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周思聪艺术研究
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摘要
作为当代中国最具影响力的女性画家,周思聪的艺术创作历程、艺术作品,乃至审美理念都可以被视作当代中国绘画及艺术美学的标签之一。更为重要的是,她的艺术创作历程既是20世纪水墨人物画的变革和发展过程中的一个重要节点,也是她自身生活世界及内心情感对于不断变迁的社会文化环境的持续映射。周思聪在技法、审美、人性以及艺术理念等不同层次丰富地展示了当代中国艺术创作及审美发展的跨越感和断裂性,而这一断裂性和跨越感的背后仍然蕴藏着中国传统艺术与西方当代绘画艺术的碰撞和融合,碰撞和融合既是艺术家个人的艺术探索,也昭示着中国当代绘画艺术的发展方向。
     从周思聪的艺术历程和绘画风格入手,我们不难发现,她经历了写实、表现向传统中国的写意精神复归,这并不是简单的重复和回归,而是在丰富的生命体验及娴熟的写实水墨人物画创作技法的基础上,吸收了西方绘画的表现技法及审美旨趣,实现以回归为基本形式的自我超越。与此同时,周思聪的艺术探索和创作本身就是她内心世界的体验与思考历程,向传统写意精神的回归也是她作为一个艺术家的“自我发现及升华”。
     本文立足于艺术学方法,从周思聪的艺术创作历程入手,从早期、成熟期及晚期等三个阶段,围绕其代表作品的创作背景、艺术技法及价值分析,并将其现实生活世界的资料整理及口述历史研究结合在一起,形成对周思聪的审美旨趣及生活世界的重叠研究,避免单纯从作品出发的研究路线,并且充分利用女性主义哲学、哲学诠释学和美学的思想资源,尝试在艺术分析之外寻找属于中西文化及当代中国的现代性主题及艺术家个体生存境遇创造的艺术反思方向。此外,本文旨在将周思聪的创作历程看作“三位一体”的整体:以作品表达艺术理念及技法的升华与发展,从艺术理念中折射其生活体验中的思想情感变化,在情感与思想的不断变化和跨越中理解其审美旨趣的进化和跨越。与此同时,周思聪作为一个女性的细腻、敏感以及母性都将她作为一个艺术研究和诠释对象的复杂性进一步提升,从这个意义上讲,本文的研究并不期待为周思聪的艺术研究提出一个断言或结论,而是通过诠释性的描述,展示当代中国艺术家在生活和艺术创作的浑然一体中融合中西绘画技术和艺术理念的可能性,从而分析中国当代艺术的代表人物体现的中国艺术的未来发展趋势。
     在本文的讨论中,周思聪首先是一个女性,其次是一个艺术家,再次是一个中国当代艺术家,最后才是20世纪现实主义水墨人物画的集大成者。如果我们将周思聪的艺术作品当作她的生活及精神世界的艺术表达,那么她不仅承继了徐蒋体系现实主义水墨人物画的传统,而且经历了跨度巨大的创作理念转换及审美旨趣的变迁,跨越在情感丰富及笔法细腻的写实主义与禅意空灵随心所至的写意自由之间,从实感到空灵的内心自由之旅实现了周思聪作为一个艺术家自我艺术世界建构的完整与丰满。
     本文的第一部分从二十世纪的社会变迁和文化运动以及美术史发展的大背景出发,回顾周思聪的学习历程及早期艺术探索,将徐蒋体系的建立对20世纪水墨人物画的影响及早期美术教育中的审美理念进行初步的梳理,特别重视周思聪在中西交汇的文化融合环境中早期受到的中央美院多样的艺术启蒙,并强调其早期艺术创作中体现出的强烈的社会责任感;在此基础上,本文的第二部分从不同角度对周思聪代表作《矿工图》进行分析,聚焦其写实主义创作中从画面到情感、从实感到体验、从构图到技法的不断发展;本文的第三部分尝试从彝族妇女的系列作品分析中,在苦难美学和女性体验的基础上,发现她在审美旨趣上的本体性跨越,即从实感到空灵,从画面的厚度到内心的空灵,并最终形成画面与生活之间的内心桥梁,构建出一个优秀女性艺术家的自我认知;本文的第四部分分析周思聪为何能在生命最后阶段达到了写意回归,实现了艺术境界的圆满,周思聪艺术的写意精神在荷花系列里的回归,不仅是技法性的写意意象,更是融合了创造者的生命体验、审美旨趣后的一种精神跨越,也是在大写意的艺术理念基础上对传统写意的一次升华。
     由此,本文期待通过勾勒周思聪的艺术历程及其审美旨趣,将生活世界、内心体验及艺术创作融为一体,以诠释学和美学的角度,诠释作为整体的艺术家,并得出艺术家创作历程中体现的艺术发展趋势及方向——从写实到写意,大写意的传统复归作为中国当代绘画艺术的主题的可能性。
As the most influential female painter in modern China, Zhou Sicong had made her creativeprocess, art work and even aesthetic concepts considered as one of the landmarks in modernChinese painting and art aesthetics; more importantly, her creative process is not only anessential transition point in the reforming and developing process of ink-figure-painting of20th century, but also a continuous reflection of her own life experiences and internalfeelings towards the changing society and culture. Through different levels, includingtechniques, appreciation, humanity and artistic philosophy, she demonstrated the leaps anddisconnection between art creation and appreciation development in Chinese art history,which is saturated of conflicts and integrations of traditional Chinese art and modernwestern art; such conflicts and integrations are the results of individual exploring efforts bythe artists, as well as the trend of modern Chinese painting.
     Analyzing her creative process and painting style, it is clear to us that she went through theregression of the spirit of freehand via realistic painting; this is not as simple as repeatingand returning, but the absorption of skills and aesthetics in western painting, andself-surpassing in form of regression, and all these are on the basis of abundant experiencesand great realistic ink-figure-painting skills. Moreover, all her exploration and creations arereflection of her inner world experiences and thinking process; regression to traditionalfreehand spirits can also be seen as her self-discovery and enhancement as an artist.
     This thesis, based on the art study, begins with the early period, and is followed by themature period, and the late period of the artistic creation experience of Zhou Sicong. Thecreation background, artistic techniques, and value analysis of her representative works,combining with materials and oral content in her real life, takes center stage. Because of this,the overlapping studies of both her aesthetic judgments and her real life experiences havebeen put in place as opposed to only focusing on the art works. What’s more, this papergives full play to intellectual resources of feminist philosophy, philosophical hermeneuticsand aesthetics, striving to figure out modern themes in Chinese and Western culture, and inthe contemporary China, with the artistic reflection of what artists had experienced. In addition, three periods of Zhou’s creation experience are regarded as an organic whole: theworks are full of artistic sublimation and development in terms of artistic philosophy andtechniques, the developing artistic philosophy is the result of changing thoughts andemotions in the real life, and the process that thoughts and emotions are constantly changedand transformed renders people capable of understanding the transformation of her aestheticjudgment. Meanwhile, given the fact that Zhou Sicong demonstrates delicate and sensitivefeatures as a female and mother, it becomes substantially complex to define her as a subjectof artistic study and interpretation. In this thesis, the purpose is not to put forwardassessments or conclusions of Zhou’s artistic study. Instead, it presents interpretivedescriptions, through which we can find how a contemporary Chinese artist integratedtraditional Chinese painting techniques and artistic philosophy with Western ones when herreal life and artistic creation experiences were in seamless harmony. Therefore, the pointlies in the future trend of Chinese art through analysis of a representative contemporaryChinese artist.
     In this paper, Zhou Sicong first is a woman, followed by an artist, once again is acontemporary Chinese artist, and finally an ink-figure-painting master of the20th century.If we regard her art works as artistic expression of her life and the spiritual world, she notonly inherited the tradition of Xu Jiang system realistic ink-figure-painting, but alsoexperienced a huge leap of creative thoughts and aesthetic judgment to convert the changes.Crossing between the emotional and exquisite realism brushwork and ethereal Zen, ZhouSicong achieved complete freedom and fullness in her self-construction artistic world as anartist through the inner journey blossoming from real ethereal feel.
     The first part of the paper begins with the social changes, cultural movements and the artdevelopments of the twentieth century. It reviews Zhou Sicong’s learning process andartistic exploration at the early stage, sorts out the impact of establishment of Xu Jiangsystem to ink-figure-painting and aesthetic philosophy of early art education in the20thcentury, especially emphasizes on early variety of artistic enlightenment Zhou Sicongreceived from the Central Academy of Fine Arts, with integration of Chinese and Westerncultural environment, and stressed the strong sense of social responsibility reflected in herearly artistic creation. Based on this, the second part of this paper analyzes "Miners”, Zhou Sicong’s masterpiece, from different angles, focusing on the continuous developments inher realism creation, from visual to emotion, from real feelings to experience, fromcomposition to techniques. The third part of this paper attempts to analyze the series worksof “Yi women”, based on the experience of women and misery aesthetics to find herenhancement in the aesthetic judgments, that is from real feelings to experience, frompowerful imagery to inner ethereal, ultimately the formation of the inner life of a bridgebetween the images and life, to build the self-awareness of an excellent female artist. Thefourth part of the paper analyzes why and how Zhou Sicong could reach a freehandregression in the final stages of her life, achieve the successful completion of artistic realm.
     The spirit of freehand in Zhou Sicong’s art works lay in the regression of the “lotus series”.It is not only a technique of impressionistic imagery, but also the integration of the creator'slife experiences, a spiritual aesthetic judgment after crossing, as well as once sublimation infreehand brushwork based on the concept of traditional freehand.
     Thus, by outlining Zhou Sicong’s art and aesthetic judgment, this thesis is expected to be acreative blend of the world, inner experience and art, and to interpret the artists as a wholeand point out the artistic trends and directions reflected in their creative process from thehermeneutics and aesthetic angle, from realism to impressionistic, the possibility oftraditional regression of freehand brushwork as the Chinese contemporary painting freehandtopic.
引文
1参见Hans-Georg Gadamer,1989(TM), Truth and Method, London: Sheed and Ward,第xi页。
    2参见Austin Harrington,2004, Art and Social Theory: Sociological Arguments in Aesthetics, Cambridge: Polity,第14页.
    3参见Ian Heywood,1997, Social Theories of Art: A Critique, London: Macmillan,第22页。
    5关于前理解的概念,源自伽达默尔在诠释学中强调的“视界融合”(Fusion of Horizon),参见Hans-Georg Gadamer,1986(RB), The Relevance of the Beautiful, London: Cambridge University Press,第209-211页。
    6关于艺术创作的个性与社会审美趋势的变化,可以参见艺术社会学的相关研究,参见James Shelley,,2003,“TheProblem of Non-Perceptual Art.” British Journal of Aesthetics,43:363–378,其中特别强调非感受性艺术在社会审美取向形成中的特殊价值,这与知识社会学和艺术美学教育的相关机制完全一致。
    7关于女性主义审美及女性主义美学的基本定义,参见Naomi. Scheman,(1993).“Thinking about Quality in Women'sVisual Art,” Engenderings: Constructions of Knowledge, Authority, and Privilege, New York: Routledge,第419-31页。
    8关于母性审美及其性别主义价值,是西方性别研究中的重点课题之一,具体论述可以参见Teresa.de Lauretis,1986.“Feminist Studies/Critical Studies: Issues, Terms, Contexts.” In Feminist Studies/Critical Studies, ed., Teresa de Lauretis.Bloomington: Indiana University Press,第411-16页。
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    58周思聪,《历史的启示》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第178页。
    59卢沉,《风格的探索和中国画的现代化》,同上,第74页。(原载《美术观察》1981年第2期)
    60周思聪,《谈〈矿工图〉的形式语言》,同上,第180页。
    61周思聪,《历史的启示》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第179页。
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    64周思聪,《历史的启示》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第186页。
    65邵大箴,《追求平凡和真实记画家周思聪》,刘曦林、卢沉主编《周思聪纪念文集》,北京:荣宝斋出版社,第68页。
    66周思聪,《读画琐记》,同上第192页。
    67卢沉,《风格的探索和中国画的现代化》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第74页。
    68周思聪,《思绪录—山东讲学提纲》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第187页。
    69亚里斯多德,《诗学》第六章,见布切尔(Butcher)英译本,第23页。
    70朱光潜,《悲剧与生命力感》,《悲剧心理学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2009年5月第1版,第171页。
    71杜波,《关于诗与画的评判思考》,同上。
    72周思聪,《没有墓碑,没有悼文——怀念蒋兆和先生》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版,第193页。
    73朱光潜,《怜悯与恐惧:悲剧与崇高感》,《悲剧心理学》,南京:江苏文艺出版社,2009年5月第1版,第72页。
    74卢沉,《从写实、表现到抒情》《卢沉周思聪文集》,朱乃正主编,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第101页。
    75周思聪,《周思聪与友人书》1981年11月19日马文蔚编著,郑州:大象出版社,2006年11月第1版,第23页。
    76王明明,《灿烂至极归于平淡——王明明谈周思聪的艺术人生》《中国书画——卢沉周思聪纪念专辑》,康守永主编,第161页。
    77冯远,《高山仰止——冯远忆卢沉、周思聪》《中国书画——卢沉周思聪纪念专辑》,康守永主编,第154页。
    78周思聪,《思绪录——山东讲学提纲》,刘曦林、卢沉编:《周思聪纪念文集》,北京:荣宝斋出版社,第60页。
    79顾丞峰,《周思聪访谈录》,《周思聪纪念文集》60页,北京:荣宝斋出版社,原载《江苏画刊》1991年第一期。
    80顾丞峰,《周思聪访谈录》,《周思聪纪念文集》60页,北京:荣宝斋出版社,原载《江苏画刊》1991年第一期。
    81亨利马蒂斯,《论艺术》,《马蒂斯论创作》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,第62页。
    82参见宗白华,《美学散步》,北京大学出版社,1999年,第27页。
    83《庄子》的齐物论篇,可参陈鼓应著《庄子今注今译》,1996年,中华书局,第89页。
    84参见Susan J. Brison,1997.“Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity.” In Feminists Rethink the Self,ed., Diana Tietjens Meyers. Boulder: Westview Press,第173页。
    85郎绍君,《卢沉访问录》,2000年2月8日(农历正月初四),地点:平西府卢沉家。
    86周思聪,《思绪录——山东讲学提纲》,朱乃正主编《卢沉周思聪文集》,北京:人民美术出版社,2006年第一版。
    87周思聪,《周思聪与友人书》,马文蔚编著,郑州:大象出版社,2006年11月第1版,第146页。
    88史国良《师恩难酬——史国良忆卢沉、周思聪》《中国书画——卢沉周思聪纪念专辑》,康守永主编,第154页。
    89朱良志,《中国艺术的生命精神》,安徽:安徽教育出版社,2006(修订版),第143页。
    90宗白华,《美学与意境》南京:江苏文艺出版社,2008年7月第一版,第162页。
    91曹星原,《传统笔墨与当代造型的契合——周思聪突围“末路”重振水墨人物》
    92参见宗白华,《美学散步》,北京大学出版社,1999年,第68页。
    93参见康德,《未来形而上学导论》,商务印书馆,1991年出版,第77页。
    94参见Jane. Kneller,(1993).“Discipline and Silence: Women and Imagination in Kant's Theory of Taste,” Aesthetics inFeminist Perspective, Hilde Hein and Carolyn Korsmeyer (eds.), Bloomington: Indiana University Press,第77页.
    95参见葛兰言(Marcel Granet), Le penseé Chinoise,1968年版,第36-37页。
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