面向精确灌溉的WSN数据传输关键技术研究
|
摘要
精准控制灌溉技术是精确农业的一个重要组成部分。目前,精确农业实施的最大障碍,仍然是在农田信息高密度、高速度、高准确度、低成本获取技术的研究上。随着无线传感器网络(WSN)在众多场合的成功应用,国外已经将WSN技术应用于大范围农田灌溉控制系统中,但我国这方面的研究还处于起步阶段。在运用WSN实现农田信息获取过程中,必须结合具体应用特点解决数据传输的关键问题,针对农田灌溉控制系统的特定场合,研究WSN数据传输的关键技术,对建立精确农业中WSN理论体系及促进我国精确灌溉技术的推广具有重要意义。
从精确灌溉实施的需求出发,结合WSN的特点,以管道式喷灌系统为例,研究面向精确灌溉控制系统的WSN数据传输系统,针对数据传输过程中的关键问题进行深入研究,主要研究内容和创新点有:
1.创建一种WSN灌区墒情采集的数据传输方法,为实现精确农业信息获取“高密度、高速度、高准确度、低成本”的目标取得了新的进展。
通过分析精确灌溉实施需求和WSN的特点,从管道式喷灌系统的布置方式出发,结合考虑喷头喷洒域,研究灌区的划分方法,设计一个分层结构的WSN,以灌溉小区为灌溉实施单位,以相邻灌溉小区组成的数据收集区为数据收集的基本组织,从总体上对WSN数据传输系统的构建方法进行研究。
2.建立传感器节点和汇聚节点优化部署模型,实现低成本节点部署。
为满足精确灌溉对农田信息全面获取的需要,对相关覆盖理论进行研究,提出在灌溉小区实行正三角形网格覆盖的部署方法,通过分析喷头射程和传感器节点传感半径之间的关系,建立灌溉小区传感器节点优化覆盖部署模型;通过分析正三角形网格覆盖存在的不足,提出适当的部署修正方法,并用正方形网格覆盖部署进行对比研究。为满足对传感器节点的全连通覆盖,应用正三角形网格覆盖部署方法,建立汇聚节点优化部署模型。
3.创建一种节点动态功率管理方法,实现低功耗数据传输。
为减少节点通信能耗,延长网络使用寿命,依据土壤墒情的时间变化特点,提出一个基于数据流灰预测的动态功率管理方法,利用数据收集区的汇聚节点对接收的数据流进行预测,并应用灰色理论建立预测模型,实现在WSN节点资源很有限情况下的工作模式动态切换,以减少WSN节点间的通信能耗;研究节点的工作状态,定义两种节点工作模式。仿真结果表明,应用该动态功率管理方法可节约通信能耗63.63%以上。
4.建立节点故障诊断模型,实现可靠数据传输。
依据局部区域土壤墒情空间差异在时间上的稳定性,建立一个基于时空相关性的故障诊断模型,应用方差理论进行第一阶段判断,判断出部分正常节点,再依据数据变化值的偏离度实现对其它节点的第二阶段故障诊断。实验验证了该故障诊断方法的有效性。
Precision control irrigation technology is an important part of precision agriculture.At present,the most obstacle of precision agriculture is still the research on high density,high speed,high accuracy and low cost acquiring technology of farmland information.As the development of successful application of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) in occasions,the WSN technology has been applied in large-scale farmland irrigation control system abroad, while such research is at the beginning stage in China.During application of WSN on acquiring farmland information,specific application feature must be taken into consideration to solve key issue in data transmission,thus,research on key technology of WSN data transmission regarding specific case of farmland irrigation control system is significant for establishment of WSN theory in precision agriculture and promotion of precision irrigation in China.
Based on requirement of precision irrigation,combined with feature of WSN,taken sprinkler irrigation system as an example,a precision irrigation oriented WSN data transmission system was introduced and key issues regarding data transmission was further studied.The main research and innovative achievements includes:
1.Create a WSN irrigated area soil moisture data acquisition/transmission method to make further development on the process of realizing "high density,high speed,high accuracy and low cost" precision agriculture information acquisition.
Via analyzing requirements of precision irrigation and features of WSN based on arrangement of sprinkler irrigation system,taking sprinkling area into consideration,and studying classification methods of sprinkling area,a WSN with layer structure was designed, which adopted irrigated plot as irrigation unit and took data acquiring area of irrigated plots nearby as basic object to study constructing method of overall WSN data transmission system.
2.Establish optimal deployment models of sensor nodes and aggregation nodes to realize low cost nodes deployment.
To meet requirements of precision irrigation for completely acquaint of farmland information,pertaining theories have been discussed theoretically.Placement of equilateral triangle mesh was proposed for irrigated plots.Via analyzing relationship between sprinkler range and sensing radius of sensor node,optimized coverage placement model for sensor nodes of irrigated plots was introduced.Shortage of equilateral triangle mesh was analyzed, and proper revised placement was proposed as well,which was compared with that of equilateral triangle mesh.To meet requirement of full connectivity of sensor nodes,an optimal deployment model of aggregation nodes was established with equilateral triangle mesh.
3.Create a node dynamic power management method to realize low power consumption data transmission.
To reduce nodes communication consumption and prolong network life,a dynamic power management based on data flow grey prediction was proposed according to time varied soil moisture,which adopted aggregation node in data collection area to predict data flow of each cluster,and created prediction model using grey theory to realize dynamic switching of operation mode with limited WSN nodes and reduce communication consumption between WSN nodes.Operation status of nodes was studied and two operation modes of node were defined as well.Simulation results show that over 63.63%of communication consumption can be saved using this dynamic power management method.
4.Establish a node fault diagnosis model to realize reliable data transmission.
A spatial correlated fault diagnosis model was introduced according to spatial correlation of each sensor node data of irrigated area,and then Variance Theory was adopted to carry out the 1 st stage judgment to get parts of normal nodes;fault diagnosis of second stage can be realized for the other nodes according to data deviation.Experiments show the effectiveness of fault diagnosis method.
从精确灌溉实施的需求出发,结合WSN的特点,以管道式喷灌系统为例,研究面向精确灌溉控制系统的WSN数据传输系统,针对数据传输过程中的关键问题进行深入研究,主要研究内容和创新点有:
1.创建一种WSN灌区墒情采集的数据传输方法,为实现精确农业信息获取“高密度、高速度、高准确度、低成本”的目标取得了新的进展。
通过分析精确灌溉实施需求和WSN的特点,从管道式喷灌系统的布置方式出发,结合考虑喷头喷洒域,研究灌区的划分方法,设计一个分层结构的WSN,以灌溉小区为灌溉实施单位,以相邻灌溉小区组成的数据收集区为数据收集的基本组织,从总体上对WSN数据传输系统的构建方法进行研究。
2.建立传感器节点和汇聚节点优化部署模型,实现低成本节点部署。
为满足精确灌溉对农田信息全面获取的需要,对相关覆盖理论进行研究,提出在灌溉小区实行正三角形网格覆盖的部署方法,通过分析喷头射程和传感器节点传感半径之间的关系,建立灌溉小区传感器节点优化覆盖部署模型;通过分析正三角形网格覆盖存在的不足,提出适当的部署修正方法,并用正方形网格覆盖部署进行对比研究。为满足对传感器节点的全连通覆盖,应用正三角形网格覆盖部署方法,建立汇聚节点优化部署模型。
3.创建一种节点动态功率管理方法,实现低功耗数据传输。
为减少节点通信能耗,延长网络使用寿命,依据土壤墒情的时间变化特点,提出一个基于数据流灰预测的动态功率管理方法,利用数据收集区的汇聚节点对接收的数据流进行预测,并应用灰色理论建立预测模型,实现在WSN节点资源很有限情况下的工作模式动态切换,以减少WSN节点间的通信能耗;研究节点的工作状态,定义两种节点工作模式。仿真结果表明,应用该动态功率管理方法可节约通信能耗63.63%以上。
4.建立节点故障诊断模型,实现可靠数据传输。
依据局部区域土壤墒情空间差异在时间上的稳定性,建立一个基于时空相关性的故障诊断模型,应用方差理论进行第一阶段判断,判断出部分正常节点,再依据数据变化值的偏离度实现对其它节点的第二阶段故障诊断。实验验证了该故障诊断方法的有效性。
Precision control irrigation technology is an important part of precision agriculture.At present,the most obstacle of precision agriculture is still the research on high density,high speed,high accuracy and low cost acquiring technology of farmland information.As the development of successful application of Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) in occasions,the WSN technology has been applied in large-scale farmland irrigation control system abroad, while such research is at the beginning stage in China.During application of WSN on acquiring farmland information,specific application feature must be taken into consideration to solve key issue in data transmission,thus,research on key technology of WSN data transmission regarding specific case of farmland irrigation control system is significant for establishment of WSN theory in precision agriculture and promotion of precision irrigation in China.
Based on requirement of precision irrigation,combined with feature of WSN,taken sprinkler irrigation system as an example,a precision irrigation oriented WSN data transmission system was introduced and key issues regarding data transmission was further studied.The main research and innovative achievements includes:
1.Create a WSN irrigated area soil moisture data acquisition/transmission method to make further development on the process of realizing "high density,high speed,high accuracy and low cost" precision agriculture information acquisition.
Via analyzing requirements of precision irrigation and features of WSN based on arrangement of sprinkler irrigation system,taking sprinkling area into consideration,and studying classification methods of sprinkling area,a WSN with layer structure was designed, which adopted irrigated plot as irrigation unit and took data acquiring area of irrigated plots nearby as basic object to study constructing method of overall WSN data transmission system.
2.Establish optimal deployment models of sensor nodes and aggregation nodes to realize low cost nodes deployment.
To meet requirements of precision irrigation for completely acquaint of farmland information,pertaining theories have been discussed theoretically.Placement of equilateral triangle mesh was proposed for irrigated plots.Via analyzing relationship between sprinkler range and sensing radius of sensor node,optimized coverage placement model for sensor nodes of irrigated plots was introduced.Shortage of equilateral triangle mesh was analyzed, and proper revised placement was proposed as well,which was compared with that of equilateral triangle mesh.To meet requirement of full connectivity of sensor nodes,an optimal deployment model of aggregation nodes was established with equilateral triangle mesh.
3.Create a node dynamic power management method to realize low power consumption data transmission.
To reduce nodes communication consumption and prolong network life,a dynamic power management based on data flow grey prediction was proposed according to time varied soil moisture,which adopted aggregation node in data collection area to predict data flow of each cluster,and created prediction model using grey theory to realize dynamic switching of operation mode with limited WSN nodes and reduce communication consumption between WSN nodes.Operation status of nodes was studied and two operation modes of node were defined as well.Simulation results show that over 63.63%of communication consumption can be saved using this dynamic power management method.
4.Establish a node fault diagnosis model to realize reliable data transmission.
A spatial correlated fault diagnosis model was introduced according to spatial correlation of each sensor node data of irrigated area,and then Variance Theory was adopted to carry out the 1 st stage judgment to get parts of normal nodes;fault diagnosis of second stage can be realized for the other nodes according to data deviation.Experiments show the effectiveness of fault diagnosis method.
引文
[1]许迪,吴普特,梅旭荣,康绍忠,钱蕴璧.我国节水农业科技创新成效与进展[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):5-9.
[2]陈卫东,张建国.发展节水农业的必要性及措施探讨[J].山西水利,2002,(6):33,62.
[3]谢世龙.发展节水灌溉中有关问题的探讨[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(1):68-69.
[4]康绍忠,许迪.我国现代农业节水高新技术发展战略的思考[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,(10):25-29.
[5]国家发展改革委、科技部、水利部等.中国节水技术政策大纲,2005.
[6]汪懋华.“精细农业”发展与工程技术创新[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(1):1-8.
[7]赵春江,薛绪掌,王秀,等.精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):7-12.
[8]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1727.
[9]Wanzhi Qiu,Saleem K,Minh Pham,et al.Robust Multipath links for wireless sensor networks in irrigation applications[C].In:Intelligent Sensors,Sensor Networks and Information,3rd International Conference 2007:95-100.
[10]Kim Y,Evans R G,Iversen W,et al.Instrumentation and control for wireless sensor network for automated irrigation[C].In:ASABE Annual International Meeting,Portland,Oregon,2006:1-14.
[11]Kim Y,Evans R G,Iversen W.Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network[J].Instrumentation and Measurement,IEEE Transactions on 2008,57(7):1379-1387.
[12]G.Vellidis,M.Tucker,C.Perry,et al.A real-time wireless smart sensor array for scheduling irrigation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,61(1):44-50.
[13]Wark T,Corke P,Sikka P,et al.Transforming Agriculture through Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Pervasive Computing,IEEE 2007,6(2):50-57.
[14]Langendoen K,Baggio A,Visser O.Murghy loves potatoes:exiperiences from a pilot sensor network deployment in precision agriculture[C].In:Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,20th International 2006:8 pp.
[15]Li Xuemei,Deng Yuyan,Ding Lixing.Study on precision agriculture monitoring framework based on WSN[C].In:Anti-counterfeiting,Security and Identification,2nd International Conference,2008:182-185.
[16]Konstantinos Katsalis,Apostolos Xenakis,Panagiotis Kikiras,et al.Topology Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture Applications[C].In:Sensor Technologies and Applications,SensorComm 2007International Conference,2007:526-530.
[17]Anurag D,Siuli Roy,Somprakash Bandyopadhyay.Agro-sense:Precision agriculture using sensor-based wireless mesh networks[C].In:Innovations in NGN:Future Network and Services,2008.K-INGN 2008.First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference,2008:383-388.
[18]汪懋华.信息通信技术在农业和乡镇企业的应用[EB/OL].2005中国信息化推进大会,http://tech.tom.com/1126/3477/2005922-252828.html,2005-09-22.
[19]邴志刚,卢胜利,刘景泰.面向精准灌溉的传感器网络的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2006,27(6)增刊:294-296.
[20]Wang Yang,Huang Liusheng,Wu Junmin,et al.Wireless sensor networks for intensive irrigated agriculture.[C].In:Consumer Communications and Networking Conference,4th IEEE 2007:197-201
[21]刘卉,汪懋华,王跃宣,等.基于无线传感器网络的农田土壤温湿度监测系统的设计与开发[J].农业工程学报,2008,38(3):604-608.
[22]裘正军.基于GPS_GIS及虚拟仪器的精细农业信息采集与处理技术的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[23]陈朝旭,何超明,林绿风.温室灌溉控制系统的研制及应用[J].现代农业装备,2006,(6):42-44.
[24]方慧.基于掌上电脑的农田信息采集系统的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[25]蔡德聪.农用机械设备的总线标准.测控技术,2003,22(3):35-37.
[26]Speckmann Hermann,Jahns Gerhard.Development and application of an agriculture BUS for data transfe[J].Computers and Electronic in Agriculture,1999,23(3):219-237.
[27]Hofstee J W,Goense D.Simulation of a CAN_based Tractor-Implement Field Bus According to DIN 9648[J].Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research,1997,68(2):89-100.
[28]杨玮,李民赞,王秀.农田信息传输方式现状及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):297-301.
[29]何世钧,韩宇辉,张弛,等.基于CAN总线的设施农业嵌入式测控系统[J].农业机械学报,2004,35(4):106-109.
[30]刘军,张侃谕.CAN总线技术在温室计算机控制系统中的应用[J].自动化仪表,2002,23(11):53-56.
[31]伍伟杰,叶邦彦.基于CAN总线的节水灌溉自控系统设计与研究[J].节水灌溉,2006,(1):13-16.
[32]卓力,沈兰荪.蓝牙技术--一种短距离的无线连接技术[J].电子技术应用,2001,(3):6-9.
[33]柳桂国、应义斌.蓝牙技术在温室环境检测与控制系统中的应用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(3):329-334.
[34]张潜,王立人.蓝牙技术在温室数据采集系统中的应用[J].农机化研究,2004,(2):190-192.
[35]杜辉,陈教料.基于蓝牙技术的分布式温室监控系统设计研究[J].自动化仪表,2005,26(3):19-21.
[36]李莉,刘刚.基于蓝牙技术的温室环境监测系统设计[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):97-100.
[37]崔静,马富裕,郑重,等.基于GSM的农田水分灌溉管理与自动控制系统的研究[J].节水灌溉,2005,(5):30-32.
[38]郑重,马富裕,张凤荣,等.农田水分监测与决策支持系统的实现[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(7):155-161.
[39]叶涛.精准农业的农田信息采集系统研究与开发[D].中国农业科学院博士后研究工作报告,2006.
[40]Masayuki Hirafuji,Tokihiro Fukatsu,Haoming Hu.Advanced sensor-network with field monitoring servers and Met Broker[C].In:2004 CIGR International Conference-Beijing Sponsored by CIGR,CSAM and CSAE.Beijing,2004.
[41]黄胡清.美国邦纳工业无线网络系统[J].PLC&FA,2008,(11):91-92.
[42]牟伶俐.农业旱情遥感监测指标的适应性与不确定性分析[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2006.
[43]徐光祐,史元春,谢伟凯.普适计算[J].计算机学报,2003,26(9):1042-1050.
[44]Weiser M.The computer for the twenty-first century[J].Scientific American,1991,265(3):94-104.
[45]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7):1282-1291.
[46]21 ideas for the 21st century[J].Business Week,1999:78-167.
[47]10 emerging technologies that will change the world[J].Technol.Rev.,2003,106(1):33-49.
[48]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述[J].通信学报,2004,25(4):114-124.
[49]王雪.无线传感网络测量系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[50]Ganesan D,Govindan R,Shenker S,Estrin D.Highly-Resilient,energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks[J].Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002,1(2):295-298.
[51]Braginsky D,Estrin D.Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks[C].In:Raghavendra CS,ed.Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications.New York:ACM Press,2002.
[52]Girod L,Bychkovskiy V,Elson J,Estrin D.Locating tiny sensors in time and space:A case study[C].In:Manoli Y,Kim KS,eds.Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design.Piscataway:IEEE Press,2002:195-204.
[53]Cerpa A,Estrin D.ASCENT:Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies[C].In:Kermani P,ed.Proceedings of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.Piscataway:IEEE Press,2002:101-111.
[54]Elson J.Time synchronization services for wireless sensor networks[C].In:Kumar V,ed.Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium.2001.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Press,2001:1965-1970.
[55]Asada g,DONG m,Lin TS,et al.Wireless integrated network sensors(WINS) for tactical information systems[C].In:Proceeding of 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference.New York:ACM Press,1998:15～20.
[56]Heinzelman WR.Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Kodesh H,ed.Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE MobiCom.New York:ACM Press,1999:174～185.
[57]Liu J,Cheung P,Guibas L,Zhao F.A dual-space approach to tracking and sensor management in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Reghavendrv CS,ed.Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications.New York:ACM Press,2002:162～173.
[58]Guibas LJ.Sensing,tracking,and reasoning with relations [J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2002,19(2):73～85.
[59]叶驰,孙利民,廖勇．传感器网络的能量管理[J]．计算机工程与应用,2004,8：196～198．
[60]Gregory J Pottie,William J Kaiser.Embedding the internet:wireless integrated network sensors [J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(5):51～58.
[61]Heinzelman WR,Kulik J,Balakrishnan H.Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99,Seattle,Washington,1999:173-185.
[62]Heinzelman W,Kulik J,Balakrishnan H.Negotion-based protocols for dissemination information in wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Networks,2002,(8):169-185.
[63]Sohrabi K,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,et ai.Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network [J].IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[64]Intanagonwiwat C,Govindan R,Estrin D.Directed Diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor setworks[C].In:Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks,Boston,Massachusetts,2000:56-67.
[65]Karp B,Kung H.GPSR:Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Boston:ACM Press,2000:243-254.
[66]Niculescu D,Nath B.Trajectory based forwarding and its applications[C].In:Proc.of the 9th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.San Diego:ACM Press,2003:260-272.
[67]Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless micro sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.Hawaii,USA,2000:1-10.
[68]MANJESHWAR A,AGRAWAL D.TEEN:a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[C].In:International Proceedings of 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.2001:2009-2015.
[69]Intel.无线传感器_计算新纪元[J].电子与电脑,2004,12:121-122.
[70]乔晓军,张馨,王成,等.无线传感器网络在农业中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(增刊):232-234.
[71]罗金耀.节水灌溉理论与技术[M].湖北武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[72]高传昌,吴平.灌溉工程节水理论与技术[M].河南:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[73]韩文霆.变量喷洒可控域精确灌溉喷头及喷灌技术研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士论文,2003.
[74]IEEE Standards 802.15.4~(TM):Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)[M].The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.IEEE Computer Society,3 Park Avenue,New York,USA,2003.
[75]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络(第一版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[76]Holger Karl,Andreas Wilig著,邱天爽,唐洪,李婷,et al.译.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[77]Bang Wang.A survey on coverage problems in wireless sensor networks[R].ECE Technical Report,ECE Dept,National University of Singapore,2006.
[78]刘丽萍,王智,孙优贤.无线传感器网络部署及其覆盖问题研究[J].电子与信息学,2006,28(9):1752-1757.
[79]刘丽萍.无线传感器网络节能覆盖[D].浙江大学博士论文,2006.
[80]任彦.无线传感器网络覆盖与拓扑控制理论与技术研究[D].北京交通大学博士论文,2008.
[81]王晟.无线传感网络节点定位于覆盖控制理论及技术研究[D].武汉理工大学博士论 文,2006．
[82]任彦,张思东,张宏科,等．无线传感器网络中覆盖控制理论与算法[J]．软件学报,2006,17(3)：422～438．
[83]Kar K,Banerjee S.Node placement for connected coverage in sensor networks[C].In:Crowcroft J,ed.Proc.of the Modeling and Optimization in Mobile,Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt).Sophia-Antipolis:IEEE Press,2003:50～52.
[84]Lin Fys,Chiu PL.A near-optimal sensor placement algorithm to achivev complete coverage/discrimination in sensor networks [J].IEEE Cmmunications Letters,2005,9(1):43～45.
[85]Shakkottai S,Srikant R,Shroff N.Unreliable sensor grids:Coveraqge,connectivity and diameter[C].In:Bauer F,ed.Proc.of the IEEE INOCOM.San Francisc:IEEE Press,2003:1073～1083.
[86]Chakrabarty K,Lyengar SS,Qi H,Cho E.Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans,on Computer,2002,51(12):1448～1453.
[87]Liu J,Cheung P,et al..A dual-space approach to tracking and sensor management in wireless sensor networks[C].In:WSNA'02,Atlanta,Georgia,USA,September 28,2002:131～139.
[88]Cerpa A,Elson J.Hamilton M,et al..Habitat monitoring:application driver for wireless communications technology [R].UCLA Computer Science Technical Report 2002,3,December 2000.
[89]Di Tian,Georganas N D.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271～290.
[90]Slijepcevic S,Potkonjak M.Power efficient organization of wireless sensor networks[C].In:Glisic S,ed.Proc.of the IEEE Int'l Conf.on Communications (ICC).Helsinki:IEEE Press,2001:472～476.
[91]Cardei M,Du DZ.Improving wireless sensor network lifetime through power aware organization [J].Wireless Networks,2005,11(3):333～340.
[92]Yan T,He T,Stankovic JA.Differentiated surveillance for sensor networks[C].In: Akyildiz IF,Estion D,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).New York:ACM Press,2003.51～62.
[93]Tian D,Georganas ND.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271～290.
[94]Ye F,Zhong G.,Lu S,et al..Energy efficient robust sensing coverage in large sensor networks[R].UCLA Technical report 2002.
[95]蒋杰,方力,张鹤颖,等．无线传感器网络最小连通覆盖级问题求解算法[J]．软件学报,200,17(2)：175～184．
[96]Meguerdichian S,Koushanfar F,Qu G,Potkonjak M.Exposure in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].In:Rose C,ed.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).New York:ACM Press,2001.139～150.
[97]Li XY,Wan PJ,Frieder O.Coverage in wireless ad hoc sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans.on Computers,2003,52(6):753～763.
[98]Wang X,Xing G,Zhang Y,Lu C,Pless R,Gill C.Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Akyildiz IF,Estion D,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).New York:ACM Press,2003:28～39.
[99]Huang CF,Tseng YC,Lo LC.The coverage problem in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks[C].In:Shah R,ed.Proc.of the GLOBECOM.Dallas:IEEE Press,2004:3182～3186.
[100]Ravelomanana V.Extremal properties of three-dimensional sensor networks with applications [J].IEEE Trans,on Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):246～257.
[101]Huang CF,Tseng YC.The coverage problem in a wireless sensor network[C].In:Sivalingam KM,Raghavendra CS,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA).New York:ACM Press,2003:115-121.
[102]Winfield A F T.Distributed sensing and data collection via broken Ad hoc wireless connected networks of mobile robots,in Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems 4,eds.LE Parker,G Bekey & J Barhen,Springer-Verlag,2000:273-282.
[103]Nojeong H,Varshney P K,An intelligent deployment and clustering algorithm for a distributed mobile sensor network[C].In:IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,5-8 Oct.,2003,5:4576 -4581.
[104]岳振军.Ad Hoc网络区域划分和资源分配问题评注[J].数学的实践与认识,2007,37(14):45-49.
[105]Sinha A,Chandrakasan A.Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE Design & Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[106]田丰民,陈向东,张传武.无线传感器网络动态功率管理方法[J].传感器技术,2005,24(11):33-35.
[107]Chiasserini C F,Rao R R.Improving energy saving in wireless systems by using dynamic power management[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2003,2(5):1090-1100.
[108]Zhang Xidong,Cai Yueming,Zhang Heng.A Game-Theoretic Dynamic Power Management Policy on Wireless Sensor Network[C].In:Communication Technology,2006.ICCT '06.International Conference,Guilin,China,2006:1-4.
[109]Luo Ren C;Tu Liang Chao;Chen Ogst.An Efficient Dynamic Power Management Policy on Sensor Network[C].In:Advanced Information Networking and Applications,2005,19th International Conference,2005,2:341-344.
[110]Shen Yan,Guo Bing.Dynamic Power Management based on Wavelet Neural Network in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Network and Parallel Computing Workshops,2007.IFIP International Conference,Liaoning,China,2007:431-436.
[111]J Hui,Z Ren,B H Krogh.Sentry-based Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Second International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks,2003:458-472.
[112]Rodrigo M Passos,Claudionor J N Coelho Jr,Antonio A F Loureiro,et al.Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks:An Application-driven Approach[C].In:Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services,2005:1-10.
[113]李国徽,江德平.基于流预测的无线传感器网络动态功率管理[J].华中科技大学学报 (自然科学版),2007,35(7):27-30.
[114]王毅,张德运,陈海荣.无线传感器网络汇聚节点动态功耗管理方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2008,42(2):138-142.
[115]张良均,曹晶,蒋世忠.神经网络实用教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008.
[116]孔飞,陶品,杨士强.使用遗传算法预测空闲期长度的DPM策略[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,29:23-26.
[117]钟伟军,刘明业.基于灰色模型的动态功率管理空闲预测算法[J].北京理工大学学报,2005,25(11):963-966.
[118]邓聚龙.灰预测与灰决策[M].湖北武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2000.
[119]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2004
[120]Sheth A,Hartung C,Han R.A Decentralized Fault Diagnosis System for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference,2005.IEEE International Conference,2005:3 pp.
[121]Koushanfar F,Potkonjak M,Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A.On-Line fault detection of sensor measurements[C].In:Proc.of the IEEE Sensors.2003,2:974-979.
[122]Ding M.,Chen D,Xing K,Cheng X.Localized fault-tolerant event boundary detection in sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings IEEE of INFOCOM 2005.24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2005,2:902-913.
[123]Chatzigiannakis V,Papavassiliou S.Diagnosing Anomalies and Identifying Faulty Nodes in Sensor Networks[J].Sensors Journal,IEEE,2007,7(5):637-645.
[124]Rajasegarar S,Leckie C,Palaniswami M,et al.Distributed anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks[C].In:IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems,Singapore,2006:1-5.
[125]Krishnamachari B,Iyengar S.Distributed Bayesian algorithms for fault-tolerant event region detection in wireless sensor networks[J].Computers,IEEE Transactions,2004,53(3):241-250.
[126]Khilar P M,Mahapatra S.Intermittent Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Information Technology,10th International Conference,2007:145-147.
[127]Luo Xuanwen,Dong Ming,Huang Yinlun.On distributed fault-tolerant detection in wireless sensor networks[J].Computers,IEEE Transactions,2006,55(1):58-70.
[128]高建良,徐勇军,李晓维.基于加权中值的分布式传感器网络故障检测[J].软件学报,2007,18(5):1208-1217.
[129]Chen Jinran,Kher Shubha,Arun Somani.Distributed Fault detection of wireless sensor networks[C].In:Proc,of the ACM International Conf.on International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.NewYork:ACM Press,2006:65-72.
[130]Kuo-Feng Ssu,Chih-Hsun Chou,Hewijin Christine Jiau,Wei-Te Hu.Detection and diagnosis of data inconsistency failures in wireless sensor networks[J].Computer networks(S1389-1286),2005,50:1247-1260.
[131]杨云,陆璐,周坚,等.一种WSN的非一致性数据故障检测机制[J].计算机应用与软件,2008,25(12):46-50
[132]曹冬磊,曹建农,金蓓弘.一种无线传感器网络中事件区域检测的容错算法[J].计算机学报,2007,30(10):1770-1776.
[133]M C Vuran,O B Akan,I F Akyildiz.Spatio-temporal correlation:Theory and applications for wireless sensor networks[J].Computer Networks Journal(Elsevier),2004,45(3):245-259.
[134]Vachaud G,Silans A P D,Balabanis P,et al.Temporal stability of spatially measured soil water probability density function[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1985,49:822-828.
[135]朱首军,丁艳芳,薛泰谦.农林复合生态系统土壤水分空间变异性和时间稳定性研究[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(1):46-48.
[136]周启友,岛田纯.土壤水空间分布结构的时间稳定性[J].土壤学报2003,40(5):683-690.
[137]余云飞,许学宏,高芹,袁斌.土壤水分空间分布及时间稳定性的探讨[J],农业环境与发展,2006,(3):89-92.
[138]Douaik A,Van Meirvenne M,Toth T.Temporal Stability of Spatial Patterns of Soil Salinity Determined from Laboratory and Field Electrolytic conductivity[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2006,20:1-13.
[2]陈卫东,张建国.发展节水农业的必要性及措施探讨[J].山西水利,2002,(6):33,62.
[3]谢世龙.发展节水灌溉中有关问题的探讨[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(1):68-69.
[4]康绍忠,许迪.我国现代农业节水高新技术发展战略的思考[J].中国农村水利水电,2001,(10):25-29.
[5]国家发展改革委、科技部、水利部等.中国节水技术政策大纲,2005.
[6]汪懋华.“精细农业”发展与工程技术创新[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(1):1-8.
[7]赵春江,薛绪掌,王秀,等.精准农业技术体系的研究进展与展望[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):7-12.
[8]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1727.
[9]Wanzhi Qiu,Saleem K,Minh Pham,et al.Robust Multipath links for wireless sensor networks in irrigation applications[C].In:Intelligent Sensors,Sensor Networks and Information,3rd International Conference 2007:95-100.
[10]Kim Y,Evans R G,Iversen W,et al.Instrumentation and control for wireless sensor network for automated irrigation[C].In:ASABE Annual International Meeting,Portland,Oregon,2006:1-14.
[11]Kim Y,Evans R G,Iversen W.Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network[J].Instrumentation and Measurement,IEEE Transactions on 2008,57(7):1379-1387.
[12]G.Vellidis,M.Tucker,C.Perry,et al.A real-time wireless smart sensor array for scheduling irrigation[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,61(1):44-50.
[13]Wark T,Corke P,Sikka P,et al.Transforming Agriculture through Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Pervasive Computing,IEEE 2007,6(2):50-57.
[14]Langendoen K,Baggio A,Visser O.Murghy loves potatoes:exiperiences from a pilot sensor network deployment in precision agriculture[C].In:Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,20th International 2006:8 pp.
[15]Li Xuemei,Deng Yuyan,Ding Lixing.Study on precision agriculture monitoring framework based on WSN[C].In:Anti-counterfeiting,Security and Identification,2nd International Conference,2008:182-185.
[16]Konstantinos Katsalis,Apostolos Xenakis,Panagiotis Kikiras,et al.Topology Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture Applications[C].In:Sensor Technologies and Applications,SensorComm 2007International Conference,2007:526-530.
[17]Anurag D,Siuli Roy,Somprakash Bandyopadhyay.Agro-sense:Precision agriculture using sensor-based wireless mesh networks[C].In:Innovations in NGN:Future Network and Services,2008.K-INGN 2008.First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference,2008:383-388.
[18]汪懋华.信息通信技术在农业和乡镇企业的应用[EB/OL].2005中国信息化推进大会,http://tech.tom.com/1126/3477/2005922-252828.html,2005-09-22.
[19]邴志刚,卢胜利,刘景泰.面向精准灌溉的传感器网络的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2006,27(6)增刊:294-296.
[20]Wang Yang,Huang Liusheng,Wu Junmin,et al.Wireless sensor networks for intensive irrigated agriculture.[C].In:Consumer Communications and Networking Conference,4th IEEE 2007:197-201
[21]刘卉,汪懋华,王跃宣,等.基于无线传感器网络的农田土壤温湿度监测系统的设计与开发[J].农业工程学报,2008,38(3):604-608.
[22]裘正军.基于GPS_GIS及虚拟仪器的精细农业信息采集与处理技术的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[23]陈朝旭,何超明,林绿风.温室灌溉控制系统的研制及应用[J].现代农业装备,2006,(6):42-44.
[24]方慧.基于掌上电脑的农田信息采集系统的研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2003.
[25]蔡德聪.农用机械设备的总线标准.测控技术,2003,22(3):35-37.
[26]Speckmann Hermann,Jahns Gerhard.Development and application of an agriculture BUS for data transfe[J].Computers and Electronic in Agriculture,1999,23(3):219-237.
[27]Hofstee J W,Goense D.Simulation of a CAN_based Tractor-Implement Field Bus According to DIN 9648[J].Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research,1997,68(2):89-100.
[28]杨玮,李民赞,王秀.农田信息传输方式现状及研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(5):297-301.
[29]何世钧,韩宇辉,张弛,等.基于CAN总线的设施农业嵌入式测控系统[J].农业机械学报,2004,35(4):106-109.
[30]刘军,张侃谕.CAN总线技术在温室计算机控制系统中的应用[J].自动化仪表,2002,23(11):53-56.
[31]伍伟杰,叶邦彦.基于CAN总线的节水灌溉自控系统设计与研究[J].节水灌溉,2006,(1):13-16.
[32]卓力,沈兰荪.蓝牙技术--一种短距离的无线连接技术[J].电子技术应用,2001,(3):6-9.
[33]柳桂国、应义斌.蓝牙技术在温室环境检测与控制系统中的应用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(3):329-334.
[34]张潜,王立人.蓝牙技术在温室数据采集系统中的应用[J].农机化研究,2004,(2):190-192.
[35]杜辉,陈教料.基于蓝牙技术的分布式温室监控系统设计研究[J].自动化仪表,2005,26(3):19-21.
[36]李莉,刘刚.基于蓝牙技术的温室环境监测系统设计[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(10):97-100.
[37]崔静,马富裕,郑重,等.基于GSM的农田水分灌溉管理与自动控制系统的研究[J].节水灌溉,2005,(5):30-32.
[38]郑重,马富裕,张凤荣,等.农田水分监测与决策支持系统的实现[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(7):155-161.
[39]叶涛.精准农业的农田信息采集系统研究与开发[D].中国农业科学院博士后研究工作报告,2006.
[40]Masayuki Hirafuji,Tokihiro Fukatsu,Haoming Hu.Advanced sensor-network with field monitoring servers and Met Broker[C].In:2004 CIGR International Conference-Beijing Sponsored by CIGR,CSAM and CSAE.Beijing,2004.
[41]黄胡清.美国邦纳工业无线网络系统[J].PLC&FA,2008,(11):91-92.
[42]牟伶俐.农业旱情遥感监测指标的适应性与不确定性分析[D].中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2006.
[43]徐光祐,史元春,谢伟凯.普适计算[J].计算机学报,2003,26(9):1042-1050.
[44]Weiser M.The computer for the twenty-first century[J].Scientific American,1991,265(3):94-104.
[45]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7):1282-1291.
[46]21 ideas for the 21st century[J].Business Week,1999:78-167.
[47]10 emerging technologies that will change the world[J].Technol.Rev.,2003,106(1):33-49.
[48]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述[J].通信学报,2004,25(4):114-124.
[49]王雪.无线传感网络测量系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.
[50]Ganesan D,Govindan R,Shenker S,Estrin D.Highly-Resilient,energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks[J].Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002,1(2):295-298.
[51]Braginsky D,Estrin D.Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks[C].In:Raghavendra CS,ed.Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications.New York:ACM Press,2002.
[52]Girod L,Bychkovskiy V,Elson J,Estrin D.Locating tiny sensors in time and space:A case study[C].In:Manoli Y,Kim KS,eds.Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design.Piscataway:IEEE Press,2002:195-204.
[53]Cerpa A,Estrin D.ASCENT:Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies[C].In:Kermani P,ed.Proceedings of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.Piscataway:IEEE Press,2002:101-111.
[54]Elson J.Time synchronization services for wireless sensor networks[C].In:Kumar V,ed.Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium.2001.Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Press,2001:1965-1970.
[55]Asada g,DONG m,Lin TS,et al.Wireless integrated network sensors(WINS) for tactical information systems[C].In:Proceeding of 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference.New York:ACM Press,1998:15～20.
[56]Heinzelman WR.Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Kodesh H,ed.Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE MobiCom.New York:ACM Press,1999:174～185.
[57]Liu J,Cheung P,Guibas L,Zhao F.A dual-space approach to tracking and sensor management in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Reghavendrv CS,ed.Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications.New York:ACM Press,2002:162～173.
[58]Guibas LJ.Sensing,tracking,and reasoning with relations [J].IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2002,19(2):73～85.
[59]叶驰,孙利民,廖勇．传感器网络的能量管理[J]．计算机工程与应用,2004,8：196～198．
[60]Gregory J Pottie,William J Kaiser.Embedding the internet:wireless integrated network sensors [J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(5):51～58.
[61]Heinzelman WR,Kulik J,Balakrishnan H.Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99,Seattle,Washington,1999:173-185.
[62]Heinzelman W,Kulik J,Balakrishnan H.Negotion-based protocols for dissemination information in wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Networks,2002,(8):169-185.
[63]Sohrabi K,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,et ai.Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network [J].IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[64]Intanagonwiwat C,Govindan R,Estrin D.Directed Diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor setworks[C].In:Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks,Boston,Massachusetts,2000:56-67.
[65]Karp B,Kung H.GPSR:Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Boston:ACM Press,2000:243-254.
[66]Niculescu D,Nath B.Trajectory based forwarding and its applications[C].In:Proc.of the 9th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.San Diego:ACM Press,2003:260-272.
[67]Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless micro sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.Hawaii,USA,2000:1-10.
[68]MANJESHWAR A,AGRAWAL D.TEEN:a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[C].In:International Proceedings of 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium.2001:2009-2015.
[69]Intel.无线传感器_计算新纪元[J].电子与电脑,2004,12:121-122.
[70]乔晓军,张馨,王成,等.无线传感器网络在农业中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(增刊):232-234.
[71]罗金耀.节水灌溉理论与技术[M].湖北武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[72]高传昌,吴平.灌溉工程节水理论与技术[M].河南:黄河水利出版社,2005.
[73]韩文霆.变量喷洒可控域精确灌溉喷头及喷灌技术研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士论文,2003.
[74]IEEE Standards 802.15.4~(TM):Wireless Medium Access Control(MAC) and Physical Layer(PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)[M].The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.IEEE Computer Society,3 Park Avenue,New York,USA,2003.
[75]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络(第一版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[76]Holger Karl,Andreas Wilig著,邱天爽,唐洪,李婷,et al.译.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[77]Bang Wang.A survey on coverage problems in wireless sensor networks[R].ECE Technical Report,ECE Dept,National University of Singapore,2006.
[78]刘丽萍,王智,孙优贤.无线传感器网络部署及其覆盖问题研究[J].电子与信息学,2006,28(9):1752-1757.
[79]刘丽萍.无线传感器网络节能覆盖[D].浙江大学博士论文,2006.
[80]任彦.无线传感器网络覆盖与拓扑控制理论与技术研究[D].北京交通大学博士论文,2008.
[81]王晟.无线传感网络节点定位于覆盖控制理论及技术研究[D].武汉理工大学博士论 文,2006．
[82]任彦,张思东,张宏科,等．无线传感器网络中覆盖控制理论与算法[J]．软件学报,2006,17(3)：422～438．
[83]Kar K,Banerjee S.Node placement for connected coverage in sensor networks[C].In:Crowcroft J,ed.Proc.of the Modeling and Optimization in Mobile,Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt).Sophia-Antipolis:IEEE Press,2003:50～52.
[84]Lin Fys,Chiu PL.A near-optimal sensor placement algorithm to achivev complete coverage/discrimination in sensor networks [J].IEEE Cmmunications Letters,2005,9(1):43～45.
[85]Shakkottai S,Srikant R,Shroff N.Unreliable sensor grids:Coveraqge,connectivity and diameter[C].In:Bauer F,ed.Proc.of the IEEE INOCOM.San Francisc:IEEE Press,2003:1073～1083.
[86]Chakrabarty K,Lyengar SS,Qi H,Cho E.Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans,on Computer,2002,51(12):1448～1453.
[87]Liu J,Cheung P,et al..A dual-space approach to tracking and sensor management in wireless sensor networks[C].In:WSNA'02,Atlanta,Georgia,USA,September 28,2002:131～139.
[88]Cerpa A,Elson J.Hamilton M,et al..Habitat monitoring:application driver for wireless communications technology [R].UCLA Computer Science Technical Report 2002,3,December 2000.
[89]Di Tian,Georganas N D.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271～290.
[90]Slijepcevic S,Potkonjak M.Power efficient organization of wireless sensor networks[C].In:Glisic S,ed.Proc.of the IEEE Int'l Conf.on Communications (ICC).Helsinki:IEEE Press,2001:472～476.
[91]Cardei M,Du DZ.Improving wireless sensor network lifetime through power aware organization [J].Wireless Networks,2005,11(3):333～340.
[92]Yan T,He T,Stankovic JA.Differentiated surveillance for sensor networks[C].In: Akyildiz IF,Estion D,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).New York:ACM Press,2003.51～62.
[93]Tian D,Georganas ND.A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks [J].Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,2003,3(2):271～290.
[94]Ye F,Zhong G.,Lu S,et al..Energy efficient robust sensing coverage in large sensor networks[R].UCLA Technical report 2002.
[95]蒋杰,方力,张鹤颖,等．无线传感器网络最小连通覆盖级问题求解算法[J]．软件学报,200,17(2)：175～184．
[96]Meguerdichian S,Koushanfar F,Qu G,Potkonjak M.Exposure in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].In:Rose C,ed.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).New York:ACM Press,2001.139～150.
[97]Li XY,Wan PJ,Frieder O.Coverage in wireless ad hoc sensor networks[J].IEEE Trans.on Computers,2003,52(6):753～763.
[98]Wang X,Xing G,Zhang Y,Lu C,Pless R,Gill C.Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration in wireless sensor networks[C].In:Akyildiz IF,Estion D,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys).New York:ACM Press,2003:28～39.
[99]Huang CF,Tseng YC,Lo LC.The coverage problem in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks[C].In:Shah R,ed.Proc.of the GLOBECOM.Dallas:IEEE Press,2004:3182～3186.
[100]Ravelomanana V.Extremal properties of three-dimensional sensor networks with applications [J].IEEE Trans,on Mobile Computing,2004,3(3):246～257.
[101]Huang CF,Tseng YC.The coverage problem in a wireless sensor network[C].In:Sivalingam KM,Raghavendra CS,eds.Proc.of the ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA).New York:ACM Press,2003:115-121.
[102]Winfield A F T.Distributed sensing and data collection via broken Ad hoc wireless connected networks of mobile robots,in Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems 4,eds.LE Parker,G Bekey & J Barhen,Springer-Verlag,2000:273-282.
[103]Nojeong H,Varshney P K,An intelligent deployment and clustering algorithm for a distributed mobile sensor network[C].In:IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,5-8 Oct.,2003,5:4576 -4581.
[104]岳振军.Ad Hoc网络区域划分和资源分配问题评注[J].数学的实践与认识,2007,37(14):45-49.
[105]Sinha A,Chandrakasan A.Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE Design & Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[106]田丰民,陈向东,张传武.无线传感器网络动态功率管理方法[J].传感器技术,2005,24(11):33-35.
[107]Chiasserini C F,Rao R R.Improving energy saving in wireless systems by using dynamic power management[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2003,2(5):1090-1100.
[108]Zhang Xidong,Cai Yueming,Zhang Heng.A Game-Theoretic Dynamic Power Management Policy on Wireless Sensor Network[C].In:Communication Technology,2006.ICCT '06.International Conference,Guilin,China,2006:1-4.
[109]Luo Ren C;Tu Liang Chao;Chen Ogst.An Efficient Dynamic Power Management Policy on Sensor Network[C].In:Advanced Information Networking and Applications,2005,19th International Conference,2005,2:341-344.
[110]Shen Yan,Guo Bing.Dynamic Power Management based on Wavelet Neural Network in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Network and Parallel Computing Workshops,2007.IFIP International Conference,Liaoning,China,2007:431-436.
[111]J Hui,Z Ren,B H Krogh.Sentry-based Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Second International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks,2003:458-472.
[112]Rodrigo M Passos,Claudionor J N Coelho Jr,Antonio A F Loureiro,et al.Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks:An Application-driven Approach[C].In:Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services,2005:1-10.
[113]李国徽,江德平.基于流预测的无线传感器网络动态功率管理[J].华中科技大学学报 (自然科学版),2007,35(7):27-30.
[114]王毅,张德运,陈海荣.无线传感器网络汇聚节点动态功耗管理方法[J].西安交通大学学报,2008,42(2):138-142.
[115]张良均,曹晶,蒋世忠.神经网络实用教程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2008.
[116]孔飞,陶品,杨士强.使用遗传算法预测空闲期长度的DPM策略[J].计算机工程与应用,2006,29:23-26.
[117]钟伟军,刘明业.基于灰色模型的动态功率管理空闲预测算法[J].北京理工大学学报,2005,25(11):963-966.
[118]邓聚龙.灰预测与灰决策[M].湖北武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2000.
[119]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2004
[120]Sheth A,Hartung C,Han R.A Decentralized Fault Diagnosis System for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference,2005.IEEE International Conference,2005:3 pp.
[121]Koushanfar F,Potkonjak M,Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A.On-Line fault detection of sensor measurements[C].In:Proc.of the IEEE Sensors.2003,2:974-979.
[122]Ding M.,Chen D,Xing K,Cheng X.Localized fault-tolerant event boundary detection in sensor networks[C].In:Proceedings IEEE of INFOCOM 2005.24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2005,2:902-913.
[123]Chatzigiannakis V,Papavassiliou S.Diagnosing Anomalies and Identifying Faulty Nodes in Sensor Networks[J].Sensors Journal,IEEE,2007,7(5):637-645.
[124]Rajasegarar S,Leckie C,Palaniswami M,et al.Distributed anomaly detection in wireless sensor networks[C].In:IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems,Singapore,2006:1-5.
[125]Krishnamachari B,Iyengar S.Distributed Bayesian algorithms for fault-tolerant event region detection in wireless sensor networks[J].Computers,IEEE Transactions,2004,53(3):241-250.
[126]Khilar P M,Mahapatra S.Intermittent Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Information Technology,10th International Conference,2007:145-147.
[127]Luo Xuanwen,Dong Ming,Huang Yinlun.On distributed fault-tolerant detection in wireless sensor networks[J].Computers,IEEE Transactions,2006,55(1):58-70.
[128]高建良,徐勇军,李晓维.基于加权中值的分布式传感器网络故障检测[J].软件学报,2007,18(5):1208-1217.
[129]Chen Jinran,Kher Shubha,Arun Somani.Distributed Fault detection of wireless sensor networks[C].In:Proc,of the ACM International Conf.on International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.NewYork:ACM Press,2006:65-72.
[130]Kuo-Feng Ssu,Chih-Hsun Chou,Hewijin Christine Jiau,Wei-Te Hu.Detection and diagnosis of data inconsistency failures in wireless sensor networks[J].Computer networks(S1389-1286),2005,50:1247-1260.
[131]杨云,陆璐,周坚,等.一种WSN的非一致性数据故障检测机制[J].计算机应用与软件,2008,25(12):46-50
[132]曹冬磊,曹建农,金蓓弘.一种无线传感器网络中事件区域检测的容错算法[J].计算机学报,2007,30(10):1770-1776.
[133]M C Vuran,O B Akan,I F Akyildiz.Spatio-temporal correlation:Theory and applications for wireless sensor networks[J].Computer Networks Journal(Elsevier),2004,45(3):245-259.
[134]Vachaud G,Silans A P D,Balabanis P,et al.Temporal stability of spatially measured soil water probability density function[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1985,49:822-828.
[135]朱首军,丁艳芳,薛泰谦.农林复合生态系统土壤水分空间变异性和时间稳定性研究[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(1):46-48.
[136]周启友,岛田纯.土壤水空间分布结构的时间稳定性[J].土壤学报2003,40(5):683-690.
[137]余云飞,许学宏,高芹,袁斌.土壤水分空间分布及时间稳定性的探讨[J],农业环境与发展,2006,(3):89-92.
[138]Douaik A,Van Meirvenne M,Toth T.Temporal Stability of Spatial Patterns of Soil Salinity Determined from Laboratory and Field Electrolytic conductivity[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2006,20:1-13.