黑龙江垦区农业可持续发展创新问题研究
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摘要
进入新世纪以来,农业可持续发展问题已经成为全球探讨的热点和重点。作为一种新的发展观、新的发展理念和发展战略,农业可持续发展已通过联合国环境与发展大会,被世界不同意识形态,不同社会制度和不同信仰的许多国家所接受,围绕环境与发展这一主题,国际上已经形成了可持续发展经济学、社会学、生态学等研究领域。农业可持续发展研究趋向于多学科交叉,围绕同一个主题在理论上逐步融合。
我国做为一个农业大国,农业问题举足轻重。农业是国民经济的基础,农业可持续发展又是整个社会可持续发展的基础。我国可持续发展战略必须重点研究农业的可持续发展问题,以加强农业的基础地位,促进社会经济的可持续发展。党的十一届三中全会以后,农业特别是粮食生产取得了辉煌的成就,大大促进了农业现代化进程。但是我们也要看到,由于长期以来面临着资源、环境、人口等多重压力,严重阻碍了农业可持续发展和科学技术进步。中国农业的发展道路,只能从原有的靠大量增加资源消耗的粗放式的农业生产方式,转到尽量节约农业资源,提高农业资源的利用效率,依靠科学技术、走农业可持续发展的轨道上来。
黑龙江是一个农业大省,农业在国民经济中占有重要地位。黑龙江垦区的国有农场从1947年开始创建到现在已有半个多世纪的历史,分布在黑龙江三江平原、松嫩平原和小兴安岭南麓等54个县(市),现有土地面积5.43万平方公里,占全省面积的12%;耕地面积205万公顷,约占全国农垦系统耕地面积的二分之一,全省耕地面积的近四分之一;拥有林地87万公顷,草原37万公顷,水面27.4万公顷。到2004年底,黑龙江垦区拥有资产总额545亿元,实现生产总值195.3亿元,农业机械总动力达371万千瓦,大中型拖拉机2.31万台,大型联合收获机械8115台,喷灌机5024套,挖掘机382台,水稻插秧机2.18万台,农用飞机30架,机场53处,各种汽车1.62万辆,旱地农田田间作业机械化率达95%。水田田间作业机械化率达84%,综合机械化率达86.5%以上。粮食生产占全省粮豆总量的30%,商品率达87.3%以上,同时还向国家交售大量的农副产品。黑龙江农垦在全省农业乃至全国农业生产中都占有重要的地位,是国家重要的商品粮生产基地。目前,黑龙江农垦总局下辖九个分局,104个国有农(牧)场,各类工、商、运、建、服企业1354个,从业人员70.8万人,总人口157.5万人,是一个以粮食生产为主,农、林、牧、渔全面发展,工、商、运、建、服综合经营,政、社、企一体的社会经济区域。
黑龙江垦区是我国目前最大的国有农场群,机械化程度较高,耕地面积较大,每年上交的商品粮可以供京、津、沪和陆海空三军一年的口粮,是共和国重要的粮食安全战略基地。由于长期以来重开发轻保护,资源和环境也不同程度地受到了破坏,如何实现黑龙江垦区农业可持续发展,这是摆在垦区人面前既现实又严肃的重大课题。因此,本论文所选定的研究课题具有极为重要的现实意义。本文围绕黑龙江垦区农业可持续发展创新这一主题展开全面论述,主要内容和创新之处如下:
(1) 本文首先对农业可持续发展的内涵特别是农业可持续发展在黑龙江垦区的地位和
Since coming into the new century,It has been an important and popular point for the whole world to discuss the issue on the Sustainable Agricultural Development. As a new kind of developing view .developing conception and new developing tactic, Sustainable Agricultural Development, which has been accepted by many other countries with different religions, different society and different ideology, has already passed through UNCED.(United Nation Conference on Environment and Development).According to this theme of environment and development ,many study fields, such as sustainable development on economics, sociology, ecology and so on, has been founded .The study of Sustainable Agricultural Development trends to cross with many subjects and gradually fuse in the theory.As a big agricultural country, China takes the issue of agriculture seriously. Agriculture is the basis for national economy, while the Sustainable Agricultural Development is the basis for the whole society .The sustainable strategic in our country must study the problem of Sustainable Agricultural Development. We should strengthen basic status of agriculture and promote the sustainable social economy development. Sine the third conference of Eleventh Central Committee of Communist Party of China, Chinese people have made great achievement in agriculture .especially in grain and have accelerated the course of agricultural modernization. But we should also foresee that because we have to face the pressure of resource, environment and population so long. Sustainable Agricultural Development has been hindered seriously .In China, the way to agricultural development should be charged from the extensive cultivation that consumed large amount of resource to the one in which the agricultural resource can be saved and the utilization ratio of agricultural resource can be improved, we should depend on the science and technology, make our way to the sustainable development.Heilongjiang is a big agricultural province; agriculture takes an important part in the national economy. It is more than half a century since the state farms founded in 1947 in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. They are distributed in 54 counties (cities) in Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and the southern part of Xiaoxingan Ridge, etc. The area of these farms covers 54300 square
kilometers; it makes up 12% of the total area in Heilongjiang province. The farming land area is about 205million hectares, it account for 50% of the total planting land area in the system of Land-reclamation Area in China. The forest land is about 870000 hectares. The grass land is about 370000 hectares; the water area is about 274000 Hectare. By the end of 2004, the number of total assets is about 545 hundred million RMB in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area. The total output value has realized 195.3 hundred million RMB. The total power is mechanization of agriculture has a mounted to 3.71 million kilowatts. There are 23100 sets of middle size of tractors, 8115 sets of large-scale harvesters, 5024sets of nozzle-line irrigations, 382 sets of excavators, 21800 sets of machines for transplanting rice seeding, 30 sets of Agro-planes, 52 airdromes for agro-planes and 16200 sets of various vehicles. The rate of agricultural mechanization in dry land of farm work has reached 95% the rate of agricultural mechanization in paddy field of farm work is about 84%.the rate of the whole mechanization is over 86.5%.The out put of grain makes up 30% of the total output of grain and beans .commodity rate amount is to 87.3%. At the same time, the Land-reclamation Area has to hand over large amounts of agricultural products and by-products .The agriculture is Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area takes an important position in the prince ,even in the national agricultural production ,It is also one of the most important merchandise grain base in China ,At present .there are nice branch bureaus and 104 state farms (grazing land ),There are 1354 enterprises of industry, commerce .transportation, construction, service. The number of total population is 1575 million. There are 708000 persons who have already got jobs. It has been a social economic region which mainly produce grain together with the development of agriculture, forest, live stocks, fishery, including the synthesize management of industry, commerce, transportation, construction, service. In the end, it formed the area with the government, society and enterprises being united.So far, Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is the largest flock of state farms in China. The level of mechanization is very advanced, the area of farming land is large and the merchandise grain which is handed over to the country each year can feed the three armed services of land army, navy and air force who are from Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. It is and important grain strategic point for the Republic. Since people attach great importance to exploiting and hardly pay attention to the protection, the resources and environment have been spoilt more or less. How to realize Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is realistic and serious task which the people in the land-reclamation Area must face. Therefore, the task of the study is very meaningful we set off comprehensive exposition around the theme of innovation. The main contents and innovation as following,(1) At first, the study expounds the intension of Sustainable Agricultural Development, especially the status and function of sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area .Based on this, it profoundly analyses the source of motive power,
innovational advantage and restricting conditions of sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. It provided an individual basis for the further study of innovational problem on Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area.(2) The thesis made further study of innovations of Sustainable Agricultural Development .The innovation ran through the thesis, From seven aspects ,such as ,Human Power Resources Innovation, Technological Innovation, Zoological Agricultural Innovation, Innovations of Circulatory Economy, Innovation in the Managing Modes, Innovation of system and Management Innovation, the thesis expounds the innovation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. After putting forward the counter-measure of innovation, we found that they not only establish the theoretical basis for realizing Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area, but also have strong operation.(3) Leading the development of agriculture in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area by the scientific developing view of humanism. Aiming at the tendency of merely attaching importance to "persons, finance and substance", the thesis definitely put forward that we should establish humanistic management mode in enterprises. It is thought that modern management in enterprises should aim at the management from "substance" to "persons" we would combine the tool reason of making use of human beings "with the value reason" for "human beings". The key viewpoint of value has been fully embodied. That is to respect persons, care for persons and inspires the persons' enthusiasm; to meet their reasonable require. The enterprises only are a tool of meet requirement of human beings. Their ultimate aim is to satisfy the needs of people and to ensure development of freedom in an all-round way and happiness of people.(4) The thesis put forward a proposal of constructing Zoological Zones for Demonstration in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. While it expounds innovation of zoological Agriculture in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area, the thesis has put forward concrete suggestions -natural protection reserves as a model for natural zoological system, opening of green accounts and protection, construction of Zoological environment by law.(5) Whicle expatiating innovations in the managing modes of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area, We clearly advanced the imagination that the traditional form of farming must transfer to the form of agricultural industrialization management .That is making the market as direction, based on the land contracted by families. Leading by the head enterprises, we unite the production, processing and selling as a integrity Chain in agricultural industrialization. We shall make the agriculture transfer from the simple production of raw and processed materials to the industrialization system. That solved the problem of lower benefit in agriculture fundamentally. According to the characteristics of agricultural industrialization management functions of agricultural industrialization management in the
Sustainable Agricultural Development and the weak points in current situation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area, the promotion of strategic adjustment of agricultural structure .through agricultural industrialization management ,and the important strategy for the land-reclamation Area in agricultural industrialization management ,We point out that agricultural industrialization management is an important strategy for the agricultural development in the Land-reclamation Area. That is also the hope of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Land-reclamation.(6) While the thesis are expatiating management innovations in Sustainable Agricultural Development in the land-reclamation Area, We advocate that "Athwart Control Cost method for per Unit Grain" should be put into effect during the whole course of fanning .According to the old method of "square accounts after the autumn harvest" in the agricultural production for several thousands of years, the author adopted the theories of system and cybernetics, designed a set of advanced and scientific managing modes of cost-Athwart control cost method for per unit grain" The main point of the method is to change the cost calculating for a unit of area to the cost calculating for per unit. It adopted the method of overturning to get goal cost a head, and then in the different stages of forming the cost of unit grain, we take the method—"lock two sides of planting and harvest, Control the middle part of crop growing, Increase production and improve quality". To adopt the method of athwart control for the factor that influences the cost of unit grain. The method has been spread in the land-reclamation Area, and procreated huge economic benefit and better social benefit.All in all, the Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is not only the problem of theory, but also the problem of practice. The complexity of it causes the protracted mature and complexity of the study, I believe that we will be able to solve the key problem which related to the development is the Lard-reclamation Area by uniting the theory with the practice if the leaders pay more attention to it .We can also realize the sustainable, healthy and harmonious development in the land-reclamation Area.
我国做为一个农业大国,农业问题举足轻重。农业是国民经济的基础,农业可持续发展又是整个社会可持续发展的基础。我国可持续发展战略必须重点研究农业的可持续发展问题,以加强农业的基础地位,促进社会经济的可持续发展。党的十一届三中全会以后,农业特别是粮食生产取得了辉煌的成就,大大促进了农业现代化进程。但是我们也要看到,由于长期以来面临着资源、环境、人口等多重压力,严重阻碍了农业可持续发展和科学技术进步。中国农业的发展道路,只能从原有的靠大量增加资源消耗的粗放式的农业生产方式,转到尽量节约农业资源,提高农业资源的利用效率,依靠科学技术、走农业可持续发展的轨道上来。
黑龙江是一个农业大省,农业在国民经济中占有重要地位。黑龙江垦区的国有农场从1947年开始创建到现在已有半个多世纪的历史,分布在黑龙江三江平原、松嫩平原和小兴安岭南麓等54个县(市),现有土地面积5.43万平方公里,占全省面积的12%;耕地面积205万公顷,约占全国农垦系统耕地面积的二分之一,全省耕地面积的近四分之一;拥有林地87万公顷,草原37万公顷,水面27.4万公顷。到2004年底,黑龙江垦区拥有资产总额545亿元,实现生产总值195.3亿元,农业机械总动力达371万千瓦,大中型拖拉机2.31万台,大型联合收获机械8115台,喷灌机5024套,挖掘机382台,水稻插秧机2.18万台,农用飞机30架,机场53处,各种汽车1.62万辆,旱地农田田间作业机械化率达95%。水田田间作业机械化率达84%,综合机械化率达86.5%以上。粮食生产占全省粮豆总量的30%,商品率达87.3%以上,同时还向国家交售大量的农副产品。黑龙江农垦在全省农业乃至全国农业生产中都占有重要的地位,是国家重要的商品粮生产基地。目前,黑龙江农垦总局下辖九个分局,104个国有农(牧)场,各类工、商、运、建、服企业1354个,从业人员70.8万人,总人口157.5万人,是一个以粮食生产为主,农、林、牧、渔全面发展,工、商、运、建、服综合经营,政、社、企一体的社会经济区域。
黑龙江垦区是我国目前最大的国有农场群,机械化程度较高,耕地面积较大,每年上交的商品粮可以供京、津、沪和陆海空三军一年的口粮,是共和国重要的粮食安全战略基地。由于长期以来重开发轻保护,资源和环境也不同程度地受到了破坏,如何实现黑龙江垦区农业可持续发展,这是摆在垦区人面前既现实又严肃的重大课题。因此,本论文所选定的研究课题具有极为重要的现实意义。本文围绕黑龙江垦区农业可持续发展创新这一主题展开全面论述,主要内容和创新之处如下:
(1) 本文首先对农业可持续发展的内涵特别是农业可持续发展在黑龙江垦区的地位和
Since coming into the new century,It has been an important and popular point for the whole world to discuss the issue on the Sustainable Agricultural Development. As a new kind of developing view .developing conception and new developing tactic, Sustainable Agricultural Development, which has been accepted by many other countries with different religions, different society and different ideology, has already passed through UNCED.(United Nation Conference on Environment and Development).According to this theme of environment and development ,many study fields, such as sustainable development on economics, sociology, ecology and so on, has been founded .The study of Sustainable Agricultural Development trends to cross with many subjects and gradually fuse in the theory.As a big agricultural country, China takes the issue of agriculture seriously. Agriculture is the basis for national economy, while the Sustainable Agricultural Development is the basis for the whole society .The sustainable strategic in our country must study the problem of Sustainable Agricultural Development. We should strengthen basic status of agriculture and promote the sustainable social economy development. Sine the third conference of Eleventh Central Committee of Communist Party of China, Chinese people have made great achievement in agriculture .especially in grain and have accelerated the course of agricultural modernization. But we should also foresee that because we have to face the pressure of resource, environment and population so long. Sustainable Agricultural Development has been hindered seriously .In China, the way to agricultural development should be charged from the extensive cultivation that consumed large amount of resource to the one in which the agricultural resource can be saved and the utilization ratio of agricultural resource can be improved, we should depend on the science and technology, make our way to the sustainable development.Heilongjiang is a big agricultural province; agriculture takes an important part in the national economy. It is more than half a century since the state farms founded in 1947 in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. They are distributed in 54 counties (cities) in Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and the southern part of Xiaoxingan Ridge, etc. The area of these farms covers 54300 square
kilometers; it makes up 12% of the total area in Heilongjiang province. The farming land area is about 205million hectares, it account for 50% of the total planting land area in the system of Land-reclamation Area in China. The forest land is about 870000 hectares. The grass land is about 370000 hectares; the water area is about 274000 Hectare. By the end of 2004, the number of total assets is about 545 hundred million RMB in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area. The total output value has realized 195.3 hundred million RMB. The total power is mechanization of agriculture has a mounted to 3.71 million kilowatts. There are 23100 sets of middle size of tractors, 8115 sets of large-scale harvesters, 5024sets of nozzle-line irrigations, 382 sets of excavators, 21800 sets of machines for transplanting rice seeding, 30 sets of Agro-planes, 52 airdromes for agro-planes and 16200 sets of various vehicles. The rate of agricultural mechanization in dry land of farm work has reached 95% the rate of agricultural mechanization in paddy field of farm work is about 84%.the rate of the whole mechanization is over 86.5%.The out put of grain makes up 30% of the total output of grain and beans .commodity rate amount is to 87.3%. At the same time, the Land-reclamation Area has to hand over large amounts of agricultural products and by-products .The agriculture is Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area takes an important position in the prince ,even in the national agricultural production ,It is also one of the most important merchandise grain base in China ,At present .there are nice branch bureaus and 104 state farms (grazing land ),There are 1354 enterprises of industry, commerce .transportation, construction, service. The number of total population is 1575 million. There are 708000 persons who have already got jobs. It has been a social economic region which mainly produce grain together with the development of agriculture, forest, live stocks, fishery, including the synthesize management of industry, commerce, transportation, construction, service. In the end, it formed the area with the government, society and enterprises being united.So far, Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is the largest flock of state farms in China. The level of mechanization is very advanced, the area of farming land is large and the merchandise grain which is handed over to the country each year can feed the three armed services of land army, navy and air force who are from Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. It is and important grain strategic point for the Republic. Since people attach great importance to exploiting and hardly pay attention to the protection, the resources and environment have been spoilt more or less. How to realize Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is realistic and serious task which the people in the land-reclamation Area must face. Therefore, the task of the study is very meaningful we set off comprehensive exposition around the theme of innovation. The main contents and innovation as following,(1) At first, the study expounds the intension of Sustainable Agricultural Development, especially the status and function of sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area .Based on this, it profoundly analyses the source of motive power,
innovational advantage and restricting conditions of sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. It provided an individual basis for the further study of innovational problem on Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area.(2) The thesis made further study of innovations of Sustainable Agricultural Development .The innovation ran through the thesis, From seven aspects ,such as ,Human Power Resources Innovation, Technological Innovation, Zoological Agricultural Innovation, Innovations of Circulatory Economy, Innovation in the Managing Modes, Innovation of system and Management Innovation, the thesis expounds the innovation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. After putting forward the counter-measure of innovation, we found that they not only establish the theoretical basis for realizing Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area, but also have strong operation.(3) Leading the development of agriculture in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area by the scientific developing view of humanism. Aiming at the tendency of merely attaching importance to "persons, finance and substance", the thesis definitely put forward that we should establish humanistic management mode in enterprises. It is thought that modern management in enterprises should aim at the management from "substance" to "persons" we would combine the tool reason of making use of human beings "with the value reason" for "human beings". The key viewpoint of value has been fully embodied. That is to respect persons, care for persons and inspires the persons' enthusiasm; to meet their reasonable require. The enterprises only are a tool of meet requirement of human beings. Their ultimate aim is to satisfy the needs of people and to ensure development of freedom in an all-round way and happiness of people.(4) The thesis put forward a proposal of constructing Zoological Zones for Demonstration in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area. While it expounds innovation of zoological Agriculture in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area, the thesis has put forward concrete suggestions -natural protection reserves as a model for natural zoological system, opening of green accounts and protection, construction of Zoological environment by law.(5) Whicle expatiating innovations in the managing modes of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area, We clearly advanced the imagination that the traditional form of farming must transfer to the form of agricultural industrialization management .That is making the market as direction, based on the land contracted by families. Leading by the head enterprises, we unite the production, processing and selling as a integrity Chain in agricultural industrialization. We shall make the agriculture transfer from the simple production of raw and processed materials to the industrialization system. That solved the problem of lower benefit in agriculture fundamentally. According to the characteristics of agricultural industrialization management functions of agricultural industrialization management in the
Sustainable Agricultural Development and the weak points in current situation of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang land-reclamation Area, the promotion of strategic adjustment of agricultural structure .through agricultural industrialization management ,and the important strategy for the land-reclamation Area in agricultural industrialization management ,We point out that agricultural industrialization management is an important strategy for the agricultural development in the Land-reclamation Area. That is also the hope of Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Land-reclamation.(6) While the thesis are expatiating management innovations in Sustainable Agricultural Development in the land-reclamation Area, We advocate that "Athwart Control Cost method for per Unit Grain" should be put into effect during the whole course of fanning .According to the old method of "square accounts after the autumn harvest" in the agricultural production for several thousands of years, the author adopted the theories of system and cybernetics, designed a set of advanced and scientific managing modes of cost-Athwart control cost method for per unit grain" The main point of the method is to change the cost calculating for a unit of area to the cost calculating for per unit. It adopted the method of overturning to get goal cost a head, and then in the different stages of forming the cost of unit grain, we take the method—"lock two sides of planting and harvest, Control the middle part of crop growing, Increase production and improve quality". To adopt the method of athwart control for the factor that influences the cost of unit grain. The method has been spread in the land-reclamation Area, and procreated huge economic benefit and better social benefit.All in all, the Sustainable Agricultural Development in Heilongjiang Land-reclamation Area is not only the problem of theory, but also the problem of practice. The complexity of it causes the protracted mature and complexity of the study, I believe that we will be able to solve the key problem which related to the development is the Lard-reclamation Area by uniting the theory with the practice if the leaders pay more attention to it .We can also realize the sustainable, healthy and harmonious development in the land-reclamation Area.
引文
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6.蔡亚娜等著,1994.12,《持续发展与环境教育》,广州,广东人民出版社,
7.车明诚等,2002.4,农业产业化的国际经济与启示—绥滨农场快速发展生态经济型林业纪实,《农场经济管理》,P29—30
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