能技术,2000,(2).
[89]邢艳艳,刘艳峰,鱼亚丽,刘加平.拉萨市民用建筑采暖热源经济性分析[A]建筑环境与建筑节能研究进展——2007全国建筑环境与建筑节能学术会议论文集[C],2007.
[90]宗杰.低温地板辐射采暖系统调节性能研究[D].天津大学,2003.
[91]刘群.低温辐射加热电缆的研制及应用环境下热场分析[D].哈尔滨理工大学,2006.
[92]周兴红.低温地板辐射采暖数值模拟及其性能分析[D].南京理工大学,2004.
[93]李兆坚,江亿,雷毅.对空调舒适性的伦理学思考[J].暖通空调,2008,(05)
[94]A.Myrick.Freeman著.曾贤刚译.环境资源价值评估[M].中国人民大学出版社.2002.8.
[95]李安桂,何思凤,张新记,张永岐,李波.多热源并网供热的调度研究——宝鸡市 联网集中供热调节分析[J].暖通空调,2008,(02).
[96]刘欢,王飞.集中供热的发展趋势——谈多热源联网供热技术[J].山西能源与节能,2008,(04).
[97]寇群,余宝法.多热源环形热网的自动控制[J].区域供热,2000,(03).
[98]赵鑫,赵安平.多热源区域供热系统的环网和调节[J].区域供热,2003,(04).
[99]张琪欣.浅谈多热源联网技术的优越性[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,(06).
[100]田贯三,郭非,耿克成.天然气锅炉采暖方式的比较分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[101]宋凌,刘翔,张宇峰,郭非,朱颖心,江亿.对独立式燃气炉冬季运行情况的调研研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[102]刘艳峰,刘加平,刘亚.燃气热源供暖系统综合经济分析[A]全国暖通空调制冷2002年学术年会论文集[C],2002.
[103]王潇,董重成,赵先智.低温热水地面辐射供暖系统调节的研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2006年学术年会文集[C],2006.
[104]王潇,董重成,赵先智.低温热水地面辐射供暖系统调节的研究[A]全国暖通空调制冷2006年学术年会文集[C],2006
[105]黄东.浅谈居住区供热方式的选择[J].城市开发,2003,(01).
[106]毕永明,刘宝贤,许富昌.关于分户供热和分户计量热量方法的探讨[J].发电设备,2001,(03).
[107]徐忠堂.发展中的中国城市集中供热[J].城市发展研究,2000,(04).
[108]马长威.分户采暖的明智选择燃气壁挂炉[J].中国建设信息供热制冷,2002,(04).
[109]夏喜英,王建华.集中供热、燃气锅炉及电热供暖系统的经济分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2002,(03).
[110]刁乃仁,黄鸿翔,方肇洪.地源热泵——建筑节能新技术[J].建设科技,2002,(10).
[111]王志勇,齐朝建.城市集中供热管网施工改造[J].内蒙古电力技术,2002(1).
[112]苏登超,刁乃仁,方肇洪.热泵与建筑节能[J].能源技术,2003,(1).
[113]周兴红.低温地板辐射采暖数值模拟及其性能分析[D]南京理工大学,2004.
[114]闻作祥,马景掏.北京地区多种供热方式研究[J].区域供热,2003(3):14-30.
[115]张培红.基于层次分析法的暖通空调设备管理模糊评价[J].沈阳建筑大学学报:自然科学版,2005,21(5)
[116]李钦,杨印生,刘心报.集成AHP/DEA模型及其应用[A]计算机模拟与信息技术会议论文集[C],2001.
[117]孙伟.层次分析法应用研究[J].市场研究,2008,(12).
[118]李恺.层次分析法在生态环境综合评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2009,(02)
[119]任仙姬.层次分析法在数字参考咨询服务评价中的应用研究[J].情报科学,2008,(12)
[120]庄茜.数据包络分析法在港口综合评价中的应用研究[D]天津大学,2006.
[121]赵莹.基于DEA方法的区域主导产业决策分析[D]南京理工大学,2006.
[122]林济铿,蒋越梅,岳顺民,郑卫洪,王海林,时燕新,顾强.基于DEA/AHP模型的电力系统黑启动有效方案评估[J]电力系统自动化,2007,(15).
[123]张宝友,达庆利,黄祖庆.基于AHP/DEA模型的上市物流公司绩效评价[J]工业工程与管理,2008,(05).
[124]晏华辉,崔晋川.基于AHP与DEA的多因素排序法[J].系统工程学报,2004,(05).
[125]洪伟民,刘晋.基于DEA/AH法的供应链合作伙伴综合评价[J].商业研究,2006,(21).
[126]张沈生,孙晓兵,傅卓林.国外供暖方式现状与发展趋势[J].工业技术经济,2006,(07).
[127]魏权龄.评价相对有效性的DEA方法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988.
[128]盛昭瀚等.DEA理论、方法与应用,北京:科学出版社,1996.
[129]李宗元等.运筹学ABC.北京:经济管理出版社,2001.
[130]宋绛雄.供热工程方案的技术经济评价[J].煤气与热力,2002,(02)
宋扬.合理确定热源形式提高热能利用效率[J].林业科技情报,2005,(03)
[131]汤学忠.热能转换与利用.冶金工业出版社,2004.
[132]张佑全.采暖方式的多元化趋向及比较[J].节能.2000,(12).
[133]刁乃仁,黄鸿翔,方肇洪.地源热泵—建筑节能新技术[J].建设科技,2002
[134]冯国会.城市住宅建筑供热模式的分析[J].节能,2002,11.
[135]杨洪涛.我国目前供热形式优劣浅谈[J].林业科技情报,2004,36(02).
[136]李志芳.住宅供暖方式综合性能比较研究[D].长安大学.2006.5.
[137]田晓霞.供暖系统的选择与供热调节[J].煤气与热力,2004,24(09).
[138]朱志国.低温地板辐射的优点[J].中国建筑金属结构,2004,6.
[139]王宇航.地源热泵的研究与应用[J].建筑热能通风空调,2004,23(04).
[140]乌斌.浅议新型供热方式及电热锅炉优缺点[J].宁夏电力,2007,(03)
[141]王振铭.我国热电联产的新发展[J].电力技术经济,2007,(02).
[142]郭晓克,康慧.发展热电联产缓解能源压力[J].电力建设,2007,(08).
[143]徐平旭,付超,顾鑫,鹿娜.热电联产的优越性及其技术改进[J].科技资讯,2007,(22).
[144]周小谦.中国电力改革和推进热电联产、分布式供电的发展[J].热电技术,2006,(02).
[145]吴添祖,冯勤,欧阳仲健.技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[146]杨治金.丹麦的集中供热[J].区域供热,2006,(6).
[147]韦新东,尹军,全贞花.日本集中供热(冷)系统的发展现状[J].吉林建筑工程学报,2001,(1).
[148]姜永顺.韩国的集中供热[J].区域供热,1996,(3).
[149]郭义铭.意大利的家庭供暖方式与思考[J].全球科技经济晾望,2000,30(5).
[150]贺平,孙尉.供热工程(第三版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[151]魏兵,李丽.我国热网的现状及供热节能的对策[J].制冷与空调,2008.(03).
[152]刘文贤.谈谈国外的供暖方式[J].北京房地产,2005,(12).
[153]鄢毅平.从条件变化看我国浅层地能供暖的未来趋势[J].工程建设与设计,2007,(05).
[154]杨桂春,赵广庆,王乐一.浅谈供热系统的智能监测与科学管理[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2003,(03).
[155]国家环境保护总局监督管理公司.中国环境影响评价[M].化学工业出版社2000
[156]黄文,管昌生.城市集中供热研究现状及发展趋势[J].国外建材科技,2004,(05).
[157]曾享麟,蔡启林,解鲁生,姚约翰,吴玉环,李先瑞,翟国冬.欧洲集中供热的发展[J].区域供热,2002,(01).
[158]郑龙武.保证城市集中供热系统质量的几个关键问题[J].黑龙江科技信息,2004,(02).
[159]孟哲,刘应宗,金宇澄.我国集中供热的现状与对策[J].华东交通大学学报,2004,(03).
[160]贺平,孙刚等.供热工程[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[161]章熙民,任泽霈,梅飞鸣.王中铮等.传热学[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[162]尹航.基于地热水资源供热供冷系统能源利用率评价方法的研究[D].天津大学,2006.
[163]尹娟.城市集中供热管网优化[D].河北工业大学,2005.
[164]陈宏振.徐州市集中供热的经济性比较研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[165]赵全胜.洛阳市东区集中供热规划方案设计[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[166]胡建平.土壤源热泵系统设计方法[J].暖通空调,2005,(02).
[167]罗清海,汤广发,龚光彩,汤春芳.建筑热水节能中的热泵技术[J].给水排水,2004,(05).
[168]李悦.土壤源热泵系统的设计[J].煤气与热力,2007,(02).
[169]黄金保,浦绍选.太阳能热泵技术及其供热应用[J].中国建设动态(阳光能源),2004,(06).
[170]单军勇,刘效洲.太阳能采暖的可行性分析[J].工业锅炉,2003,(06).
[171]Gagge A P.A Standard Podictive Index of Human Re-sponse to the Thermal Environment[J].ASHRAE Trans,1986,92(2):709-731.
[172]McCullough E,Olesen B W.Thermal Insulation Pro-vided by Chairs[J].ASHRAE Trans,1994,100(1):795-802.
[173]Jain S,Dhar P L.Evaluation of Solid-desiccant-based Evaporative Cooling Cycles for Typical Hot and Humid Climates[J].Int.J.of Refrigeration,1995,17(5):287-296.
[174]Waugaman D G,Kettleborough C F.A Review of Des-iccant Cooling Systems[J].J.of Energy Resources Technology,1993,115(3):1-8.
[175]]MacCluerCR.Analysisand simulation of out door reset control of radiantslab heating system s.ASH RAE Trans,1990,96,96(1):1283-1286
[176]Cho S.H,Zaheer-Uddin M.Predictive control of intermittently operated radiant floor heating systems[J].Energy Conversion and Management.2003,44,44:1333-1342
[177]Sung-Hwan Cho,Mohgnmed ZdIeer-uddin.Temperature Regulation of Radiant Floor Heating Systems Using two-Parameter On-Off Control An Experimental Study[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):70-75.
[178]L F Sehutrum,C M Humphreys.Heat Exchanges in a Floor Panel Heated Room[J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):44-49.
[179]J R Canoll.Natural Convection in Panel Heating[J].Heating and Ventilating,2003,(45):43-48.
[180]Bioll Kilkis,and Muhammed etc.A simplified Model for the Design of Radiant in-slab Heating Panels[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):100-107.
[181]Peter Bean,Ray Jones.Safety Related Considerations for Resistance Heat Tracing Cables IEEE Paper[J].PCIC,1994,(8):1-3.
[182]ASHRAE.1992 ASHRAE handbook—Systems and Equipment[S].1992,
[183]Haruo Hanibuchi,and Shuichi Hokoi.Basic Study of Radiative and Convective Heat Exchange in a Room With floor Heating[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):80-85.
[184]]Maryl D Freetone,Mlliam M worek.Radiant Panel Perimeter Heating Options.Effectiveness and ThermalComfort[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,(15):92-98.
[185]T C Min,L F Schutrum,J D Vouris.Natural Convection and Radiation in a Panel-Heated Room[J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):56-60.
[186]Peter Simmonds.Practical Applications of Radiant Heating and Cooling to Maintain Comfort Conditions [J].ASHAE Transactions,1999,(23):60～65.
[187]Zhang Youping.Stable neural controller design for unknown nonlinear systems using back stepping [J].IEEE Transactions Neural Networks,2000,70,70(3):1347-1360.
[188]Feng G.An approach to adaptive control of fuzzy dynamics systems.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,2002,10,10(2):268-275.
[189]Polycarpou,loarmou.Modeling identification and stable adaptive control of continuoustime nonlinear dynamical systems using neural networks [A].Proceedings of the 1992 American Control Conference [C].Boston:MA.1992,:36-40.
[190]Kanellapolous,Kokotovic P V,Morse A S.Adaptive output-feedback control of systems with output nonlinearities.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1992.37, 37(11):1666—1682.
[191]M.R.Azimi-Sadjadi,&R.J.Lion.Fast learning process of multilayer neural networks using recursive least squares method.IEEE Trans.on SP,1992,Vol.40,Vol.40(No.3):446-450
[192]Hanse J,Sastry S,Meyer GNonlinear control design for slightly non-minimum phase applications to V/STOL[J].Aircraft Automatic,1992,28,28(4):665-679
[193]M,T,Hagan,,M,Menhaj.Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm [J].IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,1994,5,5(6):295-301.
[194]Marino R,Tomei P.Global adaptive output-feedback control for a class nonlinear systems,Part Ⅱ:linear parameterization.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(1):33-48.
[195]KrsticM,KanellakopoulosI.Adaptiveoverparameterization.Systems&Control Leters,1992,19,19(1):177-185.
[196]Lin J S,Kanellakovoulos I.Nonlinearities enhance parameter convergence in strict systems.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1999,44,44(1):89-94.
[197]Isabelle Rivals,Leon Personnaz.Nonlinear internal model control using neural networks:application toprocesses with delay and design issues[J].IEEE Transactions Neural Networks,2000,(11):80-89.
[198]Marino R,Tomei P.Global adaptive output-feedback control for a class nonlinear systems,Part Ⅰ:linear parameterization.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(1):17-27.
[199]Aloliwi B,Khalil H K.Adaptive output regulation of a class of nonlinear systems:convergence and robustness.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1997,42,42(12):1714-1716.
[200]Orteaga R.On Morse's new adaptive controller:parameter convergence and transient performance.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1993,38,38(8):1191-1202.
[201]Zhang Y,Ioannou P A,Chien C C.Parameter convergence of a adaptive controllers.IEEE Transactions on 1489-1493.
[202]Lin J S,Kanellakopoulos L Nonlinearities enhance parameter convergence in outputfeedback systems.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1998,43,43(2):204-222.
[203]Lin W,Qian C.Adaptive control of nonlinearly parameterized systems:a onsmooth feedback framework.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2002,47,47(5):757-774
[204]Wang Dazhi,Wang Zhenlei.Identification and control of induction motor using artificial neural network [A].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems [C].Beijing:The International Academic Publishers of World Publishing Corporation,2001,:751-754.
[205]Saleh Kh,Badr M.A.Analysis of PM SM control system using artificial neural network [A].Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems [C].Beijing:The International Academic Publishers of World Publishing Corporation,2001,:791-795.
[206]Spooner.Stable direct adaptive control of a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems[A].Proceedings of the 13th World Congress of IFAC[C].San Francisco:CA.1996,:343-348.