烟草样品中微量金属元素含量测定及模式识别研究
|
摘要
烟草生长过程中需要多种微量元素以维持正常的生命活动,这些微量元素共同影响着烟草质量和产量。但是烟草又容易富集一些有害元素于烟叶内,特别是一些重金属元素会危害人体健康。烟草内微量元素含量与烟草质量关系密不可分,与人体健康关系更是不容忽视。烟草中微量金属元素的测定,可以为烟草培育和吸烟与健康提供烟草中微量金属元素含量的信息。
烟草在生长过程中由于地理环境和田间管理技术不同导致烟叶内微量元素的差异。因此,烟草样品中微量元素含量可以为判别样品的产地、来源和类别提供非常有用的信息。基于微量元素含量信息对烟草进行分类,有助于追溯烟草类别和产地,为烟草的质量控制提供科学的依据。论文的主要内容包括:
1.综述了微量元素含量对烟草质量和人体健康的影响,介绍了目前植物样品中微量元素含量检测的主要的分析技术,对电感耦合等离子体质谱技术做了详细应用介绍。介绍了植物样品分类常用的模式识别技术,主要概述了聚类分析和支持向量机分类的应用。
2.对烟草样品前处理方法进行了改进,以钛(Ti)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、铷(Rb)、锶(Sr)、钇(Y)、锑(Sb)、铊(Tl)8个金属元素测定结果作为考核指标。采用2 mL 50% HNO3和1 mL 47 % H2O2作为消解体系对烟草样品进行微波消解,最终消解液酸度在2%左右,标准溶液采用2% HNO3稀释,添加Ge、Rh内标元素,进行ICP - MS分析。该方法与其他消解处理方法相比,可省去赶酸或稀释的繁琐步骤,延长仪器相关部件使用寿命,减小由于样品溶液与标准溶液酸度差别较大带来的误差,检出限为0.006 - 1.133 ng/mL,相对标准偏差0.90% - 5.66%,回收率93% - 102%。结果表明,本文所提出的微波消解方法适用于烟草中多种微量元素的同时测定。并将此方法应用于测定6个产地的88个烟草样品中44种微量元素含量,得到了88个烟草样品中44种微量元素含量。为烟草栽培、烟草与人体健康提供更全面的微量元素含量信息。由检测结果,看出烟草中微量元素含量与烟草来源有一定的关联性。
3.以微量元素含量信息作为特征值,采用模糊c -均值聚类分析(FCM)进行烟草样品聚类。结果表明,在不含山东样本和稀土元素含量属性的情况下,基于微量元素含量的FCM聚类分析结果与烟草产地有着很好的对应和匹配。河南、四川两地准确度达100%,福建地区准确度88.89%,云南地区准确度80.00%;用包含稀土元素含量在内的全部测定金属元素含量进行FCM聚类分析,总体预报准确率偏低。说明在进行烟草FCM聚类分析时,特征元素的选择对成功分类的重要性。
4.将支持向量机(SVM classification)分类应用于不同产地烟草样本分类预测,以44种微量元素含量信息作为输入特征值,以不同产地来源作为相应的输出。结果表明,在所有烟草样本和微量元素都参与的情况下,SVM分类预测准确度达90%,在考虑了烟草样本和稀土元素含量影响情况下,SVM分类预测准确度达可以提高到92.59%。结果表明SVM分类模型性能优良,预测精度高,具有强大泛化能力。优于FCM,可应用于烟草样品来源的分类和预测。
Tobaccos need kinds of trace elements for its life activities, and they influence the quality and yield of the tobaccos corporately. But tobacco plants very easily take up some toxic elements and concentrate them in leaves, specially some heavy metal elements which are harmful to human health. There is a deep relationship between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and quality of tobaccos, and the relationship between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and human health is also indispensable. Determination of trace metal elements in tobaccos provide the information of trace elements contents for cultivation of tobaccos and smoking and health and a scientific basis for quality control of tobaccos.
The trace elements contents differ in different kinds of tobaccos due to the different geographical origin and the way of cultivation, and therefore the contents of trace elements can be very useful as markers for identification of the product’s geographical origin and authenticity. Classification of tobaccos based on their contents of trace elements is helpful for identification of tobacco classes and geographical origin. The main contents of this dissertation are as followings:
1. The influence of contents of trace elements on tobaccos quality and human health was reviewed. The popular analysis techniques of determation of trace elements in plant were introudced, specially a detailed introduction of the applation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique was gave. Pattern recognition technique as a normal classfication technique for plant samples was introduced and the application of clustering analysis and SVM classification was mainly summarized.
2. The method of tobaccos sample pretreatment was improved. The result of eight elements was used as examination index. There was Ti, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sr, Y, Sb, Tl. 2 mL 50% HNO3 and 1 mL 47% H2O2 were chosen for tobaccos digestion, and the acidity of final digestion solution was confined to about 2%. Standard solutions were diluted with 2% HNO3. The digestion solutions were determined by ICP - MS directly after adding internal standard elements Ge and Rh. Compared with other digestion menthods, this method not only can save the process of drying or dilution and extended the life of relevant components of the instrument, but also the errors of the inconsistency between digestion solutions and standard solutions could be reduced. The detection limits were 0.006 - 1.133 ng/mL. The relative standard deviations were 0.90% - 5.66%. The recovery rates were 93% - 102%. The results showed that this method proposed could be applied to multielement simultaneous determination of tobaccos. The improved method was applied to determine the contents of 44 trace elements in 88 tobaccos from six areas. The contents of 44 trace elements in 88 tobaccos sample were got, and the results can provide more comprehensive informations of trace elements for cultivation of tobaccos and smoking and health. From the results, we found there had certain relevance between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and the geographical origin.
3. Fuzzy c - means (FCM) was used for classification of the different kinds of tobaccos based on the contents of trace elements. The results show that there was a good correspondence between the results of FCM clustering analysis and the geographical origin of the tobaccos, when the samples from Shandong Provice and the contents of the rare earth elements were removed. The accuracy of Henan and Sichuan area reached 100%. The accuracy of Fujian and Yunnan area were 88.89% and 80.00% respectively. But the accuracy was low when all the testing results including rare earth elements were employed for FCM clustering analysis. It indicated that selection of characteristic elements was important for successful classification when FCM clustering analysis was used for tobaccos classification.
4. Support vector machine (SVM) classification was introduced for classification and prediction of the tobaccos sample from different origin. The contents of 44 trace elements were input features and the corresponding output were the diffrerent origin of the tobaccos. The results showed that the accuracy of the prediction reached 90%, when all the tobaccos sample and trace elements were involved. The accuracy of the prediction could be improved to 92.59%, when the influence of uniformity of the samples and the contents of the rare earth elements were considered. The results demonstrated that the SVM classifier has an excellent performance, high accuracy of the prediction, and powerful generalization capability. SVM classification was superior to FCM analysis, and it could be applied to classification and prediction of tobaccos.
烟草在生长过程中由于地理环境和田间管理技术不同导致烟叶内微量元素的差异。因此,烟草样品中微量元素含量可以为判别样品的产地、来源和类别提供非常有用的信息。基于微量元素含量信息对烟草进行分类,有助于追溯烟草类别和产地,为烟草的质量控制提供科学的依据。论文的主要内容包括:
1.综述了微量元素含量对烟草质量和人体健康的影响,介绍了目前植物样品中微量元素含量检测的主要的分析技术,对电感耦合等离子体质谱技术做了详细应用介绍。介绍了植物样品分类常用的模式识别技术,主要概述了聚类分析和支持向量机分类的应用。
2.对烟草样品前处理方法进行了改进,以钛(Ti)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、铷(Rb)、锶(Sr)、钇(Y)、锑(Sb)、铊(Tl)8个金属元素测定结果作为考核指标。采用2 mL 50% HNO3和1 mL 47 % H2O2作为消解体系对烟草样品进行微波消解,最终消解液酸度在2%左右,标准溶液采用2% HNO3稀释,添加Ge、Rh内标元素,进行ICP - MS分析。该方法与其他消解处理方法相比,可省去赶酸或稀释的繁琐步骤,延长仪器相关部件使用寿命,减小由于样品溶液与标准溶液酸度差别较大带来的误差,检出限为0.006 - 1.133 ng/mL,相对标准偏差0.90% - 5.66%,回收率93% - 102%。结果表明,本文所提出的微波消解方法适用于烟草中多种微量元素的同时测定。并将此方法应用于测定6个产地的88个烟草样品中44种微量元素含量,得到了88个烟草样品中44种微量元素含量。为烟草栽培、烟草与人体健康提供更全面的微量元素含量信息。由检测结果,看出烟草中微量元素含量与烟草来源有一定的关联性。
3.以微量元素含量信息作为特征值,采用模糊c -均值聚类分析(FCM)进行烟草样品聚类。结果表明,在不含山东样本和稀土元素含量属性的情况下,基于微量元素含量的FCM聚类分析结果与烟草产地有着很好的对应和匹配。河南、四川两地准确度达100%,福建地区准确度88.89%,云南地区准确度80.00%;用包含稀土元素含量在内的全部测定金属元素含量进行FCM聚类分析,总体预报准确率偏低。说明在进行烟草FCM聚类分析时,特征元素的选择对成功分类的重要性。
4.将支持向量机(SVM classification)分类应用于不同产地烟草样本分类预测,以44种微量元素含量信息作为输入特征值,以不同产地来源作为相应的输出。结果表明,在所有烟草样本和微量元素都参与的情况下,SVM分类预测准确度达90%,在考虑了烟草样本和稀土元素含量影响情况下,SVM分类预测准确度达可以提高到92.59%。结果表明SVM分类模型性能优良,预测精度高,具有强大泛化能力。优于FCM,可应用于烟草样品来源的分类和预测。
Tobaccos need kinds of trace elements for its life activities, and they influence the quality and yield of the tobaccos corporately. But tobacco plants very easily take up some toxic elements and concentrate them in leaves, specially some heavy metal elements which are harmful to human health. There is a deep relationship between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and quality of tobaccos, and the relationship between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and human health is also indispensable. Determination of trace metal elements in tobaccos provide the information of trace elements contents for cultivation of tobaccos and smoking and health and a scientific basis for quality control of tobaccos.
The trace elements contents differ in different kinds of tobaccos due to the different geographical origin and the way of cultivation, and therefore the contents of trace elements can be very useful as markers for identification of the product’s geographical origin and authenticity. Classification of tobaccos based on their contents of trace elements is helpful for identification of tobacco classes and geographical origin. The main contents of this dissertation are as followings:
1. The influence of contents of trace elements on tobaccos quality and human health was reviewed. The popular analysis techniques of determation of trace elements in plant were introudced, specially a detailed introduction of the applation of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique was gave. Pattern recognition technique as a normal classfication technique for plant samples was introduced and the application of clustering analysis and SVM classification was mainly summarized.
2. The method of tobaccos sample pretreatment was improved. The result of eight elements was used as examination index. There was Ti, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sr, Y, Sb, Tl. 2 mL 50% HNO3 and 1 mL 47% H2O2 were chosen for tobaccos digestion, and the acidity of final digestion solution was confined to about 2%. Standard solutions were diluted with 2% HNO3. The digestion solutions were determined by ICP - MS directly after adding internal standard elements Ge and Rh. Compared with other digestion menthods, this method not only can save the process of drying or dilution and extended the life of relevant components of the instrument, but also the errors of the inconsistency between digestion solutions and standard solutions could be reduced. The detection limits were 0.006 - 1.133 ng/mL. The relative standard deviations were 0.90% - 5.66%. The recovery rates were 93% - 102%. The results showed that this method proposed could be applied to multielement simultaneous determination of tobaccos. The improved method was applied to determine the contents of 44 trace elements in 88 tobaccos from six areas. The contents of 44 trace elements in 88 tobaccos sample were got, and the results can provide more comprehensive informations of trace elements for cultivation of tobaccos and smoking and health. From the results, we found there had certain relevance between the contents of trace elements in tobaccos and the geographical origin.
3. Fuzzy c - means (FCM) was used for classification of the different kinds of tobaccos based on the contents of trace elements. The results show that there was a good correspondence between the results of FCM clustering analysis and the geographical origin of the tobaccos, when the samples from Shandong Provice and the contents of the rare earth elements were removed. The accuracy of Henan and Sichuan area reached 100%. The accuracy of Fujian and Yunnan area were 88.89% and 80.00% respectively. But the accuracy was low when all the testing results including rare earth elements were employed for FCM clustering analysis. It indicated that selection of characteristic elements was important for successful classification when FCM clustering analysis was used for tobaccos classification.
4. Support vector machine (SVM) classification was introduced for classification and prediction of the tobaccos sample from different origin. The contents of 44 trace elements were input features and the corresponding output were the diffrerent origin of the tobaccos. The results showed that the accuracy of the prediction reached 90%, when all the tobaccos sample and trace elements were involved. The accuracy of the prediction could be improved to 92.59%, when the influence of uniformity of the samples and the contents of the rare earth elements were considered. The results demonstrated that the SVM classifier has an excellent performance, high accuracy of the prediction, and powerful generalization capability. SVM classification was superior to FCM analysis, and it could be applied to classification and prediction of tobaccos.
引文
[1]蒋慕东,王思明.烟草在中国的传播及其影响[J].中国农史, 2006, 25(2): 30 - 41.
[2]张会娟,胡志超,谢焕雄,等.我国烟草的生产概况与发展对策[J].安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(32): 14161 - 14163.
[3] Tyler, Germund. Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems - A review[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 267(1 - 2): 191 - 206.
[4]任晓晓,周青.稀土元素对植物矿质代谢的影响与机理[J].土壤通报, 2009, 40(2): 451 - 455.
[5]周初跃,徐晓燕,江晓红,等.喷施Mg、B、Mo、Ca对烤烟烟碱、多酚类等成分的影响[J].烟草科技, 2007, (7): 27 - 29.
[6] T C Tso, T P Sorokin, M E Engelhaupt. Effects of some rare elements on nicotine content of the tobacco plant[J]. Plant Physiol, 1973, 51(4): 805 - 806.
[7] S J Stohs, D Bagchi, M Bagchi. Toxic of trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke[J]. Inhalation Toxicology, 1997, 9(9): 867 - 890.
[8] David Bernhard, Andrea Rossmann, Georg Wick. Metals in cigarette smoke[J]. IUBMB Life, 2010, 57(12): 805 - 809.
[9] PG Bush, TM Mayhew, DR Abramovich, et al. A quantitative study on the effects of maternal smoking on placental morphology and cadmium concentration[J]. Placenta, 2000, 21(2): 247 - 256.
[10]张艳玲,周汉平.烟草重金属研究概述[J].烟草科技, 2004, (12): 20 - 23.
[11] S J Stohs, D Bagchi, M Bagchi. Toxicity of trace elements in tobacco smoke [J]. Inhalation Toxicology, 1997, 9(9): 867 - 890.
[12] J Fowles, E Dybing. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke[J]. Tobacco Control, 2003, 12(4): 424 - 430.
[13] C D Tsadilas. Soil pH influence on cadmium uptake by tobacco in high cadmium exposure[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2000, 23(8): 1167 - 1178.
[14] Mohammad Balal Arain, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Mohammad Khan Jamali, et al. Hazardous impact of toxic metals on tobacco leaves grown in contaminated soil by ultrasonic assisted pseudo-digestion multivariate study[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 155(1-2):216 - 224.
[15] Stephen S Hecht. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco induced cancer[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2003, 3(10): 733 - 744.
[16] Malgorzata Galazyn-Sidorczuk, Malgorzata M Brzoskarr, Janina Moniuszko-Jakoniuk. Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead and exposure to these metals via smoking[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, 137(1 - 3): 481 - 493.
[17] Tasneem Gul Kazi, Nusrat Jalbani, Naveed Kazi, et al. Estimation of toxic metals in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney patients[J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 2009, 127(1): 16 - 27.
[18] A Sukumar, R Subramanian. Relative element levels in the paired samples of scalp hair and fingernails of patients from New Delhi[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 372(26): 474 - 479.
[19] P Galan, FE Viteri, S Bertrais, et al. Serum concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium are influenced by sex, age, diet, smoking status, alcohol consumption and corpulence in a general French adult population[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 59(10): 1181 - 1190.
[20] AR Kiziler, B Aydemir, I Onaran, et al. High levels of cadmium and lead in seminal fluid and blood of smoking men are associated with high oxidative stress and damage in infertile subjects[J]. Biological trace element research, 2007, 120(1-3): 82 - 91.
[21] TA Kumosani, MF Elshal, AA Al-Jonaid, et al. The influence of smoking on semen quality, seminal microelements and Ca2+-ATPase activity among infertile and fertile men[J]. Clinical Biochemistry, 2008, 41(14-15): 1199 - 1203.
[22]张霖琳,吴国平,李继华,等.女性肺癌与非癌症人群血浆中30种元素的比较分析[J].卫生研究, 2009, 38(1): 28 - 31.
[23] HI Afridi, TG Kazi, NG Kazi, et al. Evaluation of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc status in biological samples of smokers and nonsmokers hypertensive patients[J]. Journal of Human Hypertension, 2010, 24: 34 - 43.
[24] T G Kazi, N Jalbani, M B Arain. Toxic metals distribution in different components of Pakistani and imported cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(1): 302 - 307.
[25]林雪飞,杨思娅,孙成科,等.烟叶中Cu、Fe、Mn的FAAS连续测定分析方法[J].光谱实验室, 2004, 21(1): 186 - 188.
[26]冯雷,张承聪,扬艳,等.流动注射-冷蒸汽发生AAS法测定烟草样品中的痕量汞[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 24(6): 454 - 456.
[27]彭晓俊,黄刚,庞晋山.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定陈皮中砷和汞[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2009, 45(2): 173 - 177.
[28] Julia Barciela Garcia1, Michael Krachler, Bin Chen, et al. Improved determination of selenium in plant and peat samples using hydride generation-atomic ?uorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS)[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2005, 534(2): 255–261.
[29]姚剑亭,杨伟球,吴凯健. AFS法快速测定茶叶中Hg、As和Se的方法研究[J].安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(24): 10528 - 10529.
[30]何晋浙,蒉霄云,杨开,等. ICP-AES法分析灵芝中的微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(15): 1409 - 1412.
[31] IJ Cindric, M Zeiner, I Steffan. Trace elemental characterization of edible oils by ICP-AES and GFAAS[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2007, 85(1): 136 - 139.
[32] Erol Pehlivana, Gulsin Arslanb, Fethiye Gode. Determination of some inorganic metals in edible vegetable oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [J]. Grasas y Aceites, 2008, 59(3): 239-244.
[33] Nan Zhang, Chaozhang Huang, Bin Hu. ICP-AES determination of trace rare earth elements in environmental and food samples by on-line separation and preconcentration with acetylacetone-modified silica gel using microcolumn[J]. Analytical Sciences, 2007, 23(8), 997 - 1002.
[34] K Tanoi, H Matsue, H Iikura. Element profiles of onion producing districts in Japan, as determined using INAA and PGA[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2008, 278(2): 375 - 379.
[35] T Martinez, F Aguilar, J Lartigue, et al. Analysis of Mexican cigarettes by INAA[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2008, 278(2): 365 - 370.
[36] Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense. Trace elements determination in edible seaweeds by an optimized and validated ICP-MS method[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2009, 22(4): 330 - 336.
[37] T G Kazi, N Jalbani, M B Arain. Toxic metals distribution in different components ofPakistani and imported cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(1): 302 - 307.
[38] R Dominguez-Gonzalez, A Moreda-Pineiro, A Bermejo-Barrera, et al. Application of ultrasound-assisted acid leaching procedures for major and trace elements determination in edible seaweed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J]. Talanta, 2005, 66(4): 937 - 942.
[39] Kathryn L Linge. Trace element determination by ICP-AES and ICP-MS developments and applications reported during 2006 and 2007[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2009, 32(4): 453 - 468.
[40] Kathryn L Linge, Kym E Jarvis. Quadrupole ICP-MS introduction to instrumentation, measurement techniques and analytical capabilities[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2009, 33(4): 445 - 467.
[41]刘虎生,邵宏翔.电感耦合等离子体质谱技术与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005: 1 - 6.
[42] Adrian A Ammann. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): a versatile tool[J]. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2007, 42(4): 419 - 427.
[43]叶松芳,吴辛友,姚建明. ICP-MS分析进展及其在稀有难熔金属分析方面的应用[J].稀有金属, 2000, 24(1): 57 - 61.
[44] Gonzalez-toledo Encarna, Compano Ramon, granados Merce. Detection techniques in speciation analysis of organotin compounds by liquid chromatography[J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 22(1): 26 - 33.
[45] Owen T Butler, W R L Cairns, Jennifer M Cook, et al. Atomic spectrometry update . environmental analysis[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2010, 25: 103 - 141.
[46] Giuseppe De Palma, Paola Manini, Michela Sarnico, et al. Biological monitoring of tungsten (and cobalt) in workers of a hard metal alloy industry[J]. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2010, 83(2): 173 - 181.
[47]郭璇华,高瑞英,黄瑞毅,等.大气颗粒物中无机元素特性的研究[J].环境科学与技术, 2006, 29(6): 49 - 51.
[48] Hanka Gramowska, Izabela Krzyzaniak, Danuta Baralkiewicz, Environmental applications of ICP-MS for simultaneous determination of trace elements and statisticaldata analysis[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 160(1-4): 479 - 490.
[49] Izabela Komorowicz, Hanka Gramowska, Danuta Baralkiewicz. Estimation of the lake water pollution by determination of 18 elements using ICP-MS method and their statistical analysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2010, 45(3): 348 - 354.
[50] L Barregard, E Fabricius-Lagging, T Lundh, et al. Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of living kidney donors: Impact of different exposure sources[J]. Environmental Research, 2010, 110(1): 47 - 54.
[51]王国庆,魏丽芳,董春红,等.不同品质怀地黄中金属元素含量的ICP-MS测定及其比较[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(12): 3392 - 3394.
[52] D Esteban-Fernandez, MM. Gomez-Gomez. Speciation analysis of platinum antitumoral drugs in impacted tissues[J]. Talanta, 2007, 72(2): 768 - 773.
[53]王玉萍,庞艳华,李军.微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定调味品中砷的含量[J].食品科学, 2008, 29(1): 231 - 233.
[54] EP Nardi, FS, Evangelista, L Tormen, et al. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP - MS) for the determination of toxic and essential elements in different types of food samples[J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112(3): 727 - 732.
[55]李力.烟草中微量元素和重金属的测定研究[D].郑州:郑州大学, 2006.
[56] P Masson a, T Dalix a, S Bussiegravere. Determination of major and trace elements in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2010, 41(3): 231 - 243.
[57] Susan E Lorge, RS Houk. Controlled dissolution of silicon dioxide layers for depth resolved multielement analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2009, 64(11-12): 1235 - 1239.
[58]成勇.微波消解样品-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定高纯金属硅中痕量硼[J].理化检验(化学分册), 2009, 45(1): 82 - 84.
[59]胡圣虹,陈爱芳,林守麟,等.高山地质样品中40个微量、痕量、超痕量元素的ICP-MS分析研究[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 2000, 25(2): 186 - 190.
[60]胡斌,江祖成.色谱-原子光谱/质谱联用技术及形态分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005: 2 - 13.
[61] LF Chang, SJ Jiang, AC Sahayam. Speciation analysis of mercury and lead in fish samples using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography, 2007, 1176(1-2): 143 - 148.
[62] J Szpunar, Shona M Sheehy, K Polec. Gas and liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection for environmental speciation analysis-advanced and limitations[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2000, 55(7): 779 - 793.
[63] Ruth E Wolfa, Chris Thomas, Allan Bohlke. Analytical determination of metals in industrial polymers by laser ablation ICP-MS[J]. Applied Surface Science, 1998, 127-129(1-2): 299 - 303.
[64] Andreas Matusch, Candan Depboylu, Christoph Palm, et al. Cerebral bioimaging of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the MPTP mouse model of parkinson's disease using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)[J]. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2010, 21(1): 161 - 171.
[65] MTuzen S Silici, D Mendil, et al. Trace element levels in honeys from different regions of Turkey[J]. Food Chemistry, 2007, 103(2): 325 - 330.
[66] J Devillers, JC Dore, M Marenco, et al. Chemometrical analysis of 18 metallic and nonmetallic elements found in honeys sold in France[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50(21): 5998 - 6007.
[67] PL Fernandez, MJ Martin, F Pablos et al. Differentiation of tea (Camellia sinensis) varieties and their geographical origin according to their metal content[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001, 49(10): 4775 - 4779.
[68] A Moreda-Pineiro, A Fisher, SJ Hill. The classification of tea according to region of origin using pattern recognition techniques and trace metal data[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2003, 16(2): 195 - 211.
[69]边肇祺.《模式识别》[M].第二版,北京:清华大学出版社, 2000: 1 - 8.
[70] Luis A Berrueta, Rosa M Alonso-Salces, Karoly Heberger. Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A. 2007, 1158(1-2): 196 - 214.
[71] Barry K Lavine. Pattern recognition[J]. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2006, 36(3-4): 153 - 161.
[72]杨雪.支持向量机多类分类方法的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2006.
[73] Debasmita Misraa, Thomas Oommenb, Avinash Agarwal. Application and analysis of support vector machine based simulation for runoff and sediment yield [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2009, 103: 527 - 535.
[74] A I Belousov, S A Verzakov, J V Frese. A flexible classification approach with optimal generalisation performance: support vector machines[J]. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2002, 64(1): 15 - 25.
[75]梁逸曾,俞汝勤.化学计量学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2003: 191 - 206.
[76]陈燕清,倪永年.模式识别在食品质量控制方面的应用进展[J].化学研究与应用, 2009, 21(1): 1 - 7.
[78]李彦周,闵顺耕,刘霞.近红外化学模式识别方法及应用研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2007, 27(7): 1299 - 1303.
[79] Azriel Rosenfeld, Harry Wechsler. Pattern recognition: historical perspective and future directions[J]. International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, 2000, 11(2): 101 - 106.
[80] M J BAXTER. A review of supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition in archaeometry[J]. Archaeometry, 2006, 48(4): 671 - 694.
[81] Elisangela F Boffo, Leila A Tavares, Marcia MC Ferreira, et al. Classification of Brazilian vinegars according to their 1H NMR spectra by pattern recognition analysis[J]. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2009, 42(9): 1455 - 1460.
[82] Rajapakse J. Computational techniques and pattern recognition: pattern discovery in bioinformatics[J]. IEEE Xplore - Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 2009, 28(4): 16 - 18.
[83] Luciano Nieddu, Giacomo Patrizi. Formal methods in pattern recognition: A review[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, 120(3): 459 - 495.
[84] Guoxi Xie, Songlin Feng, Xiangqian Feng, et al. The dating of ancient chinese celadon by inaa and pattern recognition methods[J]. Archaeometry, 2009, 51(4): 682 - 699.
[85] Hernandez OM, Fraga JMG, Jimenez AI, et al. Characterization of honey from the Canary Islands: determination of the mineral content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry[J]. Food Chemistry, 2005, 93(3): 449 - 458.
[86]康海宁,杨妙峰,陈波,等.利用矿质元素的测定数据判别茶叶的产地和品种[J].岩矿测试, 2006, 25(1): 22 - 26.
[87] Chudzinska M, Baralkiewicz D Estimation of honey authenticity by multielements characteristics using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) combined with chemometrics[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010, 48(1): 284 - 290.
[88] I Stanimirova, B Ustun, T Cajka, et al. Tracing the geographical origin of honeys based on volatile compounds profiles assessment using pattern recognition techniques[J]. Food Chemistry, 2010, 118(1): 171 - 176.
[89] Anass Terrab, Dolores Hernanz, Francisco J Heredia. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004, 52(11): 3441 - 3445.
[90] J M Jurado, A Alcazar, F Pablos, et al. Classification of aniseed drinks by means of cluster, linear discriminant analysis and soft independent modelling of class analogy based on their Zn, B, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and Si content[J]. Talanta, 2005, 66(5): 1350 - 1354.
[91] L Giordani, E Rizzio, A Brandone. Neutron activation analysis in forensic investigations: trace elements characterization of cigarettes[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2005, 263(3): 739 - 744.
[92] Kamal Swami, Christopher D J, John Orsini. Trace metals analysis of legal and counterfeit cigarette tobacco samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry[J]. Spectroscopy Letters, 2009, 42(8): 479 - 490.
[93] Carla C Crispino, Kelly G Fernandes, Marcos Y Kamogawa. Multivariate classification of cigarettes according to their elemental content determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry[J]. Analytical Sciences, 2007, 23(4): 435 - 438.
[94]孙雨安,王国庆,程定玺,等.常见金属离子含量的测定及烟草聚类分析研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2004, 24(8): 1009– 1012.
[95]王文清,彭静,万进,等.不同产地大青叶质量的化学模式识别研究[J].中草药, 2007, 38(6): 921 - 925.
[96]陈玲,王有为,何敬胜,等.厚朴药材质量的化学模式识别研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008, 33(2): 189 - 191.
[97] D Zhong, J Novais, T E Grift, et al. Maize root complexity analysis using a support vector machine method[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2009, 69(1): 46 - 50.
[98] Ryszard Czerminski, Abdelaziz Yasri, David Hartsough. Use of support vector machine in pattern classification: application to QSAR studies[J]. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships, 2001, 20(3): 227 - 240.
[99] M Muthu Rama Krishnan, Shuvo Banerjee, Chinmay Chakraborty, et al. Statistical analysis of mammographic features and its classification using support vector machine[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2010, 37(1): 470 - 478.
[100] Evgeny Byvatov, Uli Fechner, Jens Sadowski, et al. Comparison of support vector machine and artificial neural network systems for drug/nondrug classification[J]. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 2003, 43(6): 1882 - 1889.
[101]李磊,黄水平.支持向量机原理及其在医学分类中的应用[J].中国卫生统计, 2009, 26(1): 22 - 25.
[102] Lei Guo, Jin Chen, Xinglin Li. Rolling bearing fault classification based on envelope spectrum and support vector machine[J]. Journal of Vibration and Control, 2009, 15(9): 1349– 1363.
[103]何毓敏,曾勇,张艺,等.微波消解-ICP-MS法快速分析藏药“佐塔”中的金属元素[J].药物分析杂志, 2008, 28(10): 1665 - 1669.
[104]许萍,牟仁祥,曹赵云,等.密闭式微波消解方法综述[J].光谱实验室, 2009, 26(1): 57 - 59.
[105]孙玉岭,刘景振.微波溶样在元素检测方法的应用研究[J].中国公共卫生, 2002, 18(2): 231 - 232.
[106]李文龙,荆淼,陈军辉,等.微波消解ICP-MS测定40种中药材中的5种有毒元素[J].分析实验室, 2008, 27(2): 6 - 9.
[107]曹淑琴,陈杭亭,曾宪津.电感耦合等离子体光谱和质谱法分析贻贝标准物质[J].分析化学, 1995, 27(5): 504 - 508.
[108]梅林,宋世远,苏建华.微波消解技术在烟草提取中的应用[J].激光杂志, 2008, 29(2): 72 -73.
[109]黄旭,徐子刚.微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定烟草中的重金属元素[J].浙江大学学报(理学版), 2007, 34(6): 658 - 660.
[110]索卫国,胡清源,陈再根,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定成品烟烟丝中7种微量元素[J].分析试验室, 2008, 27(6): 81 - 84.
[111]孙卫民,薛大方,李红,等. ICP-MS分析14种中药铀、钍、铊含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(1): 256 - 258.
[112] M Niemela, P Peramaki, J Piispanen, et al. Determination of platinum and rhodium in dust and plant samples using microwave-assisted sample digestion and ICP-MS[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004, 52(2): 137 - 142.
[113] EP Nardi, FS Evangelista, L Tormen, et al. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of toxic and essential elements in different types of food samples[J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112(3): 727 - 732.
[114] GCL Araujo, MH Gonzalez, AG Ferreira, et al. Effect of acid concentration on closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion of plant materials[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2002, 57(12): 2121 - 2132.
[115] SS de Souza, D Santos, FJ Krug, et al. Exploiting in situ hydride trapping in tungsten coil atomizer for Se and As determination in biological and water samples[J]. Talanta, 2007, 73(3): 451 - 457.
[116] JT Creed, CA Brockhoff, TD Martin. USA EPA Method 200.8, Revision 5.4, 1994.
[117] Gao, XB, Xie, WX. Advances in theory and applications of fuzzy clustering[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(11): 961 - 970.
[118] Li X, Lu X, Tian J. Application of fuzzy c-means clustering in data analysis of metabolomics[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009, 81(11): 4468 - 4475.
[119] DN Georgiou, TE Karakasidis, JJ Nieto, et al. Use of fuzzy clustering technique and matrices to classify amino acids and its impact to Chou's pseudo amino acid composition[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2009, 257(1): 17 - 26.
[120]李玉群,杨泽敏,周竹青.模糊聚类在稻米品质综合评价上的应用[J].安徽农业科学, 2004, 32(3): 414 - 416.
[121]张玉芳,罗俊玮,熊忠阳.基于模糊C均值算法的类合并聚类算法研究[J].计算机工程与应用, 2009, 45(24): 122 - 124.
[122] Weichen Chen, Mingshi Wang. A fuzzy c-means clustering-based fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, 36(2):1300 - 1307.
[123] Mahamed GH Omran, Andries P Engelbrecht, Ayed Salman. An overview of clustering methods[J]. Intelligent Data Analysis, 2007, 11(6): 583 - 605.
[124] Gerald Schaefer, Huiyu Zhou. Fuzzy clustering for colour reduction in images[J]. Telecommunication Systems, 2009, 40(1-2): 17 - 25.
[125] Rui Xu, Wunsch, D, II. Survey of clustering algorithms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 2005, 16(3): 645 - 678.
[126]宋晓峰,陈德钊,胡上序,等.支持向量机泛化能力估计若干方法[J].计算机科学, 2004, 31(8): 125 - 126.
[127]张学工.关于统计学理论与支持向量机[J].自动化学报, 2000, 26(1): 32 - 42.
[128] Anna Wang, Wenjing Yuan, Junfang Liu, et al. A novel pattern recognition algorithm: combining ART network with SVM to reconstruct a multi-class classifier[J]. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2009, 57(11-12): 1908 - 1914.
[129]师旭超,郭志涛.膨胀土等级判别的遗传支持向量机多分类方法[J].土木建筑与环境工程, 2009, 31(4): 44 - 48.
[130]杜树新,吴铁军.模式识别中的支持向量机方法[J].浙江大学学报(工学版), 2003, 37(5): 521 - 527.
[131] Chih-Chung Chang, Chih-Jen Lin, LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines, 2001. Software available at http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm.
[2]张会娟,胡志超,谢焕雄,等.我国烟草的生产概况与发展对策[J].安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(32): 14161 - 14163.
[3] Tyler, Germund. Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems - A review[J]. Plant and Soil, 2005, 267(1 - 2): 191 - 206.
[4]任晓晓,周青.稀土元素对植物矿质代谢的影响与机理[J].土壤通报, 2009, 40(2): 451 - 455.
[5]周初跃,徐晓燕,江晓红,等.喷施Mg、B、Mo、Ca对烤烟烟碱、多酚类等成分的影响[J].烟草科技, 2007, (7): 27 - 29.
[6] T C Tso, T P Sorokin, M E Engelhaupt. Effects of some rare elements on nicotine content of the tobacco plant[J]. Plant Physiol, 1973, 51(4): 805 - 806.
[7] S J Stohs, D Bagchi, M Bagchi. Toxic of trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke[J]. Inhalation Toxicology, 1997, 9(9): 867 - 890.
[8] David Bernhard, Andrea Rossmann, Georg Wick. Metals in cigarette smoke[J]. IUBMB Life, 2010, 57(12): 805 - 809.
[9] PG Bush, TM Mayhew, DR Abramovich, et al. A quantitative study on the effects of maternal smoking on placental morphology and cadmium concentration[J]. Placenta, 2000, 21(2): 247 - 256.
[10]张艳玲,周汉平.烟草重金属研究概述[J].烟草科技, 2004, (12): 20 - 23.
[11] S J Stohs, D Bagchi, M Bagchi. Toxicity of trace elements in tobacco smoke [J]. Inhalation Toxicology, 1997, 9(9): 867 - 890.
[12] J Fowles, E Dybing. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke[J]. Tobacco Control, 2003, 12(4): 424 - 430.
[13] C D Tsadilas. Soil pH influence on cadmium uptake by tobacco in high cadmium exposure[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2000, 23(8): 1167 - 1178.
[14] Mohammad Balal Arain, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Mohammad Khan Jamali, et al. Hazardous impact of toxic metals on tobacco leaves grown in contaminated soil by ultrasonic assisted pseudo-digestion multivariate study[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 155(1-2):216 - 224.
[15] Stephen S Hecht. Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco induced cancer[J]. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2003, 3(10): 733 - 744.
[16] Malgorzata Galazyn-Sidorczuk, Malgorzata M Brzoskarr, Janina Moniuszko-Jakoniuk. Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead and exposure to these metals via smoking[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, 137(1 - 3): 481 - 493.
[17] Tasneem Gul Kazi, Nusrat Jalbani, Naveed Kazi, et al. Estimation of toxic metals in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney patients[J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 2009, 127(1): 16 - 27.
[18] A Sukumar, R Subramanian. Relative element levels in the paired samples of scalp hair and fingernails of patients from New Delhi[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 372(26): 474 - 479.
[19] P Galan, FE Viteri, S Bertrais, et al. Serum concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium are influenced by sex, age, diet, smoking status, alcohol consumption and corpulence in a general French adult population[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 59(10): 1181 - 1190.
[20] AR Kiziler, B Aydemir, I Onaran, et al. High levels of cadmium and lead in seminal fluid and blood of smoking men are associated with high oxidative stress and damage in infertile subjects[J]. Biological trace element research, 2007, 120(1-3): 82 - 91.
[21] TA Kumosani, MF Elshal, AA Al-Jonaid, et al. The influence of smoking on semen quality, seminal microelements and Ca2+-ATPase activity among infertile and fertile men[J]. Clinical Biochemistry, 2008, 41(14-15): 1199 - 1203.
[22]张霖琳,吴国平,李继华,等.女性肺癌与非癌症人群血浆中30种元素的比较分析[J].卫生研究, 2009, 38(1): 28 - 31.
[23] HI Afridi, TG Kazi, NG Kazi, et al. Evaluation of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc status in biological samples of smokers and nonsmokers hypertensive patients[J]. Journal of Human Hypertension, 2010, 24: 34 - 43.
[24] T G Kazi, N Jalbani, M B Arain. Toxic metals distribution in different components of Pakistani and imported cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(1): 302 - 307.
[25]林雪飞,杨思娅,孙成科,等.烟叶中Cu、Fe、Mn的FAAS连续测定分析方法[J].光谱实验室, 2004, 21(1): 186 - 188.
[26]冯雷,张承聪,扬艳,等.流动注射-冷蒸汽发生AAS法测定烟草样品中的痕量汞[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 24(6): 454 - 456.
[27]彭晓俊,黄刚,庞晋山.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定陈皮中砷和汞[J].理化检验-化学分册, 2009, 45(2): 173 - 177.
[28] Julia Barciela Garcia1, Michael Krachler, Bin Chen, et al. Improved determination of selenium in plant and peat samples using hydride generation-atomic ?uorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS)[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2005, 534(2): 255–261.
[29]姚剑亭,杨伟球,吴凯健. AFS法快速测定茶叶中Hg、As和Se的方法研究[J].安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(24): 10528 - 10529.
[30]何晋浙,蒉霄云,杨开,等. ICP-AES法分析灵芝中的微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(15): 1409 - 1412.
[31] IJ Cindric, M Zeiner, I Steffan. Trace elemental characterization of edible oils by ICP-AES and GFAAS[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2007, 85(1): 136 - 139.
[32] Erol Pehlivana, Gulsin Arslanb, Fethiye Gode. Determination of some inorganic metals in edible vegetable oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [J]. Grasas y Aceites, 2008, 59(3): 239-244.
[33] Nan Zhang, Chaozhang Huang, Bin Hu. ICP-AES determination of trace rare earth elements in environmental and food samples by on-line separation and preconcentration with acetylacetone-modified silica gel using microcolumn[J]. Analytical Sciences, 2007, 23(8), 997 - 1002.
[34] K Tanoi, H Matsue, H Iikura. Element profiles of onion producing districts in Japan, as determined using INAA and PGA[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2008, 278(2): 375 - 379.
[35] T Martinez, F Aguilar, J Lartigue, et al. Analysis of Mexican cigarettes by INAA[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2008, 278(2): 365 - 370.
[36] Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense. Trace elements determination in edible seaweeds by an optimized and validated ICP-MS method[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2009, 22(4): 330 - 336.
[37] T G Kazi, N Jalbani, M B Arain. Toxic metals distribution in different components ofPakistani and imported cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(1): 302 - 307.
[38] R Dominguez-Gonzalez, A Moreda-Pineiro, A Bermejo-Barrera, et al. Application of ultrasound-assisted acid leaching procedures for major and trace elements determination in edible seaweed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry[J]. Talanta, 2005, 66(4): 937 - 942.
[39] Kathryn L Linge. Trace element determination by ICP-AES and ICP-MS developments and applications reported during 2006 and 2007[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2009, 32(4): 453 - 468.
[40] Kathryn L Linge, Kym E Jarvis. Quadrupole ICP-MS introduction to instrumentation, measurement techniques and analytical capabilities[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2009, 33(4): 445 - 467.
[41]刘虎生,邵宏翔.电感耦合等离子体质谱技术与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005: 1 - 6.
[42] Adrian A Ammann. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): a versatile tool[J]. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2007, 42(4): 419 - 427.
[43]叶松芳,吴辛友,姚建明. ICP-MS分析进展及其在稀有难熔金属分析方面的应用[J].稀有金属, 2000, 24(1): 57 - 61.
[44] Gonzalez-toledo Encarna, Compano Ramon, granados Merce. Detection techniques in speciation analysis of organotin compounds by liquid chromatography[J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 22(1): 26 - 33.
[45] Owen T Butler, W R L Cairns, Jennifer M Cook, et al. Atomic spectrometry update . environmental analysis[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2010, 25: 103 - 141.
[46] Giuseppe De Palma, Paola Manini, Michela Sarnico, et al. Biological monitoring of tungsten (and cobalt) in workers of a hard metal alloy industry[J]. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2010, 83(2): 173 - 181.
[47]郭璇华,高瑞英,黄瑞毅,等.大气颗粒物中无机元素特性的研究[J].环境科学与技术, 2006, 29(6): 49 - 51.
[48] Hanka Gramowska, Izabela Krzyzaniak, Danuta Baralkiewicz, Environmental applications of ICP-MS for simultaneous determination of trace elements and statisticaldata analysis[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 160(1-4): 479 - 490.
[49] Izabela Komorowicz, Hanka Gramowska, Danuta Baralkiewicz. Estimation of the lake water pollution by determination of 18 elements using ICP-MS method and their statistical analysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2010, 45(3): 348 - 354.
[50] L Barregard, E Fabricius-Lagging, T Lundh, et al. Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of living kidney donors: Impact of different exposure sources[J]. Environmental Research, 2010, 110(1): 47 - 54.
[51]王国庆,魏丽芳,董春红,等.不同品质怀地黄中金属元素含量的ICP-MS测定及其比较[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(12): 3392 - 3394.
[52] D Esteban-Fernandez, MM. Gomez-Gomez. Speciation analysis of platinum antitumoral drugs in impacted tissues[J]. Talanta, 2007, 72(2): 768 - 773.
[53]王玉萍,庞艳华,李军.微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定调味品中砷的含量[J].食品科学, 2008, 29(1): 231 - 233.
[54] EP Nardi, FS, Evangelista, L Tormen, et al. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP - MS) for the determination of toxic and essential elements in different types of food samples[J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112(3): 727 - 732.
[55]李力.烟草中微量元素和重金属的测定研究[D].郑州:郑州大学, 2006.
[56] P Masson a, T Dalix a, S Bussiegravere. Determination of major and trace elements in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2010, 41(3): 231 - 243.
[57] Susan E Lorge, RS Houk. Controlled dissolution of silicon dioxide layers for depth resolved multielement analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2009, 64(11-12): 1235 - 1239.
[58]成勇.微波消解样品-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定高纯金属硅中痕量硼[J].理化检验(化学分册), 2009, 45(1): 82 - 84.
[59]胡圣虹,陈爱芳,林守麟,等.高山地质样品中40个微量、痕量、超痕量元素的ICP-MS分析研究[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 2000, 25(2): 186 - 190.
[60]胡斌,江祖成.色谱-原子光谱/质谱联用技术及形态分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 2005: 2 - 13.
[61] LF Chang, SJ Jiang, AC Sahayam. Speciation analysis of mercury and lead in fish samples using liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography, 2007, 1176(1-2): 143 - 148.
[62] J Szpunar, Shona M Sheehy, K Polec. Gas and liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection for environmental speciation analysis-advanced and limitations[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2000, 55(7): 779 - 793.
[63] Ruth E Wolfa, Chris Thomas, Allan Bohlke. Analytical determination of metals in industrial polymers by laser ablation ICP-MS[J]. Applied Surface Science, 1998, 127-129(1-2): 299 - 303.
[64] Andreas Matusch, Candan Depboylu, Christoph Palm, et al. Cerebral bioimaging of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the MPTP mouse model of parkinson's disease using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)[J]. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2010, 21(1): 161 - 171.
[65] MTuzen S Silici, D Mendil, et al. Trace element levels in honeys from different regions of Turkey[J]. Food Chemistry, 2007, 103(2): 325 - 330.
[66] J Devillers, JC Dore, M Marenco, et al. Chemometrical analysis of 18 metallic and nonmetallic elements found in honeys sold in France[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002, 50(21): 5998 - 6007.
[67] PL Fernandez, MJ Martin, F Pablos et al. Differentiation of tea (Camellia sinensis) varieties and their geographical origin according to their metal content[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001, 49(10): 4775 - 4779.
[68] A Moreda-Pineiro, A Fisher, SJ Hill. The classification of tea according to region of origin using pattern recognition techniques and trace metal data[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2003, 16(2): 195 - 211.
[69]边肇祺.《模式识别》[M].第二版,北京:清华大学出版社, 2000: 1 - 8.
[70] Luis A Berrueta, Rosa M Alonso-Salces, Karoly Heberger. Supervised pattern recognition in food analysis[J]. Journal of Chromatography A. 2007, 1158(1-2): 196 - 214.
[71] Barry K Lavine. Pattern recognition[J]. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2006, 36(3-4): 153 - 161.
[72]杨雪.支持向量机多类分类方法的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学, 2006.
[73] Debasmita Misraa, Thomas Oommenb, Avinash Agarwal. Application and analysis of support vector machine based simulation for runoff and sediment yield [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2009, 103: 527 - 535.
[74] A I Belousov, S A Verzakov, J V Frese. A flexible classification approach with optimal generalisation performance: support vector machines[J]. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2002, 64(1): 15 - 25.
[75]梁逸曾,俞汝勤.化学计量学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2003: 191 - 206.
[76]陈燕清,倪永年.模式识别在食品质量控制方面的应用进展[J].化学研究与应用, 2009, 21(1): 1 - 7.
[78]李彦周,闵顺耕,刘霞.近红外化学模式识别方法及应用研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2007, 27(7): 1299 - 1303.
[79] Azriel Rosenfeld, Harry Wechsler. Pattern recognition: historical perspective and future directions[J]. International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, 2000, 11(2): 101 - 106.
[80] M J BAXTER. A review of supervised and unsupervised pattern recognition in archaeometry[J]. Archaeometry, 2006, 48(4): 671 - 694.
[81] Elisangela F Boffo, Leila A Tavares, Marcia MC Ferreira, et al. Classification of Brazilian vinegars according to their 1H NMR spectra by pattern recognition analysis[J]. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2009, 42(9): 1455 - 1460.
[82] Rajapakse J. Computational techniques and pattern recognition: pattern discovery in bioinformatics[J]. IEEE Xplore - Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 2009, 28(4): 16 - 18.
[83] Luciano Nieddu, Giacomo Patrizi. Formal methods in pattern recognition: A review[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, 120(3): 459 - 495.
[84] Guoxi Xie, Songlin Feng, Xiangqian Feng, et al. The dating of ancient chinese celadon by inaa and pattern recognition methods[J]. Archaeometry, 2009, 51(4): 682 - 699.
[85] Hernandez OM, Fraga JMG, Jimenez AI, et al. Characterization of honey from the Canary Islands: determination of the mineral content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry[J]. Food Chemistry, 2005, 93(3): 449 - 458.
[86]康海宁,杨妙峰,陈波,等.利用矿质元素的测定数据判别茶叶的产地和品种[J].岩矿测试, 2006, 25(1): 22 - 26.
[87] Chudzinska M, Baralkiewicz D Estimation of honey authenticity by multielements characteristics using inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) combined with chemometrics[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2010, 48(1): 284 - 290.
[88] I Stanimirova, B Ustun, T Cajka, et al. Tracing the geographical origin of honeys based on volatile compounds profiles assessment using pattern recognition techniques[J]. Food Chemistry, 2010, 118(1): 171 - 176.
[89] Anass Terrab, Dolores Hernanz, Francisco J Heredia. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004, 52(11): 3441 - 3445.
[90] J M Jurado, A Alcazar, F Pablos, et al. Classification of aniseed drinks by means of cluster, linear discriminant analysis and soft independent modelling of class analogy based on their Zn, B, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and Si content[J]. Talanta, 2005, 66(5): 1350 - 1354.
[91] L Giordani, E Rizzio, A Brandone. Neutron activation analysis in forensic investigations: trace elements characterization of cigarettes[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2005, 263(3): 739 - 744.
[92] Kamal Swami, Christopher D J, John Orsini. Trace metals analysis of legal and counterfeit cigarette tobacco samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry[J]. Spectroscopy Letters, 2009, 42(8): 479 - 490.
[93] Carla C Crispino, Kelly G Fernandes, Marcos Y Kamogawa. Multivariate classification of cigarettes according to their elemental content determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry[J]. Analytical Sciences, 2007, 23(4): 435 - 438.
[94]孙雨安,王国庆,程定玺,等.常见金属离子含量的测定及烟草聚类分析研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2004, 24(8): 1009– 1012.
[95]王文清,彭静,万进,等.不同产地大青叶质量的化学模式识别研究[J].中草药, 2007, 38(6): 921 - 925.
[96]陈玲,王有为,何敬胜,等.厚朴药材质量的化学模式识别研究[J].中国中药杂志,2008, 33(2): 189 - 191.
[97] D Zhong, J Novais, T E Grift, et al. Maize root complexity analysis using a support vector machine method[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2009, 69(1): 46 - 50.
[98] Ryszard Czerminski, Abdelaziz Yasri, David Hartsough. Use of support vector machine in pattern classification: application to QSAR studies[J]. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships, 2001, 20(3): 227 - 240.
[99] M Muthu Rama Krishnan, Shuvo Banerjee, Chinmay Chakraborty, et al. Statistical analysis of mammographic features and its classification using support vector machine[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2010, 37(1): 470 - 478.
[100] Evgeny Byvatov, Uli Fechner, Jens Sadowski, et al. Comparison of support vector machine and artificial neural network systems for drug/nondrug classification[J]. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 2003, 43(6): 1882 - 1889.
[101]李磊,黄水平.支持向量机原理及其在医学分类中的应用[J].中国卫生统计, 2009, 26(1): 22 - 25.
[102] Lei Guo, Jin Chen, Xinglin Li. Rolling bearing fault classification based on envelope spectrum and support vector machine[J]. Journal of Vibration and Control, 2009, 15(9): 1349– 1363.
[103]何毓敏,曾勇,张艺,等.微波消解-ICP-MS法快速分析藏药“佐塔”中的金属元素[J].药物分析杂志, 2008, 28(10): 1665 - 1669.
[104]许萍,牟仁祥,曹赵云,等.密闭式微波消解方法综述[J].光谱实验室, 2009, 26(1): 57 - 59.
[105]孙玉岭,刘景振.微波溶样在元素检测方法的应用研究[J].中国公共卫生, 2002, 18(2): 231 - 232.
[106]李文龙,荆淼,陈军辉,等.微波消解ICP-MS测定40种中药材中的5种有毒元素[J].分析实验室, 2008, 27(2): 6 - 9.
[107]曹淑琴,陈杭亭,曾宪津.电感耦合等离子体光谱和质谱法分析贻贝标准物质[J].分析化学, 1995, 27(5): 504 - 508.
[108]梅林,宋世远,苏建华.微波消解技术在烟草提取中的应用[J].激光杂志, 2008, 29(2): 72 -73.
[109]黄旭,徐子刚.微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定烟草中的重金属元素[J].浙江大学学报(理学版), 2007, 34(6): 658 - 660.
[110]索卫国,胡清源,陈再根,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定成品烟烟丝中7种微量元素[J].分析试验室, 2008, 27(6): 81 - 84.
[111]孙卫民,薛大方,李红,等. ICP-MS分析14种中药铀、钍、铊含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析, 2009, 29(1): 256 - 258.
[112] M Niemela, P Peramaki, J Piispanen, et al. Determination of platinum and rhodium in dust and plant samples using microwave-assisted sample digestion and ICP-MS[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004, 52(2): 137 - 142.
[113] EP Nardi, FS Evangelista, L Tormen, et al. The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of toxic and essential elements in different types of food samples[J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 112(3): 727 - 732.
[114] GCL Araujo, MH Gonzalez, AG Ferreira, et al. Effect of acid concentration on closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion of plant materials[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2002, 57(12): 2121 - 2132.
[115] SS de Souza, D Santos, FJ Krug, et al. Exploiting in situ hydride trapping in tungsten coil atomizer for Se and As determination in biological and water samples[J]. Talanta, 2007, 73(3): 451 - 457.
[116] JT Creed, CA Brockhoff, TD Martin. USA EPA Method 200.8, Revision 5.4, 1994.
[117] Gao, XB, Xie, WX. Advances in theory and applications of fuzzy clustering[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(11): 961 - 970.
[118] Li X, Lu X, Tian J. Application of fuzzy c-means clustering in data analysis of metabolomics[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2009, 81(11): 4468 - 4475.
[119] DN Georgiou, TE Karakasidis, JJ Nieto, et al. Use of fuzzy clustering technique and matrices to classify amino acids and its impact to Chou's pseudo amino acid composition[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2009, 257(1): 17 - 26.
[120]李玉群,杨泽敏,周竹青.模糊聚类在稻米品质综合评价上的应用[J].安徽农业科学, 2004, 32(3): 414 - 416.
[121]张玉芳,罗俊玮,熊忠阳.基于模糊C均值算法的类合并聚类算法研究[J].计算机工程与应用, 2009, 45(24): 122 - 124.
[122] Weichen Chen, Mingshi Wang. A fuzzy c-means clustering-based fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2009, 36(2):1300 - 1307.
[123] Mahamed GH Omran, Andries P Engelbrecht, Ayed Salman. An overview of clustering methods[J]. Intelligent Data Analysis, 2007, 11(6): 583 - 605.
[124] Gerald Schaefer, Huiyu Zhou. Fuzzy clustering for colour reduction in images[J]. Telecommunication Systems, 2009, 40(1-2): 17 - 25.
[125] Rui Xu, Wunsch, D, II. Survey of clustering algorithms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 2005, 16(3): 645 - 678.
[126]宋晓峰,陈德钊,胡上序,等.支持向量机泛化能力估计若干方法[J].计算机科学, 2004, 31(8): 125 - 126.
[127]张学工.关于统计学理论与支持向量机[J].自动化学报, 2000, 26(1): 32 - 42.
[128] Anna Wang, Wenjing Yuan, Junfang Liu, et al. A novel pattern recognition algorithm: combining ART network with SVM to reconstruct a multi-class classifier[J]. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 2009, 57(11-12): 1908 - 1914.
[129]师旭超,郭志涛.膨胀土等级判别的遗传支持向量机多分类方法[J].土木建筑与环境工程, 2009, 31(4): 44 - 48.
[130]杜树新,吴铁军.模式识别中的支持向量机方法[J].浙江大学学报(工学版), 2003, 37(5): 521 - 527.
[131] Chih-Chung Chang, Chih-Jen Lin, LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines, 2001. Software available at http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm.