利用参与式农村评估方法研究农户的玉米生产行为
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摘要
随着我国经济的快速发展，国内市场对畜产品的需求将成倍增长，中国未来的粮食问题很大程度上是饲料粮问题。作为主要饲料粮的玉米在我国是仅次于水稻和小麦的主要粮食作物，但是我国的玉米规模化、集约化程度低，劳动效率低，国内玉米价格高于国际市场价格，品质又差，在国际市场上缺乏竞争力。而且，加入WTO后，将取消农产品的出口补贴，玉米出口也可能会受阻。我国的玉米产区与消费区不一致，致使玉米在国内也缺乏竞争力。
我国绝大多数玉米产区为农民人均纯收入较低的地区。表明加入WTO后对我国玉米生产的冲击不仅影响农民的收入增长，更涉及到以玉米为主要农作物地区按时脱贫问题。然而我国现行的农业科研体制未能充分考虑农民技术需求，农民的技术需求与政府、科研人员及技术推广人员的科研与推广存在着认识和行为上的差距，这种脱节现象有可能造成科研人员的研究成果与农民的技术需求不相符合，从而影响到我国农业生产的科技进步与农业生产的发展速度。因此充分了解不同类型农户的技术需求，具有重要的现实意义和科学价值。
本研究旨在通过参与式农村评估方法(Participatory Rural Appraisal，简称PRA)，找出目前我国不同地区玉米生产的主要限制因素和各种类型农民的玉米生产行为及差异，分析影响我国玉米生产发展的主要原因，在此基础上提出发展我国玉米生产，减缓(弱)加入WTO对我国玉米生产冲击的政策建议。
本研究运用参与式农村评估方法中的访谈工具—半结构式访谈，性状排序，农户分类和小组访谈工具，共调查了吉林、山东、陕西、山西、四川和广西六个省25个县的687个农户。深入地从农民的观点来看玉米发展的技术、生产资源、生产条件、政策等方面限制性因素；发现农民在玉米生产技术采用中所存在的问题，找出不同收入水平与不同性别农民的玉米生产行为及其差异。
本研究的主要结果表明，五个主要的玉米生态类型区有不同的生产和生态环境，其玉米生产的限制因素存在较大差异。干旱、栽培技术、技术推广不到位、种子质量差、土壤贫瘠、丝黑穗病、叶斑病、品质差等因素为多数地区农民认为限制当地玉米生产发展的常见因素，其中干旱是限制我国玉米发展的最重要的限制因素；农民的玉米生产活动存在着区域与性别的差异；农民的生产与技术需求行为问存在着差异，这些差异主要体现在对抗病性与抗逆性选择上；政府、科研人员、技术推广人员对农民的技术需求认识不足。
浙江大学硕卜学位论文
利用参与式农村评估方法研究农户的玉米生产行为
根据我们的研究结果，本文提出以下几条政策建议，一是增加抗旱方面的
研究投资已成为我国政府农业科研投资的最优先选择，重视西南地区农民对高
产群体改良品种(OPV)的需求，增加对OPV品种选育和推广工作上的科研投资;
二是加强适合妇女劳动力的技术研究;三是建议政府深化现行的技术推广体制
改革，增加农业技术推广投资，加强农业技术推广活动;四是建立一个由下到
上的农业科技体制;五是深化玉米科技体制改革
The demand of livestock product will increase soon with China's economic rapid development. The demand of fodder grain will increase accordingly. So the future food problems will be the fodder grain problem in China. Maize is the main fodder grain, which is the third food crop. The other two-food crop is the paddy and wheat. But the maize lack competition in world market because our maize industry have small scale and low centrality. With China's accession to the WTO, export subsidy will be cancelled and the maize export will suffocate. And our maize lack competition in domestic market because of the disaccord between the maize product area and consumption area.
Most maize product area is the poor area where the farm's income is low .So the impact of WTO not only influence the increase in farm's income, but also it infect the timely poverty alleviation. However, China agricultural research system ignores the farmer's technological need. There is a big cognition gap and behavior gap between government, agriculture researchers and extensionists. The disjoint phenomenon will hinder the agriculture development. So, fully acquaintance with the farm's need is very important.
This research aims at finding the main constraints of major biophysical maize product regions and farmer's behavior difference in maize production , and analyzing the main reason of influencing the maize product and development. So as to provide sustainable policies for concerned authorities to amortize the impact of China's accession to the WTO.
The study adopt a series of tool of PRA method, such as Semi-structured interview, group interview, direct sorting, and household sorting, based on data from 687 rural households in 25 counties of 6 provinces covering Jilin, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and Guangxi. We try to find the constraints of maize production and the farmer's product behaviors difference.
Research results indicate that the biophysical environment and the production conditions have significant difference in five major agro-ecological regions. So the difference of main constraints in maize production is large. Drought, the growth technology, bad hybrid seed, lean soil, dust-brand and the bad production quality are
the major constrains in most agro-ecological regions. Drought is the most important constraints to China's maize development. There is regional and sexy difference in farmer's action of maize production. There exists technology need difference among all types of farmers which embody on the farmers' selection of diseases resisting and anti-adversity. There is a big cognition and behavior gap between government, agriculture researchers and extensionists.
On the basis of the above research findings, this thesis puts forward the following policy recommendations:
Reinforce invest into the drought research is the optimizing selection in agriculture research invest
Reinforce the technological research which is suit to the women labor
Deepen the agricultural technological extension reform, reinforcing invest into the agricultural technological extension
Found a down to up agricultural technology system
Deepen the maize research system reform
我国绝大多数玉米产区为农民人均纯收入较低的地区。表明加入WTO后对我国玉米生产的冲击不仅影响农民的收入增长，更涉及到以玉米为主要农作物地区按时脱贫问题。然而我国现行的农业科研体制未能充分考虑农民技术需求，农民的技术需求与政府、科研人员及技术推广人员的科研与推广存在着认识和行为上的差距，这种脱节现象有可能造成科研人员的研究成果与农民的技术需求不相符合，从而影响到我国农业生产的科技进步与农业生产的发展速度。因此充分了解不同类型农户的技术需求，具有重要的现实意义和科学价值。
本研究旨在通过参与式农村评估方法(Participatory Rural Appraisal，简称PRA)，找出目前我国不同地区玉米生产的主要限制因素和各种类型农民的玉米生产行为及差异，分析影响我国玉米生产发展的主要原因，在此基础上提出发展我国玉米生产，减缓(弱)加入WTO对我国玉米生产冲击的政策建议。
本研究运用参与式农村评估方法中的访谈工具—半结构式访谈，性状排序，农户分类和小组访谈工具，共调查了吉林、山东、陕西、山西、四川和广西六个省25个县的687个农户。深入地从农民的观点来看玉米发展的技术、生产资源、生产条件、政策等方面限制性因素；发现农民在玉米生产技术采用中所存在的问题，找出不同收入水平与不同性别农民的玉米生产行为及其差异。
本研究的主要结果表明，五个主要的玉米生态类型区有不同的生产和生态环境，其玉米生产的限制因素存在较大差异。干旱、栽培技术、技术推广不到位、种子质量差、土壤贫瘠、丝黑穗病、叶斑病、品质差等因素为多数地区农民认为限制当地玉米生产发展的常见因素，其中干旱是限制我国玉米发展的最重要的限制因素；农民的玉米生产活动存在着区域与性别的差异；农民的生产与技术需求行为问存在着差异，这些差异主要体现在对抗病性与抗逆性选择上；政府、科研人员、技术推广人员对农民的技术需求认识不足。
浙江大学硕卜学位论文
利用参与式农村评估方法研究农户的玉米生产行为
根据我们的研究结果，本文提出以下几条政策建议，一是增加抗旱方面的
研究投资已成为我国政府农业科研投资的最优先选择，重视西南地区农民对高
产群体改良品种(OPV)的需求，增加对OPV品种选育和推广工作上的科研投资;
二是加强适合妇女劳动力的技术研究;三是建议政府深化现行的技术推广体制
改革，增加农业技术推广投资，加强农业技术推广活动;四是建立一个由下到
上的农业科技体制;五是深化玉米科技体制改革
The demand of livestock product will increase soon with China's economic rapid development. The demand of fodder grain will increase accordingly. So the future food problems will be the fodder grain problem in China. Maize is the main fodder grain, which is the third food crop. The other two-food crop is the paddy and wheat. But the maize lack competition in world market because our maize industry have small scale and low centrality. With China's accession to the WTO, export subsidy will be cancelled and the maize export will suffocate. And our maize lack competition in domestic market because of the disaccord between the maize product area and consumption area.
Most maize product area is the poor area where the farm's income is low .So the impact of WTO not only influence the increase in farm's income, but also it infect the timely poverty alleviation. However, China agricultural research system ignores the farmer's technological need. There is a big cognition gap and behavior gap between government, agriculture researchers and extensionists. The disjoint phenomenon will hinder the agriculture development. So, fully acquaintance with the farm's need is very important.
This research aims at finding the main constraints of major biophysical maize product regions and farmer's behavior difference in maize production , and analyzing the main reason of influencing the maize product and development. So as to provide sustainable policies for concerned authorities to amortize the impact of China's accession to the WTO.
The study adopt a series of tool of PRA method, such as Semi-structured interview, group interview, direct sorting, and household sorting, based on data from 687 rural households in 25 counties of 6 provinces covering Jilin, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and Guangxi. We try to find the constraints of maize production and the farmer's product behaviors difference.
Research results indicate that the biophysical environment and the production conditions have significant difference in five major agro-ecological regions. So the difference of main constraints in maize production is large. Drought, the growth technology, bad hybrid seed, lean soil, dust-brand and the bad production quality are
the major constrains in most agro-ecological regions. Drought is the most important constraints to China's maize development. There is regional and sexy difference in farmer's action of maize production. There exists technology need difference among all types of farmers which embody on the farmers' selection of diseases resisting and anti-adversity. There is a big cognition and behavior gap between government, agriculture researchers and extensionists.
On the basis of the above research findings, this thesis puts forward the following policy recommendations:
Reinforce invest into the drought research is the optimizing selection in agriculture research invest
Reinforce the technological research which is suit to the women labor
Deepen the agricultural technological extension reform, reinforcing invest into the agricultural technological extension
Found a down to up agricultural technology system
Deepen the maize research system reform
引文
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3．黄季焜，马恒运，2000，中国主要农产品生产成本的国际比较和差别，战略与管理，2000(6)。第86-95页。
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