磁性潜热型功能流体的制备与能量传递特性研究
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摘要
潜热型功能流体是由相变微胶囊颗粒与传统单相流体构成的一种多相流体,由于相变微胶囊颗粒中的相变材料在发生固-液或液-固相变过程中吸收或释放潜热,它具有-定的储热能力。磁流体是一种具有磁体磁性和液体流动性的功能流体,它的一些热物性参数(如密度、粘度、导热系数等)会随着外磁场的变化而发生改变,因此磁流体是一种“可控”的传热流体,可以用外磁场实现对其流动和热量传递过程的控制。为实现潜热型功能流体的储热与磁流体的可控的有机结合,本文提出了一种全新的功能流体——磁性潜热型功能流体,它由磁性相变微胶囊颗粒与传统的单相流体构成。磁性相变微胶囊颗粒具有与磁性细微颗粒类似的磁性和相变微胶囊的储热能力,因而磁性潜热型功能流体是一种集可控、储热、强化换热功能于一身的新颖的功能流体。本学位论文将从以下几个方面研究磁性潜热型功能流体。
(1)磁性相变微胶囊制备
以石蜡为芯材,脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂为壳材,纳米铁粒子为磁性材料,用原位聚合法制备了磁性相变微胶囊。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)和电感耦合等离子直读光谱仪(ICP)对样品的热性能、表面形态、磁性能以及微胶囊中纳米铁粒子含量进行了表征和测量。研究了纳米铁粒子的加入对微胶囊的表面形态比饱和磁化强度的影响,对比了两种壳磁性相变微胶囊的表面形貌和强度。磁性相变微胶囊比饱和磁化强度随着纳米铁粒子含量的增加和石蜡用量的减少而增大。与脲醛树脂壳磁性相变微胶囊相比,三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂壳磁性相变微胶囊具有更好的球形度和更好的强度。
(2)磁性潜热型功能流体表观比热容与导热系数测量
分别采用差示扫描量热仪和瞬态热线装置对磁性潜热型功能流体的表观比热容和导热系数进行了测量。研究了不同配方的磁性相变微胶囊及微胶囊体积分数下流体的表观比热容和导热系数,探索了外磁场对流体导热系数的影响。不同体积分数磁性潜热型功能流体的导热系数比皆随磁场强度的增大而升高,体积分数愈高导热系数比的增幅愈大。
(3)磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热实验研究
搭建了以磁性潜热型功能流体为工质的对流回路实验系统,利用永磁体提供外磁场,研究了磁场作用下磁性潜热型功能流体的运行状况。通过对回路中流体和铜管壁面的温度测量,实验探索了永磁体位置、磁性相变微胶囊体积分数、流体质量流量、加热热流密度等因素对磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热特性的影响。在外加非均匀磁场作用范围内,磁场强度越大,磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热系数也越大。
(4)磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热数值模拟
在流体动力学、传热学和电磁学的一些重要理论基础上,建立了磁场作用下水平圆管内磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热的宏观数学模型,分析了磁场强度、磁性相变微胶囊体积分数、流体质量流量、加热热流密度等因素对流体对流换热的影响,并揭示了外磁场对磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热的影响机制。磁场对磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热具有显著的强化作用,强化的原因是磁性相变微胶囊受到磁力作用产生扰动。通过对比壁面温度实验值与计算值,对数学模型和实验系统的合理性进行了相互验证,理论模型可正确地对外加非均匀磁场作用下磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热特性进行模拟,而实验系统也能较准确地对其对流换热特性进行实验测量。
Latent functional fluid (LFF) is a novel multiphase fluid which consists of microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) particles and conventional single phase fluid. In the phase change temperature range, the phase change materials (PCM) absorb or release latent heat during their melting or crystallization process which results in LFF having an ability of heat storage. Magnetic fluid is another type of functional fluid which has both the dynamic characteristic of liquid and the magnetic properties of the bulk magnetic material and has an ability to respond to an external magnetic field. Some of its thermal parameters (such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc.) will change with the external magnetic field changes. Thus magnetic fluid is a controllable heat transfer fluid and its flow and energy transport process could be controlled by the external magnetic field. To combine the heat storage of LFF and the controllable energy transport process of magnetic fluid, magnetic latent functional fluid (MLFF), an innovative multiphase fluid, which consists of magnetic phase change microcapsule (MPCMC) particles and carrier fluid, has been proposed. Due to the magnetism and heat storage of the MPCMC particles, MLFF is a controllable, heat storange and enhanced heat transport fluid. The following aspects of MLFF will be studied in this thesis.
(1) Preparation of MPCMC
Magnetic microcapsules containing paraffin cores within urea-formaldehyde and melamine-urea-formaldehyde shells were fabricated utilizing in situ polymerization, with iron nano-particles as magnetic particles. The thermal properties, surface morphologies, magnetic properties and iron nano-particles content of the magnetic phase-change microcapsules were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma quantometry (ICP). The influence of iron nano-particles on morphologies and specific saturation magnetization was also considered. The morphologies and intensity of MPCMC with two kind shells were compared.
(2) Measurement of apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF
The apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF were experimentally investigated by DSC technique and transient short-hot-wire method, respectively. The effects of the MPCMC volume fractions and components in the MPCMC on the apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF were discussed. A dramatic variation of the thermal conductivity was observed in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
(3) Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of MLFF
To investigation on convective heat transfer of MLFF in the presence of magnetic field, a convection loop using MLFF as work fluid was made, and the magnetic field was produce by a cylindrical Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet in the loop. Through the measurement on bulk mean temperature and wall temperature, the influence of magnet location, volume fraction of MPCMC, mass flow rate, and heat flux on convective heat transfer of MLFF was experimentally analyzed.
(4) Numerical simulation on convective heat transfer of MLFF
Based on fluid dynamics and electromagnetics, a mathematical model for describing convective heat transfer characteristic of MLFF flow in circular tube under an external magnetic field was established. The influence of magnetic field strength, volume fraction of MPCMC, mass flow rate, and heat flux on convective heat transfer of MLFF was analyzed. The mechanism of magnetic field influence on MLFF convective heat transfer was revealed. The convective heat transfer of MLFF was enchanced by magnetic field, and the enhancement reason was that the distributions of MPCMC volume fraction and slurries temperature were changed due to magnetic force on MPCMC. For verify the reasonableness of mathematical model and experiment system, the experimental and simulated values of wall temperature were compared.
(1)磁性相变微胶囊制备
以石蜡为芯材,脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂为壳材,纳米铁粒子为磁性材料,用原位聚合法制备了磁性相变微胶囊。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)和电感耦合等离子直读光谱仪(ICP)对样品的热性能、表面形态、磁性能以及微胶囊中纳米铁粒子含量进行了表征和测量。研究了纳米铁粒子的加入对微胶囊的表面形态比饱和磁化强度的影响,对比了两种壳磁性相变微胶囊的表面形貌和强度。磁性相变微胶囊比饱和磁化强度随着纳米铁粒子含量的增加和石蜡用量的减少而增大。与脲醛树脂壳磁性相变微胶囊相比,三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂壳磁性相变微胶囊具有更好的球形度和更好的强度。
(2)磁性潜热型功能流体表观比热容与导热系数测量
分别采用差示扫描量热仪和瞬态热线装置对磁性潜热型功能流体的表观比热容和导热系数进行了测量。研究了不同配方的磁性相变微胶囊及微胶囊体积分数下流体的表观比热容和导热系数,探索了外磁场对流体导热系数的影响。不同体积分数磁性潜热型功能流体的导热系数比皆随磁场强度的增大而升高,体积分数愈高导热系数比的增幅愈大。
(3)磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热实验研究
搭建了以磁性潜热型功能流体为工质的对流回路实验系统,利用永磁体提供外磁场,研究了磁场作用下磁性潜热型功能流体的运行状况。通过对回路中流体和铜管壁面的温度测量,实验探索了永磁体位置、磁性相变微胶囊体积分数、流体质量流量、加热热流密度等因素对磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热特性的影响。在外加非均匀磁场作用范围内,磁场强度越大,磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热系数也越大。
(4)磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热数值模拟
在流体动力学、传热学和电磁学的一些重要理论基础上,建立了磁场作用下水平圆管内磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热的宏观数学模型,分析了磁场强度、磁性相变微胶囊体积分数、流体质量流量、加热热流密度等因素对流体对流换热的影响,并揭示了外磁场对磁性潜热型功能流体对流换热的影响机制。磁场对磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热具有显著的强化作用,强化的原因是磁性相变微胶囊受到磁力作用产生扰动。通过对比壁面温度实验值与计算值,对数学模型和实验系统的合理性进行了相互验证,理论模型可正确地对外加非均匀磁场作用下磁性潜热型功能流体的对流换热特性进行模拟,而实验系统也能较准确地对其对流换热特性进行实验测量。
Latent functional fluid (LFF) is a novel multiphase fluid which consists of microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) particles and conventional single phase fluid. In the phase change temperature range, the phase change materials (PCM) absorb or release latent heat during their melting or crystallization process which results in LFF having an ability of heat storage. Magnetic fluid is another type of functional fluid which has both the dynamic characteristic of liquid and the magnetic properties of the bulk magnetic material and has an ability to respond to an external magnetic field. Some of its thermal parameters (such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc.) will change with the external magnetic field changes. Thus magnetic fluid is a controllable heat transfer fluid and its flow and energy transport process could be controlled by the external magnetic field. To combine the heat storage of LFF and the controllable energy transport process of magnetic fluid, magnetic latent functional fluid (MLFF), an innovative multiphase fluid, which consists of magnetic phase change microcapsule (MPCMC) particles and carrier fluid, has been proposed. Due to the magnetism and heat storage of the MPCMC particles, MLFF is a controllable, heat storange and enhanced heat transport fluid. The following aspects of MLFF will be studied in this thesis.
(1) Preparation of MPCMC
Magnetic microcapsules containing paraffin cores within urea-formaldehyde and melamine-urea-formaldehyde shells were fabricated utilizing in situ polymerization, with iron nano-particles as magnetic particles. The thermal properties, surface morphologies, magnetic properties and iron nano-particles content of the magnetic phase-change microcapsules were investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and inductively coupled plasma quantometry (ICP). The influence of iron nano-particles on morphologies and specific saturation magnetization was also considered. The morphologies and intensity of MPCMC with two kind shells were compared.
(2) Measurement of apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF
The apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF were experimentally investigated by DSC technique and transient short-hot-wire method, respectively. The effects of the MPCMC volume fractions and components in the MPCMC on the apparent specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MLFF were discussed. A dramatic variation of the thermal conductivity was observed in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
(3) Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of MLFF
To investigation on convective heat transfer of MLFF in the presence of magnetic field, a convection loop using MLFF as work fluid was made, and the magnetic field was produce by a cylindrical Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet in the loop. Through the measurement on bulk mean temperature and wall temperature, the influence of magnet location, volume fraction of MPCMC, mass flow rate, and heat flux on convective heat transfer of MLFF was experimentally analyzed.
(4) Numerical simulation on convective heat transfer of MLFF
Based on fluid dynamics and electromagnetics, a mathematical model for describing convective heat transfer characteristic of MLFF flow in circular tube under an external magnetic field was established. The influence of magnetic field strength, volume fraction of MPCMC, mass flow rate, and heat flux on convective heat transfer of MLFF was analyzed. The mechanism of magnetic field influence on MLFF convective heat transfer was revealed. The convective heat transfer of MLFF was enchanced by magnetic field, and the enhancement reason was that the distributions of MPCMC volume fraction and slurries temperature were changed due to magnetic force on MPCMC. For verify the reasonableness of mathematical model and experiment system, the experimental and simulated values of wall temperature were compared.
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