石羊河流域作物蒸发蒸腾量时空分异规律的研究
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摘要
石羊河流域是甘肃省河西走廊三大内陆河流域之一，随着工农业生产的迅速发
展，各部门需水量急剧增长，水资源供需矛盾十分突出。石羊河流域素有“非灌不殖”
之称，农业是用水大户，2000 年社会经济各部门总用水量 28.54 亿 m3，其中农田灌
溉用水量 24.55 亿 m3，占石羊河流域总用水量的 86.02%。区域作物蒸发蒸腾量时空
分异规律的研究，对促进水资源-生态-经济-社会复合系统良性循环、实现流域农业可
持续发展和旱区水资源的可持续利用具有重要的科学意义。本文进行了下述研究：
①分析了石羊河流域各站近 50 年气象要素的变化趋势。除天祝的降水量基本不
变外，其它站均表现为平均气温与平均最高气温升高、降水量增大的趋势。古浪的日
照时数增加趋势不显著，凉州的日照时数呈不显著的减少趋势，其它站的日照时数都
有明显的增加。古浪的年蒸发量有增加趋势，其它站都表现为下降趋势。各站的平均
相对湿度变化都不显著，较稳定。古浪的平均风速变化较稳定，天祝的平均风速有明
显的增大趋势，其它站的平均风速都为特显著减小。
②采用 FAO-56 推荐的 Penman-Monteith公式计算石羊河流域及周边各站历年各
月 ET0，分析得出：石羊河流域参考作物蒸发蒸腾量月际变化比较大，5 月至 8 月的
ET0 总和在全年中占的比例较大，约为 50%左右。ET0 值的年际间变化也较大，除凉
州、肃南站 ET0 呈逐年显著减少趋势外，其它站的 ET0 值均表现为逐年增加趋势。民
勤、古浪自七十年代后期的低谷期以来，逐步步入高峰期，天祝和永昌是在八十年代
初期处于低谷期，而凉州、肃南的低谷期则在八十年代后期，各个站 ET0 九十年代较
八十年代均有一定程度的增加。各站 ET0 与平均相对湿度、年蒸发量及平均风速相关
性最好。石羊河流域 ET0 空间变化也较大，从山区到绿洲平原 ET0 多年平均值呈递增
趋势，ET0 与海拔高度成显著负相关。
③采用 FAO-56 单作物系数方法计算了石羊河流域春小麦的蒸发蒸腾量，各站春
小麦全生育期ETc值在年际间的变化也比较大，除凉州站 ETc呈逐年特显著减少趋势，
其它站的 ETc值逐年增加或减少趋势不明显。各站在八十年代后期均处于低谷期，且
九十年代较八十年代均有一定程度的增加。ETc的年际变化曲线较各站相应的 ET0 变
化曲线趋势有所缓和。石羊河流域春小麦生育期 ETc值在空间的变化也较大，从山区
到绿洲平原 ETc多年平均值呈递增趋势，与本流域 ET0 的变化规律相同。
④使用地理信息系统软件MapGIS6.5 和ARCVIEW3.1建立了石羊河流域数字高
程模型 DEM。用软件的表面分析和空间插值的方法建立了石羊河流域参考作物蒸发
蒸腾量的空间分布式模型和石羊河流域春小麦蒸发蒸腾量的空间分布式模型。就这两
类蒸发蒸腾量分布式模型，本文对回归法、Spline 样条插值法及 IDW 反距离加权插
值法的模拟结果进行综合比较，认为回归法最优，比较接近实际情况。
Shiyang River Basin is one of the three largest interior river basins in the Hexi
Corridor of Northwest China, with the development of industry and agriculture, water
demand increased dramatically, and contradiction of water supply and demand became
more and more severe. “No irrigation, no agriculture”is a typical trait for Shiyang River
Basin and agriculture is a leading water consumer. In 2000, the total consumption of all
social and economic departments was 2.854 billion m3, among it, 2.455 billion m3 was
consumed on irrigation, which amounted to 86.02% of the total water volume. Study on
temporal and spatial distribution of regional crop evapotranspiration is of great scientific
significance on improving benign cycle of compound system of water
resources-ecology-economy-society, realizing sustainable development of agriculture in
the basin, and sustainable utilization of water resources in arid areas. The following
contents were studied in the thesis:
①The meteorological factors' variation trend of Shiyang River Basin in the recent 50
years was analyzed. Except the precipitation of Tianzhu station basically had no variation,
mean temperature, mean maximum temperature and precipitation of other stations all
showed a trend of increase. Sunshine hours of Gulang had unobvious increase, and those of
Liangzhou had unobvious decrease, while those of other stations all had obvious increase.
Annual evaporation of Gulang had a trend of increase, which was contrary to that of other
stations. Variation of average relative humidity of every station was not obvious, average
wind speed of Gulang was relatively stable, that of Tianzhu increased obviously, and that
of other stations declined very obviously.
②Penman-Monteith method which recommended in FAO-56 was adopted to
calculate monthly ET0 of Shiyang River Basin and its nearby stations over years. It can be
drawn that ET0 of Shiyang River Basin varied relatively significant over months, and total
ET0 from May to August covered a large percentage, to about 50%, of total ET0 of a whole
year. The variation of ET0 over years was also relatively great, except that of Liangzhou
and Sunan showed a trend of significant decrease over years, that of other stations all
showed an inverse trend of increase. ET0 of Gulang reached peak value step by step after
its lower value in later 1970’s, and that of Minqin, Tianzhu, Yongchang was low in later
1980’s, while that of Liangzhou and Sunan was low in later 1980s’, and that of every
station in 1990’s increased to some extent compared with the values in 1980’s. ET0 has
great correlation with average relative humidity, annual evaporation and average wind
speed in every station. Spatial variation of ET0 values is also obvious and the value is
increasing from mountainous area to oasis plain in Shiyang River Basin. ET0 has a
significant negative correlation with altitude.
③Single crop coefficient method recommended in FAO-56 is adopted to calculate
spring wheat evapotranspiration in Shiyang River Basin. During the whole growth period
of spring wheat of every station, ETc values varied relatively great over years, the trends of
ETc increase or decrease were not obvious in these stations. ETc values were low during
the later 1980’s and had an increase to some extent during 1990’s. Variation of ETc over
years was milder than that of ET0 in every station. Spatial variation of ETc was also
relatively significant during the whole growth period of spring wheat in the basin. Average
ETc over years showed a trend of increase from mountainous area to oasis plain, which
was same to average ET0 over years in the basin.
④Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Shiyang River Basin was obtained using
Geographic Information System software MapGIS6.5 & ARCVIEW3.1. The spatial
distributed models of reference crop evapotranspiration and spring wheat
evapotranspiration of Shiyang River Basin were built using surface analysis and spatial
interpolation function. As to the two models, the
展，各部门需水量急剧增长，水资源供需矛盾十分突出。石羊河流域素有“非灌不殖”
之称，农业是用水大户，2000 年社会经济各部门总用水量 28.54 亿 m3，其中农田灌
溉用水量 24.55 亿 m3，占石羊河流域总用水量的 86.02%。区域作物蒸发蒸腾量时空
分异规律的研究，对促进水资源-生态-经济-社会复合系统良性循环、实现流域农业可
持续发展和旱区水资源的可持续利用具有重要的科学意义。本文进行了下述研究：
①分析了石羊河流域各站近 50 年气象要素的变化趋势。除天祝的降水量基本不
变外，其它站均表现为平均气温与平均最高气温升高、降水量增大的趋势。古浪的日
照时数增加趋势不显著，凉州的日照时数呈不显著的减少趋势，其它站的日照时数都
有明显的增加。古浪的年蒸发量有增加趋势，其它站都表现为下降趋势。各站的平均
相对湿度变化都不显著，较稳定。古浪的平均风速变化较稳定，天祝的平均风速有明
显的增大趋势，其它站的平均风速都为特显著减小。
②采用 FAO-56 推荐的 Penman-Monteith公式计算石羊河流域及周边各站历年各
月 ET0，分析得出：石羊河流域参考作物蒸发蒸腾量月际变化比较大，5 月至 8 月的
ET0 总和在全年中占的比例较大，约为 50%左右。ET0 值的年际间变化也较大，除凉
州、肃南站 ET0 呈逐年显著减少趋势外，其它站的 ET0 值均表现为逐年增加趋势。民
勤、古浪自七十年代后期的低谷期以来，逐步步入高峰期，天祝和永昌是在八十年代
初期处于低谷期，而凉州、肃南的低谷期则在八十年代后期，各个站 ET0 九十年代较
八十年代均有一定程度的增加。各站 ET0 与平均相对湿度、年蒸发量及平均风速相关
性最好。石羊河流域 ET0 空间变化也较大，从山区到绿洲平原 ET0 多年平均值呈递增
趋势，ET0 与海拔高度成显著负相关。
③采用 FAO-56 单作物系数方法计算了石羊河流域春小麦的蒸发蒸腾量，各站春
小麦全生育期ETc值在年际间的变化也比较大，除凉州站 ETc呈逐年特显著减少趋势，
其它站的 ETc值逐年增加或减少趋势不明显。各站在八十年代后期均处于低谷期，且
九十年代较八十年代均有一定程度的增加。ETc的年际变化曲线较各站相应的 ET0 变
化曲线趋势有所缓和。石羊河流域春小麦生育期 ETc值在空间的变化也较大，从山区
到绿洲平原 ETc多年平均值呈递增趋势，与本流域 ET0 的变化规律相同。
④使用地理信息系统软件MapGIS6.5 和ARCVIEW3.1建立了石羊河流域数字高
程模型 DEM。用软件的表面分析和空间插值的方法建立了石羊河流域参考作物蒸发
蒸腾量的空间分布式模型和石羊河流域春小麦蒸发蒸腾量的空间分布式模型。就这两
类蒸发蒸腾量分布式模型，本文对回归法、Spline 样条插值法及 IDW 反距离加权插
值法的模拟结果进行综合比较，认为回归法最优，比较接近实际情况。
Shiyang River Basin is one of the three largest interior river basins in the Hexi
Corridor of Northwest China, with the development of industry and agriculture, water
demand increased dramatically, and contradiction of water supply and demand became
more and more severe. “No irrigation, no agriculture”is a typical trait for Shiyang River
Basin and agriculture is a leading water consumer. In 2000, the total consumption of all
social and economic departments was 2.854 billion m3, among it, 2.455 billion m3 was
consumed on irrigation, which amounted to 86.02% of the total water volume. Study on
temporal and spatial distribution of regional crop evapotranspiration is of great scientific
significance on improving benign cycle of compound system of water
resources-ecology-economy-society, realizing sustainable development of agriculture in
the basin, and sustainable utilization of water resources in arid areas. The following
contents were studied in the thesis:
①The meteorological factors' variation trend of Shiyang River Basin in the recent 50
years was analyzed. Except the precipitation of Tianzhu station basically had no variation,
mean temperature, mean maximum temperature and precipitation of other stations all
showed a trend of increase. Sunshine hours of Gulang had unobvious increase, and those of
Liangzhou had unobvious decrease, while those of other stations all had obvious increase.
Annual evaporation of Gulang had a trend of increase, which was contrary to that of other
stations. Variation of average relative humidity of every station was not obvious, average
wind speed of Gulang was relatively stable, that of Tianzhu increased obviously, and that
of other stations declined very obviously.
②Penman-Monteith method which recommended in FAO-56 was adopted to
calculate monthly ET0 of Shiyang River Basin and its nearby stations over years. It can be
drawn that ET0 of Shiyang River Basin varied relatively significant over months, and total
ET0 from May to August covered a large percentage, to about 50%, of total ET0 of a whole
year. The variation of ET0 over years was also relatively great, except that of Liangzhou
and Sunan showed a trend of significant decrease over years, that of other stations all
showed an inverse trend of increase. ET0 of Gulang reached peak value step by step after
its lower value in later 1970’s, and that of Minqin, Tianzhu, Yongchang was low in later
1980’s, while that of Liangzhou and Sunan was low in later 1980s’, and that of every
station in 1990’s increased to some extent compared with the values in 1980’s. ET0 has
great correlation with average relative humidity, annual evaporation and average wind
speed in every station. Spatial variation of ET0 values is also obvious and the value is
increasing from mountainous area to oasis plain in Shiyang River Basin. ET0 has a
significant negative correlation with altitude.
③Single crop coefficient method recommended in FAO-56 is adopted to calculate
spring wheat evapotranspiration in Shiyang River Basin. During the whole growth period
of spring wheat of every station, ETc values varied relatively great over years, the trends of
ETc increase or decrease were not obvious in these stations. ETc values were low during
the later 1980’s and had an increase to some extent during 1990’s. Variation of ETc over
years was milder than that of ET0 in every station. Spatial variation of ETc was also
relatively significant during the whole growth period of spring wheat in the basin. Average
ETc over years showed a trend of increase from mountainous area to oasis plain, which
was same to average ET0 over years in the basin.
④Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Shiyang River Basin was obtained using
Geographic Information System software MapGIS6.5 & ARCVIEW3.1. The spatial
distributed models of reference crop evapotranspiration and spring wheat
evapotranspiration of Shiyang River Basin were built using surface analysis and spatial
interpolation function. As to the two models, the
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