视觉测量图像压缩技术研究
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摘要
视觉测量技术以其非接触性、测量精度高和处理速度快等特点，在工业生产中得到了广泛的应用。随着数字相机成像技术的迅速发展，高分辨率的测量相机在视觉测量系统中也逐渐普及，但其带来的海量图像数据却给测量系统中的存储设备和有限传输带宽提出了严峻的挑战，因此研究一种在易于硬件实现、结构简单和高效的视觉测量图像压缩技术具有重要的应用价值。
根据国内外相关的图像压缩理论和视觉测量系统中图像的成像特点，本文对视觉测量图像的压缩技术进行了深入的研究，主要完成的工作概括如下：
1.总结了目前成熟的视觉测量系统所采用的图像存储方式，并探讨了视觉测量图像的应用特性。结合国内外图像编码技术的研究现状，给出了针对视觉测量图像的压缩要求及总体实现方案。在深入分析了ROI编码算法的研究现状和技术状态的基础上，结合视觉测量图像编码的总体方案，给出了测量图像压缩中应注意的技术细节以及对测量图像压缩方案的评价指标。
2.重点研究了测量图像的特征区域提取方法。通过对光斑图像、类椭圆目标图像和结构光图像特征区域提取方法的研究，利用阈值分割和膨胀运算设计了通用的视觉测量图像特征区域提取方法。针对膨胀运算中存在的重复运算，利用基于Freeman链码膨胀运算方法，提高了ROI区域的提取效率。最后通过实验验证了测量图像压缩中的ROI提取方法的完整性。
3.重点研究了基于位平面提升的视觉测量图像压缩方案。该方案在改进的SPIHT基础算法上利用分区域编码实现了对任意分辨率测量图像的压缩；设计的以小波子带为单位的量化方法减少了SPIHT算法在对ROI系数量化排序过程中不必要比特的输出；提出的小波系数符号层和幅度层的分离编码，以及SPIHT和Huffman的混合编码方法节约了码流对符号层编码的开支；通过仅对低频子带的背景区域中位置较高位平面进行编码，实现了以较少的码流保留住背景区域大部分图像信息的目的；最后通过实验验证了该方案对各类视觉测量图像压缩的可行性与有效性。
4.重点研究了基于ROI掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案。该方案深入分析了测量图像中ROI掩模的分布特点，提出了两种编码效率较高的ROI掩模编码算法。根据分区域编码的思想，重点分析了在适合用小波编码的区域上基于掩模的ROI编码中存在的不足，利用改进的空间方向树结构、小波系数幅度层的分离编码以及PROI掩模的引入，较大程度的提高了测量图像中特征区域的编码性能。对于背景区域中的系数，利用SPIHT算法对ROI掩模标记的所有背景系数进行精确编码，满足了测量图像对背景区域的编码要求。最后利用实验验证了该方案对各类视觉测量图像压缩的编码性能。
5.研究了本文提出的基于掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案在大尺寸测量实例中的应用。在不同分割阈值和膨胀半径下，重点探讨了基于掩模的测量图像编码方案对测量图像的编码性能和三维测量结果精度的影响。通过实验证明，基于掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案实现了对测量图像的高效压缩，但对测量精度基本上没有产生影响。
The popularity of high-resolution industrial cameras provides a severe challengeto the transmission and storage of photogrammetric images, because thesephotogrammetric images contain a huge mass of data. Thereforce, it has a greatapplication value to design a compression scheme that is sutitable forphotogrammetric images. In other words, it is necessary to encode thephotogrammetric images to save the storage space.
According to the characteristics of photogrammetric images and the correlativetheory of image compression, the compression technology of high-resolutionphotogrammetric image is researched in detail. In general, the major contents andinnovations achieved in this paper are shown as following:
1. The image compression methods used in the common vision measurementsystems are discussed. According to the calculation methods of vision measurementtechnology, the compression requirement and the encoding implement scheme ofphotogrammetric images are proposed by combining the application features ofphotogrammetric image with the image encoding technology. After summarizingthe research status of ROI encoding theory, the technical details and the evaluatingindicators of the encoding scheme, used for encoding the photogrammetric images,are described in detail.
2. The extraction methods of feature regions in photogrammetric images areresearched in detail. After analyzing the extraction methods of feature regions in laserfacula images, elliptical target images and structured light strrpe images, the generalextraction method of feature regions in photogrammetric images is proposed usingimage binarization and the image dilation algorithm. In order to reduce the repeatedcalculations existing in the image dilation, a modified image dilation method based onthe Freeman chain code is provided. And the general extraction method of featureregions in photogrammetric images is verified by the experiment.
3. The encoding scheme of photogrammetric images based on bitplane lifting isstudied. In this scheme, the encoding of arbitrary resolution photogrammetric image isachieved by combining the regions coding and modified SPIHT coder. In themodified SPIHT coder, the encoding efficiency of photogrammetric images isimproved by the sperate encoding between the sign bitplane and the magnitudebitplanes. A quantization scheme based on high frequency wavelet subband optimizesthe output bit stream in the sorting pass. According to the energy concentration features of wavelet transform, only the back ground coefficients belonging to thelowest frequency sub-band are encoded in order to improve total compression ratio.The verification experiment is achieved to test the feasibility of this encoding scheme.
4. The encoding scheme of photogrammetric images based on ROI mask isproposed. According to the distributive characters of ROI mask inphotogrammetric images, two encoding methods of ROI mask are proposed to reducethe bitrate. The compression performance of photogrammetric images is greatlyimproved using the modified partitioning structure, the improved encoding ofmagnitude bitplanes and the PROI mask. Only the coefficients indicated by ROI maskin the low frequency subband are processed to improve total compressionperformance. Finally, the coding performance for photogrammetric images is verifiedby the experiment.
5. In the large industrial measurement field, the application of the encodingscheme based on ROI mask is researched in detail. The compression performancesand the measurement precisions are discussed and analyied in detail in the differentthreshods and the different radiuses of the expansion elements. The experiment resultsshow that the scheme has higher compression performance forphotogrammetric images without affecting the measurement precision.
根据国内外相关的图像压缩理论和视觉测量系统中图像的成像特点，本文对视觉测量图像的压缩技术进行了深入的研究，主要完成的工作概括如下：
1.总结了目前成熟的视觉测量系统所采用的图像存储方式，并探讨了视觉测量图像的应用特性。结合国内外图像编码技术的研究现状，给出了针对视觉测量图像的压缩要求及总体实现方案。在深入分析了ROI编码算法的研究现状和技术状态的基础上，结合视觉测量图像编码的总体方案，给出了测量图像压缩中应注意的技术细节以及对测量图像压缩方案的评价指标。
2.重点研究了测量图像的特征区域提取方法。通过对光斑图像、类椭圆目标图像和结构光图像特征区域提取方法的研究，利用阈值分割和膨胀运算设计了通用的视觉测量图像特征区域提取方法。针对膨胀运算中存在的重复运算，利用基于Freeman链码膨胀运算方法，提高了ROI区域的提取效率。最后通过实验验证了测量图像压缩中的ROI提取方法的完整性。
3.重点研究了基于位平面提升的视觉测量图像压缩方案。该方案在改进的SPIHT基础算法上利用分区域编码实现了对任意分辨率测量图像的压缩；设计的以小波子带为单位的量化方法减少了SPIHT算法在对ROI系数量化排序过程中不必要比特的输出；提出的小波系数符号层和幅度层的分离编码，以及SPIHT和Huffman的混合编码方法节约了码流对符号层编码的开支；通过仅对低频子带的背景区域中位置较高位平面进行编码，实现了以较少的码流保留住背景区域大部分图像信息的目的；最后通过实验验证了该方案对各类视觉测量图像压缩的可行性与有效性。
4.重点研究了基于ROI掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案。该方案深入分析了测量图像中ROI掩模的分布特点，提出了两种编码效率较高的ROI掩模编码算法。根据分区域编码的思想，重点分析了在适合用小波编码的区域上基于掩模的ROI编码中存在的不足，利用改进的空间方向树结构、小波系数幅度层的分离编码以及PROI掩模的引入，较大程度的提高了测量图像中特征区域的编码性能。对于背景区域中的系数，利用SPIHT算法对ROI掩模标记的所有背景系数进行精确编码，满足了测量图像对背景区域的编码要求。最后利用实验验证了该方案对各类视觉测量图像压缩的编码性能。
5.研究了本文提出的基于掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案在大尺寸测量实例中的应用。在不同分割阈值和膨胀半径下，重点探讨了基于掩模的测量图像编码方案对测量图像的编码性能和三维测量结果精度的影响。通过实验证明，基于掩模的视觉测量图像压缩方案实现了对测量图像的高效压缩，但对测量精度基本上没有产生影响。
The popularity of high-resolution industrial cameras provides a severe challengeto the transmission and storage of photogrammetric images, because thesephotogrammetric images contain a huge mass of data. Thereforce, it has a greatapplication value to design a compression scheme that is sutitable forphotogrammetric images. In other words, it is necessary to encode thephotogrammetric images to save the storage space.
According to the characteristics of photogrammetric images and the correlativetheory of image compression, the compression technology of high-resolutionphotogrammetric image is researched in detail. In general, the major contents andinnovations achieved in this paper are shown as following:
1. The image compression methods used in the common vision measurementsystems are discussed. According to the calculation methods of vision measurementtechnology, the compression requirement and the encoding implement scheme ofphotogrammetric images are proposed by combining the application features ofphotogrammetric image with the image encoding technology. After summarizingthe research status of ROI encoding theory, the technical details and the evaluatingindicators of the encoding scheme, used for encoding the photogrammetric images,are described in detail.
2. The extraction methods of feature regions in photogrammetric images areresearched in detail. After analyzing the extraction methods of feature regions in laserfacula images, elliptical target images and structured light strrpe images, the generalextraction method of feature regions in photogrammetric images is proposed usingimage binarization and the image dilation algorithm. In order to reduce the repeatedcalculations existing in the image dilation, a modified image dilation method based onthe Freeman chain code is provided. And the general extraction method of featureregions in photogrammetric images is verified by the experiment.
3. The encoding scheme of photogrammetric images based on bitplane lifting isstudied. In this scheme, the encoding of arbitrary resolution photogrammetric image isachieved by combining the regions coding and modified SPIHT coder. In themodified SPIHT coder, the encoding efficiency of photogrammetric images isimproved by the sperate encoding between the sign bitplane and the magnitudebitplanes. A quantization scheme based on high frequency wavelet subband optimizesthe output bit stream in the sorting pass. According to the energy concentration features of wavelet transform, only the back ground coefficients belonging to thelowest frequency sub-band are encoded in order to improve total compression ratio.The verification experiment is achieved to test the feasibility of this encoding scheme.
4. The encoding scheme of photogrammetric images based on ROI mask isproposed. According to the distributive characters of ROI mask inphotogrammetric images, two encoding methods of ROI mask are proposed to reducethe bitrate. The compression performance of photogrammetric images is greatlyimproved using the modified partitioning structure, the improved encoding ofmagnitude bitplanes and the PROI mask. Only the coefficients indicated by ROI maskin the low frequency subband are processed to improve total compressionperformance. Finally, the coding performance for photogrammetric images is verifiedby the experiment.
5. In the large industrial measurement field, the application of the encodingscheme based on ROI mask is researched in detail. The compression performancesand the measurement precisions are discussed and analyied in detail in the differentthreshods and the different radiuses of the expansion elements. The experiment resultsshow that the scheme has higher compression performance forphotogrammetric images without affecting the measurement precision.
引文
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