青少年依恋、自尊及其二者关系的发展性研究
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摘要
本研究以585个中国初中、高中和大学青少年为被试，试图从发展的角度研究青少年的依恋、自尊及其二者的关系。具体地，本研究的主要目的有三个。其一，考察青少年具体的依恋关系(父亲依恋、母亲依恋和同伴依恋)在整个青春期的发展变化情况；其二，考察青少年总体自尊以及自尊两个维度(自我喜爱和自我能力)在整个青春期的发展变化情况；其三，考察具体的依恋关系对初中、高中和大学青少年的自我能力和自我喜爱的具体影响。
该论文共由三部分组成。第一部分为研究背景。主要对依恋的基本理论、青少年依恋的研究概况、自尊的本质和发展、依恋和自尊关系的及其研究概况等进行了系统地回顾、归纳和整理。
第二部分为调查研究。首先，针对目前研究中存在的问题提出了研究设想和计划。然后，分别以初中生、高中生和大学生为样本对青少年的具体依恋关系、自尊(包括总体自尊和自尊的两个维度)以及依恋和自尊的关系进行了研究分析。最后，从发展的角度对不同样本的数据进行了纵向比较，试图揭示依恋、自尊及其二者关系的发展变化规律。主要的研究结果如下：
1、关于青少年依恋：1)青少年的依恋系统不断地分化并且分化方式有性别差异，女生比男生分化早；2)整个青春期，女生在父亲依恋、母亲依恋和同伴依恋上的得分都比男生高，说明女生比男生更强的卷入到人际关系中；3)青少年的同伴依恋在青春期保持相对稳定，而青少年的父母依恋质量在整个中学阶段下降，在大学阶段又有所回升；4)中学阶段，父母依恋质量下降模式同时受父母性别和青少年性别的共同影响——对同性别父母的依恋呈直线缓慢下降，对异性别父母的依恋呈曲线下降；5)无论性别和发展阶段，青少年的母亲依恋都高于父亲依恋。
2、关于青少年自尊：1)无论性别和发展阶段，中国青少年的自我喜爱水平高于自我能力水平；2)自尊的两个维度中，自我喜爱在整个青春期保持稳定，而自我能力则发生阶段性变化——高中阶段自我能力最低而大学和初中阶段无差异；3)Rosenberg总体自尊在整个青春期保持相对稳定，但若以自尊两个维度之和作为总体自尊指标，总体自尊在整个青春期有变化，高中青少年得分最低。
3、关于具体依恋关系对自尊的影响：1)青春期早期，父母和同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都有显著影响。但是，对男生而言，父亲对自我喜爱的影响最大，而同伴对自我能力的影响最大；对女生而言，母亲对自我喜爱和自我能力的影响都最大；2)青春期中期，父母对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都没有显著影响，只有同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力有显著影响；3)青春期晚期，父母和同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都有显著影响。但是，对男生而言，母亲对自我喜爱的影响最大，而父亲对自我能力的影响最大；对女生而言，父母对自我喜爱和自我能力的影响都最大。
论文的第三部分为研究的讨论、总结和反思。本章首先对该研究的主要结果进行了疏理、总结和解释，然后指出了该研究的理论意义和实践意义，最后分析了研究的不足之处并提出了可能的改进方法。
Although ample research has examined the relationship of attachment to global self-esteem (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994), rare research has looked into the influence of specific attachment relationship on two dimensions of self-esteem, i.e. self-liking and self-competence. The main purpose of this research is to explore the relative influence of adolescents' perceptions of their attachment relationships with their mothers, fathers, and friends on two dimensions of self-esteem. Besides, mis research also attempted to investigate the developmental changes of adolescents' perceptions of their specific attachment relationships, and of the global self-esteem and its two dimensions during adolescence. 585 Chinese adolescents were sampled from junior high school, high school and college hi Mainland China, ranging from 11 to 23 years old. The major findings were as follows:
1. Adolescent attachment: (1) Children's attachment to mothers, fathers and friends started to differentiate since adolescence, which began earlier for girls man for boys. (2) From early to late adolescence, girls' perceptions of their attachment relationship with their mothers, fathers and friends were all higher than boys', reflecting the higher involvement of girls in their interpersonal relationships. (3) Peer attachment remained stable over time, while parental attachment changed during adolescence, with a decline in quality of these relationships during middle school but an increment during college. (4) The patterns of developmental change hi attachment relationships during adolescence were influenced by gender of the attachment figure and by gender of the adolescent, with quality of attachment to same-sex parent decreasing gradually and linearly whereas quality of attachment to different-sex parent decreasing erratically and nonlinearly. (5) For both genders, quality of maternal attachment was signifi
cantly higher than that of paternal attachment.
2. Adolescent self-esteem: (1) Chinese adolescents showed higher self-liking than self-competence, regardless of their gender and developmental period. (2) Of two dimensions of global self-esteem, self-liking was relatively stable during adolescence while self-competence changed, with high school students showing the lowest level. (3) For global self-esteem, score on Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale showed stability whereas score on Self-liking and Self-competence Scale varied significantly during adolescence, with middle adolescence showing the lowest level of global self-esteem.
3. The influence of specific attachment relationships on self-esteem: Parents and friends
contributed differently to two dimensions of self-esteem during different developmental periods. (1) For early adolescents, attachments to. both parents and friends contributed significantly to self-liking and self-competence, but the way of which was influenced by gender. For boys, fathers exerted the strongest influence on self-liking man mothers and friends did, and friends exerted the strongest influence on self-competence man fathers and mothers did. For girls, mothers exerted the strongest influence on both self-liking and self-competence than fathers and friends did. (2) For middle adolescents, both mothers and fathers showed no significant contribution to adolescents' self-liking and self-competence but friends did. (3) For late adolescents, parents and friends contributed significantly to both self-liking and self-competence, but the way of which was influenced by gender. For boys, mothers exerted the strongest influence on self-liking than fathers and friends did, and fathers exerted the strongest
influence on self-competence than mothers and friends did. For girls, parents exerted a stronger influence on both self-liking and self-competence than friends did.
Taken together, the present research revealed the differential impact of Chinese adolescent specific attachment relationships on their self-esteem, especially on self-liking and self-competence, which, in the perspective of development and
该论文共由三部分组成。第一部分为研究背景。主要对依恋的基本理论、青少年依恋的研究概况、自尊的本质和发展、依恋和自尊关系的及其研究概况等进行了系统地回顾、归纳和整理。
第二部分为调查研究。首先，针对目前研究中存在的问题提出了研究设想和计划。然后，分别以初中生、高中生和大学生为样本对青少年的具体依恋关系、自尊(包括总体自尊和自尊的两个维度)以及依恋和自尊的关系进行了研究分析。最后，从发展的角度对不同样本的数据进行了纵向比较，试图揭示依恋、自尊及其二者关系的发展变化规律。主要的研究结果如下：
1、关于青少年依恋：1)青少年的依恋系统不断地分化并且分化方式有性别差异，女生比男生分化早；2)整个青春期，女生在父亲依恋、母亲依恋和同伴依恋上的得分都比男生高，说明女生比男生更强的卷入到人际关系中；3)青少年的同伴依恋在青春期保持相对稳定，而青少年的父母依恋质量在整个中学阶段下降，在大学阶段又有所回升；4)中学阶段，父母依恋质量下降模式同时受父母性别和青少年性别的共同影响——对同性别父母的依恋呈直线缓慢下降，对异性别父母的依恋呈曲线下降；5)无论性别和发展阶段，青少年的母亲依恋都高于父亲依恋。
2、关于青少年自尊：1)无论性别和发展阶段，中国青少年的自我喜爱水平高于自我能力水平；2)自尊的两个维度中，自我喜爱在整个青春期保持稳定，而自我能力则发生阶段性变化——高中阶段自我能力最低而大学和初中阶段无差异；3)Rosenberg总体自尊在整个青春期保持相对稳定，但若以自尊两个维度之和作为总体自尊指标，总体自尊在整个青春期有变化，高中青少年得分最低。
3、关于具体依恋关系对自尊的影响：1)青春期早期，父母和同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都有显著影响。但是，对男生而言，父亲对自我喜爱的影响最大，而同伴对自我能力的影响最大；对女生而言，母亲对自我喜爱和自我能力的影响都最大；2)青春期中期，父母对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都没有显著影响，只有同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力有显著影响；3)青春期晚期，父母和同伴对青少年的自我喜爱和自我能力都有显著影响。但是，对男生而言，母亲对自我喜爱的影响最大，而父亲对自我能力的影响最大；对女生而言，父母对自我喜爱和自我能力的影响都最大。
论文的第三部分为研究的讨论、总结和反思。本章首先对该研究的主要结果进行了疏理、总结和解释，然后指出了该研究的理论意义和实践意义，最后分析了研究的不足之处并提出了可能的改进方法。
Although ample research has examined the relationship of attachment to global self-esteem (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994), rare research has looked into the influence of specific attachment relationship on two dimensions of self-esteem, i.e. self-liking and self-competence. The main purpose of this research is to explore the relative influence of adolescents' perceptions of their attachment relationships with their mothers, fathers, and friends on two dimensions of self-esteem. Besides, mis research also attempted to investigate the developmental changes of adolescents' perceptions of their specific attachment relationships, and of the global self-esteem and its two dimensions during adolescence. 585 Chinese adolescents were sampled from junior high school, high school and college hi Mainland China, ranging from 11 to 23 years old. The major findings were as follows:
1. Adolescent attachment: (1) Children's attachment to mothers, fathers and friends started to differentiate since adolescence, which began earlier for girls man for boys. (2) From early to late adolescence, girls' perceptions of their attachment relationship with their mothers, fathers and friends were all higher than boys', reflecting the higher involvement of girls in their interpersonal relationships. (3) Peer attachment remained stable over time, while parental attachment changed during adolescence, with a decline in quality of these relationships during middle school but an increment during college. (4) The patterns of developmental change hi attachment relationships during adolescence were influenced by gender of the attachment figure and by gender of the adolescent, with quality of attachment to same-sex parent decreasing gradually and linearly whereas quality of attachment to different-sex parent decreasing erratically and nonlinearly. (5) For both genders, quality of maternal attachment was signifi
cantly higher than that of paternal attachment.
2. Adolescent self-esteem: (1) Chinese adolescents showed higher self-liking than self-competence, regardless of their gender and developmental period. (2) Of two dimensions of global self-esteem, self-liking was relatively stable during adolescence while self-competence changed, with high school students showing the lowest level. (3) For global self-esteem, score on Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale showed stability whereas score on Self-liking and Self-competence Scale varied significantly during adolescence, with middle adolescence showing the lowest level of global self-esteem.
3. The influence of specific attachment relationships on self-esteem: Parents and friends
contributed differently to two dimensions of self-esteem during different developmental periods. (1) For early adolescents, attachments to. both parents and friends contributed significantly to self-liking and self-competence, but the way of which was influenced by gender. For boys, fathers exerted the strongest influence on self-liking man mothers and friends did, and friends exerted the strongest influence on self-competence man fathers and mothers did. For girls, mothers exerted the strongest influence on both self-liking and self-competence than fathers and friends did. (2) For middle adolescents, both mothers and fathers showed no significant contribution to adolescents' self-liking and self-competence but friends did. (3) For late adolescents, parents and friends contributed significantly to both self-liking and self-competence, but the way of which was influenced by gender. For boys, mothers exerted the strongest influence on self-liking than fathers and friends did, and fathers exerted the strongest
influence on self-competence than mothers and friends did. For girls, parents exerted a stronger influence on both self-liking and self-competence than friends did.
Taken together, the present research revealed the differential impact of Chinese adolescent specific attachment relationships on their self-esteem, especially on self-liking and self-competence, which, in the perspective of development and
引文
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