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农田黑土中小型土壤动物多样性特征及其影响因素
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摘要
土壤动物是土壤生态系统中的重要组成成分,是生态系统中物质与能量交换的枢纽。土壤动物在分解生物残体、改变土壤理化性质、促进土壤物质循环和能量转化过程中起着重要作用。土壤动物群落与土壤环境有密切关系,土壤动物的群落结构、功能在土壤生态系统中有不可替代的重要作用。研究农田生态系统土壤动物群落特征可以为改善农业生产环境优化农业生产方式提供科学依据。
     本研究选取中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验区,对不同轮作系统、不同土地利用方式、不同耕作方式和不同施肥方式,研究采用改良的Tullgren法分离提取中小型土壤动物中小型土壤动物的数量、种类、群落组成、多样性以及垂直分布。
     结果表明:不同轮作系统中,轮作田土壤动物的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数最高,而优势度指数最小,轮作田中土壤动物多样性和群落稳定性优于其他两连作田。裸地中土壤动物和土壤甲螨的种类和数量显著低于草地和农田,且草地中稀有类群数显著多于农田和裸地,裸地中土壤动物垂直分布表聚现象不明显,草地和农田生态系统中土壤动物均具有表聚特征,但草地中土壤动物垂直分布具有明显的表聚特征,农田中土壤动物垂直分布缓和。三种土地利用方式中草地生态系统具有最高的土壤动物多样性和最好的土壤动物群落结构稳定性,其次是农田生态系统,最次为裸地生态系统。少耕耕作方式中土壤动物数量高于其他两种土地耕作方式。免耕耕作方式下土壤动物的科数显著高于其他两种耕作方式,免耕和少耕耕作方式中土壤动物的垂直分布具有表聚特征,与传统耕作相比实施保护性耕作更有利于农田生态系统土壤生物的生存环境的维护。长期施肥可引起土壤动物的数量变化,但对土壤动物种类数影响较小;施用化肥可显著降低土壤动物的数量,农田土壤动物群落多样性改变与长期定位施肥有关,有机肥的施用有利于土壤动物群落结构的稳定,且保持了土壤动物原有的表聚特征;化肥配施有机肥对农田生态系统生态环境具有较好的保护作用。
Soil animal is the important component in soil ecosystem; it is thepivot in both substantial and energy cycle. Soil animal plays an importantrole in decomposition of organism residue, improvement of soilenvironment and promotion of substantial and energy cycle.therelationship between soil animal community and soil environment isclosed. The function and structure of soil animal community areimportant in soil ecosystem. The research about soil animal communitycould provide suggestion to improve the agro-ecosystem.
     The study was carried out on long-term experiment plots at the HailunExperimental Station of Agro Ecology, Heilongjiang province, China.Researches were about meso-soil fauna in different rotation system,different land-use type, different tillage system and different fertilization.Individual number, family number, community structure, diversity andvertical distribution were investigated. The result showed that: thediversity index, abundance index and evenness index of rotation systemfield was highest, but the dominance index of rotation system field waslowest. Diversity and stability of rotation system was better than the othertwo continuous cropping systems. The species number and individualnumber of soil animal and oribatid were lower than grass land and farm land. The number of rare group in grass land was more than farm landand bare land, The surface accumulative phenomenon in bare land wasunapparent,and The surface accumulative phenomenon in grass land andfarm land were significant, but the vertical distribution in farm land moremollify than grass land. The highest diversity and the best stabilityexisted in grass land, the diversity and stability was lower in farm landlowest in bare land. The individual number in reduced tillage was higherthan the other two tillage system, but the family number in no-tillage washigher than reduced tillage system and conventional tillage system. Thesurface accumulative phenomenon existed in both no-tillage and reducedtillage. Compared with conventional, conservation tillage system wasbenefited to the environment protection of agro-ecosystem. Fertilizationcaused the changes of soil animal individual number, but fertilization hada little effect on the family number of soil animal. The chemical fertilizerdecreased the individual number of soil animal. The diversity of the soilfauna in the farmland was related to the fertilization method. The stableSoil fauna community was benefited from the organic manure Utilize,and The surface accumulative phenomenon was kept better cause thesame reason, so organic manure utilize can protect the environment ofagro-ecosystem better than chemical fertilization.
引文
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