制度视角下农民资金互助组织的存续机理研究
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摘要
为解决农村地区金融供给不足、竞争不充分以及农户信贷约束等问题,我国调整放宽农村地区银行业金融准入政策,促进农村金融的多元化发展,鼓励各类资本在农村地区新设金融机构,为当地“三农”提供融资服务。而由农户自发建立的农民资金互助组织亦是这一轮“农村金融新政”的着力点和闪光点。从实践来看,农民资金互助组织使农户拥有了交易成本较低的融资渠道,放大了普通农户的融资能力,在扶持农民创业、增加农民收入等方面具有积极的推动作用。
本文综合利用农村金融理论、合作金融理论与组织分析的制度基础理论等分析工具,以江浙地区的农民资金互助组织试点为研究工具,并在回顾农村信用合作社与农村合作基金会发展历程的基础上设计了一个统一的分析框架,对农民资金互助组织的内、外部制度因素与“生产合作社+资金互助社”模式的制度特征进行系统的理论探讨和实证研究。
本文采用“总—分—总”的结构框架,分为七个部分：第一部分,主要介绍本文的选题依据、研究目的和研究意义,并简要阐述文章主要的研究内容、研究方法和预期结论,勾勒分析框架和技术路线,就文章可能的创新和不足梳理一二；第二部分,就所需的理论工具以及国内外学者对农民资金互助组织产生原因、组织类型、运作机制、业务绩效及存在的问题所展开的研究进行梳理总结；第三部分,本研究回顾了给我国农村金融制度带巨大影响的农村信用合作社和农村合作基金会的发展历程,为有关农民资金互助组织的制度改进与创新的研究提供有益的借鉴,并据此选定了适用于本研究的分析框架；第四部分,本研究依据组织场域(Organizational Field)理论,逐一分析了政府管制、农信社关注、农户认知、组织间模仿等外部制度因素作用于农民资金互助组织运营绩效的影响机理,并以盐城试点为例对理论假说进行了验证；第五部分,本研究遵循组织内部利益分配的合作博弈范式,植入表示要素可替代程度的“重构成本”,深入分析了社员的合作博弈均衡与互助社经典治理机制之间的矛盾,并由来自浙南M镇资金互助社的案例对理论假说进行了验证；第六部分,本研究结合前文的研究,以盐城H镇“生产合作社+资金互助社”的案例为样本,展开了对其内外部制度因素、建立条件和经营规模的理论探讨；第七部分是对前文的研究结果进行总结、归纳,并在此基础上提出相应的对策建议。
通过分析得出的主要结论：1.政府管制、农信社关注、农户认知和组织间模仿等外部制度因素作用于农民资金互助的制度性压力对该组织的运营有显著影响；2.“一人一票”、“同票同权”等合作金融原则无法保证农民资金互助组织内部信贷与盈余的合理分配,所以它内部的治理机制将不可避免地出现某种程度的“异化”；3.与一般的农民资金互助组织相比,“生产合作社+资金互助社”的发育基础、成长条件均有所不同。这与地方政府、合作社领导人的制度创业功能以及内生型农民资金互助组织的交易费用转嫁机制等息息相关。
基于以上结论,论文提出的政策建议：1.推动农民资金互助组织的合法化进程；2.地方政府整合金融监管力量,对农民资金互助组织实施监管；3.在农民资金互助组织的内部制度安排上给予农户更多选择权；4.创造良好环境,引导农村精英参与组建农民资金互助组织；5.设立政府“扶持”的退出机制。
In order to solve the problems of insufficient rural financial supply, inadequate competition and credit constraint of farmers, the state adjusts to relax rural area banking financial access policy to promote the diversified development of rural finance, encourage various types of capital to set up new financial institutions in rural area and provide financing service for agriculture, farmer and rural area. Farmers' mutual Fund organization created spontaneously by farmers is also the focus and shining point in the new rural finance policy. From a practical point of view, Farmers' Mutual Fund provides financing channels of lower transaction costs to farmers, enlarges the financing capacity of ordinary farmers and has a positive role in supporting farmer to establish their own businesses and increasing farmers' income.
This paper comprehensively uses rural financial theory, cooperation financial theory and basic theory of organization analysis and other analysis tools, takes Jiangsu and Zhejiang farmers' mutual funds organization pilots as analysis objectives, establishes a unified analytical framework by reviewing the development process of rural credit cooperatives and rural cooperative fund associations in order to conduct systematic theory and empirical study of the internal and external factors of farmers' mutual capital organization and the institutional characteristics of "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization".
The structural framework of this paper is general-specific-general and the paper is divided into seven parts.The first part introduces topic selection basis, purpose and significance of the study, briefly describes the main content, study methods and expected conclusion, outlines the analytical framework and technology roadmap, and streamlines the possible innovation and deficiency of the study. In the second part, the author studies and summarizes the required theoretical tools as well as the reasons, organizational type, operation mechanism, performance and existing problems of Farmers' Mutual Fund studied by domestic and foreign scholars.In the third part, the author reviews the development process of rural credit cooperatives and rural cooperative fund associations that put tremendous impact on China's rural financial system, provides useful suggestions on the institutional improvement and innovation of Farmers' Mutual Fund and accordingly selects the analytical framework for this study. According to "Organizational Field" theory, the author analyzes the impact mechanism of government regulation, concern from rural credit cooperatives, farmer awareness and inter-organizational imitation other external system factors on the operating performance of Farmers' Mutual Fund and takes Yancheng pilot as the example to verify the theoretical hypothesis in the fourth part. In the fifth part, the author follows the cooperative game paradigm of organization's internal distribution of benefits, implants reconfiguration cost that reflects element replaceable degree, deeply analyzes the contradiction between the cooperative game equilibrium of members and classic governance mechanism of fund mutual cooperation and verifies the theoretical hypothesis of M town fund mutual cooperation case in the south of Zhejiang Province.In the sixth part, based on the pervious study, the author takes "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization" case of Yancheng H town as the sample to explore its internal and external institutional factors, establishment conditions and scale of operation. The seven parts summarizes and concludes the pervious study and proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions on this basis.
Main conclusions can be drawn based on the analysis:Government regulation, concern from rural credit cooperatives, farmer awareness and inter-organizational imitation and other external system factors affect the institutional pressure of Farmers' Mutual Fund and put great impact on its operation.2."One person one vote","same vote same right" and other cooperative financial principle cannot ensure the rational allocation of internal credit and earnings of Farmers' Mutual Fund so that the internal governance mechanism will inevitably have some degree of "alienation".3. Compared with traditional Farmers' Mutual Fund, the foundation and growth conditions of "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization" are different, which is closely related to the institutional entrepreneurial functions of local government and cooperation leader and transaction costs transfer mechanism of Farmers' Mutual Fund.
Based on the above conclusions, the paper proposes the following policy recommendations:1. Promote the legalization process of Farmers' Mutual Fund.2. The local government should integrate financial regulatory forces to the supervision of Farmers' Mutual Fund.3.Arrange farmer with more options in the internal institution of Farmers' Mutual Fund.4. Create a good environment, and guide the rural elite to participate in the Farmers' Mutual Fund.5.Establish government "support" exit mechanism.
本文综合利用农村金融理论、合作金融理论与组织分析的制度基础理论等分析工具,以江浙地区的农民资金互助组织试点为研究工具,并在回顾农村信用合作社与农村合作基金会发展历程的基础上设计了一个统一的分析框架,对农民资金互助组织的内、外部制度因素与“生产合作社+资金互助社”模式的制度特征进行系统的理论探讨和实证研究。
本文采用“总—分—总”的结构框架,分为七个部分：第一部分,主要介绍本文的选题依据、研究目的和研究意义,并简要阐述文章主要的研究内容、研究方法和预期结论,勾勒分析框架和技术路线,就文章可能的创新和不足梳理一二；第二部分,就所需的理论工具以及国内外学者对农民资金互助组织产生原因、组织类型、运作机制、业务绩效及存在的问题所展开的研究进行梳理总结；第三部分,本研究回顾了给我国农村金融制度带巨大影响的农村信用合作社和农村合作基金会的发展历程,为有关农民资金互助组织的制度改进与创新的研究提供有益的借鉴,并据此选定了适用于本研究的分析框架；第四部分,本研究依据组织场域(Organizational Field)理论,逐一分析了政府管制、农信社关注、农户认知、组织间模仿等外部制度因素作用于农民资金互助组织运营绩效的影响机理,并以盐城试点为例对理论假说进行了验证；第五部分,本研究遵循组织内部利益分配的合作博弈范式,植入表示要素可替代程度的“重构成本”,深入分析了社员的合作博弈均衡与互助社经典治理机制之间的矛盾,并由来自浙南M镇资金互助社的案例对理论假说进行了验证；第六部分,本研究结合前文的研究,以盐城H镇“生产合作社+资金互助社”的案例为样本,展开了对其内外部制度因素、建立条件和经营规模的理论探讨；第七部分是对前文的研究结果进行总结、归纳,并在此基础上提出相应的对策建议。
通过分析得出的主要结论：1.政府管制、农信社关注、农户认知和组织间模仿等外部制度因素作用于农民资金互助的制度性压力对该组织的运营有显著影响；2.“一人一票”、“同票同权”等合作金融原则无法保证农民资金互助组织内部信贷与盈余的合理分配,所以它内部的治理机制将不可避免地出现某种程度的“异化”；3.与一般的农民资金互助组织相比,“生产合作社+资金互助社”的发育基础、成长条件均有所不同。这与地方政府、合作社领导人的制度创业功能以及内生型农民资金互助组织的交易费用转嫁机制等息息相关。
基于以上结论,论文提出的政策建议：1.推动农民资金互助组织的合法化进程；2.地方政府整合金融监管力量,对农民资金互助组织实施监管；3.在农民资金互助组织的内部制度安排上给予农户更多选择权；4.创造良好环境,引导农村精英参与组建农民资金互助组织；5.设立政府“扶持”的退出机制。
In order to solve the problems of insufficient rural financial supply, inadequate competition and credit constraint of farmers, the state adjusts to relax rural area banking financial access policy to promote the diversified development of rural finance, encourage various types of capital to set up new financial institutions in rural area and provide financing service for agriculture, farmer and rural area. Farmers' mutual Fund organization created spontaneously by farmers is also the focus and shining point in the new rural finance policy. From a practical point of view, Farmers' Mutual Fund provides financing channels of lower transaction costs to farmers, enlarges the financing capacity of ordinary farmers and has a positive role in supporting farmer to establish their own businesses and increasing farmers' income.
This paper comprehensively uses rural financial theory, cooperation financial theory and basic theory of organization analysis and other analysis tools, takes Jiangsu and Zhejiang farmers' mutual funds organization pilots as analysis objectives, establishes a unified analytical framework by reviewing the development process of rural credit cooperatives and rural cooperative fund associations in order to conduct systematic theory and empirical study of the internal and external factors of farmers' mutual capital organization and the institutional characteristics of "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization".
The structural framework of this paper is general-specific-general and the paper is divided into seven parts.The first part introduces topic selection basis, purpose and significance of the study, briefly describes the main content, study methods and expected conclusion, outlines the analytical framework and technology roadmap, and streamlines the possible innovation and deficiency of the study. In the second part, the author studies and summarizes the required theoretical tools as well as the reasons, organizational type, operation mechanism, performance and existing problems of Farmers' Mutual Fund studied by domestic and foreign scholars.In the third part, the author reviews the development process of rural credit cooperatives and rural cooperative fund associations that put tremendous impact on China's rural financial system, provides useful suggestions on the institutional improvement and innovation of Farmers' Mutual Fund and accordingly selects the analytical framework for this study. According to "Organizational Field" theory, the author analyzes the impact mechanism of government regulation, concern from rural credit cooperatives, farmer awareness and inter-organizational imitation other external system factors on the operating performance of Farmers' Mutual Fund and takes Yancheng pilot as the example to verify the theoretical hypothesis in the fourth part. In the fifth part, the author follows the cooperative game paradigm of organization's internal distribution of benefits, implants reconfiguration cost that reflects element replaceable degree, deeply analyzes the contradiction between the cooperative game equilibrium of members and classic governance mechanism of fund mutual cooperation and verifies the theoretical hypothesis of M town fund mutual cooperation case in the south of Zhejiang Province.In the sixth part, based on the pervious study, the author takes "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization" case of Yancheng H town as the sample to explore its internal and external institutional factors, establishment conditions and scale of operation. The seven parts summarizes and concludes the pervious study and proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions on this basis.
Main conclusions can be drawn based on the analysis:Government regulation, concern from rural credit cooperatives, farmer awareness and inter-organizational imitation and other external system factors affect the institutional pressure of Farmers' Mutual Fund and put great impact on its operation.2."One person one vote","same vote same right" and other cooperative financial principle cannot ensure the rational allocation of internal credit and earnings of Farmers' Mutual Fund so that the internal governance mechanism will inevitably have some degree of "alienation".3. Compared with traditional Farmers' Mutual Fund, the foundation and growth conditions of "productive cooperation" and "capital mutual organization" are different, which is closely related to the institutional entrepreneurial functions of local government and cooperation leader and transaction costs transfer mechanism of Farmers' Mutual Fund.
Based on the above conclusions, the paper proposes the following policy recommendations:1. Promote the legalization process of Farmers' Mutual Fund.2. The local government should integrate financial regulatory forces to the supervision of Farmers' Mutual Fund.3.Arrange farmer with more options in the internal institution of Farmers' Mutual Fund.4. Create a good environment, and guide the rural elite to participate in the Farmers' Mutual Fund.5.Establish government "support" exit mechanism.
引文
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