太湖周边典型区域水体污染的综合研究
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摘要
太湖是我国第三大淡水湖泊,作为我国东部沿海、长江三角洲边缘的重要淡水资源,太湖水质及环境状况直接影响着这一地区的经济发展。随着近年来太湖流域工业和农业的快速发展,大量的工农业废水和生活污水未经彻底处理即排入太湖流域水体中,使太湖流域水环境系统遭受到了严重的破坏,水质正日趋恶化。目前,对太湖流域水体污染研究主要集中在北太湖无锡梅梁湾区域,但对太湖周边其它典型区域的研究报道较少。
本论文对太湖周边典型区域的水质进行监测,采用单因子指标评价、主成分因子分析等方法对各区域水质进行评价及分类,同时评价各区域水体的富营养化状态;采用ELISA法对水体中的藻毒素-LR含量进行了测定;应用分子生物毒性测试方法分析了水体中的遗传毒性和雌激素活性;调查了太湖周边典型区域水体中酞酸酯的分布,并以酞酸酯为典型污染物,研究了酞酸酯的雌激素活性及其对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响。为评价周边典型区域对太湖水体污染的影响提供科学依据。主要研究工作如下:
1. 2008年3月~2009年2月对太湖周边典型区域水质进行分析,结果表明:12个采样点水体中TP和TN含量均超过国标Ⅴ类水标准,按单因子指数评价法,其水质均为劣Ⅴ类;多指标水质综合评价结果为:湖州水源(T4)、新港口(T6)、苏州胥口(T12)、小梅口(T5)为Ⅱ类,平望大桥(T3)、无锡贡湖(T11)、宜兴工业(T7)、无锡梅梁(T10)、嘉兴运河(T1)为Ⅲ类,宜兴入湖(T9)、王江泾(T2)、周铁污水(T8)为Ⅳ类;综合富营养化状态评价结果为12个采样点水体均处于富营养化状态。
2.应用ELISA法对太湖周边典型区域12个采样点水体中胞外藻毒素-LR含量进行测定,结果表明:2008年6月开始各采样点均有不同程度的检出,8、10月浓度较高,最高浓度为0.66μg/L,2008年12月~2009年2月均未检出。
3.应用SOS/umu法对12个采样点水体的遗传毒性进行检测,结果表明:各采样点水样的遗传毒性诱导率IR与提取物的水样体积呈较明显的剂量-效应关系,其中,T1、T2、T3、T7、T8、T9、T10水样提取物的IR>2,表明有遗传毒性效应;各区域水体遗传毒性随水情期大小排序为:汛前期>汛期,对于污染源较稳定的区域,水体遗传毒性在各水期变化较小。水体遗传毒性与CODMn、CODCr、TOC无显著相关性;与UV254在0.01水平上显著相关。
4.应用酵母双杂交法对12个采样点水体中雌激素含量进行测定,结果表明:T2、T3、T5、T6、T7、T8、T9、T10、T11的水样中在各监测月份均有雌激素检出,检出范围为0.20~0.56 ng-E2/L。
5.对太湖周边典型区域水体中酞酸酯含量进行测定,结果表明,各采样点的酞酸酯含量时空分布不均,各采样点均有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出,其中,DEHP的污染最为严重。
6.采用酵母双杂交法对6种酞酸酯的雌激素活性进行研究,结果表明:在0~10.0 g/L-DMSO浓度范围内,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DOP)和DEHP不具有雌激素活性效应;BBP和DBP具有雌激素活性效应,以1 g/L-DMSO酞酸酯换算为与雌二醇(E2)的雌激素效应相当的结果分别为0.97μg-E2(BBP)和0.42μg-E2(DBP)。
7.选取超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)和丙二醛(MDA)作为检测指标,开展DBP和DEHP对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统影响的研究,结果表明:DEHP对4项酶学指标的影响比DBP更显著;在DBP和DEHP氧化胁迫下,SOD和CAT在暴露初期的活性变化比GPX要大;GST在DBP和DEHP的解毒过程中起到重要作用;在实验期间(30 d)内MDA含量显著增加,表明脂质过氧化产物在生物体内的积累可能是DBP和DEHP对鲫鱼肝脏的重要致毒机制之一。
Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China, which have been used as the important freshwater sources in the yangtze river delta on edge of chinese eastern coast. Its water quality and environmental conditions affect this area economic development. In recent years, with the fast development of industry and agriculture process , wastewater and domestic sewage without thorough treatment was discharged into Taihu Basin, which cause water environment system of Taihu Basin be damaged and water quality be worsen gradually. At present, the studies were focused on water pollution in Wuxi Meiliang bay of LakeTaihu, and the reports about the pollution in other typical areas were very little.
In this thesis, water qualities were monitored, assessed and classified in typical areas around Lake Taihu, using single index factor, principal component analysis, et al, and eutrophication was assessed simultaneously; Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for determinating Microcystin-LR pollution; Genotoxicity and estrogenic activity of water extract were analysed by molecular biological toxicity test; Distribution of Phthalates acid esters(PAEs) in typical areas around Lake Taihu was investigated, and PAEs were studied as typical pollutants on their estrogenic activity and effects on Liver Antioxidant Defense System of Carassius auratus. Therefor, this paper can offer scientific evidence for environmental assessment on typical areas effect on Lake Taihu. The main works were:
1. Water qualities of typical areas around Lake Taihu wers analysed from March 2008 to February 2009, the results showed that the concentration of TN and TP in each sampling site exceed the Grade V of national standard(GB3838-2002), and water quality was evaluated for worse than Grade V by evaluation method“single index factor”; Correspondingly, using multi index evaluation, the water qualities of HuZhou Rv.(T4), Xin Gang Kou(T6), Suzhou Xukou bay(T12), Xiao Mei Kou(T5) were evaluated for GradeⅡ, and PingWang Brdg.(T3), Wuxi-Gonghu bay(T11), YiXing Ind.(T7), Wuxi-Meiliang bay(T10), Jiaxing Canal(T1) were for GradeⅢ, and YX Rv/Lake(T9), Wang-jiang Jing(T2), YiXing WWTP(T8) were for GradeⅣ; The water eutrophication appraisal result indicates that there were eutrophication in each sampling sites.
2. ELISA was employed for investigating MC-LR pollution in typical areas around Lake Taihu. The MC-LR concentration in each sampling sites was detected from July 2008, and was higher in August and October, with the highest concentration of 0.66μg/L; there was not MC-LR detected from December 2008 to February 2009.
3. Genotoxicity of water extract was detected by SOS/umu method, the result showed that a good dose-response relationship was observed between volume of water extract and induce rate in each sampling site. Induce rates of T1, T2, T3, T7, T8, T9, T10 were over 2, which showed water extracst had genotoxicity. The sensonal change characteristic of genotoxicity: pre-flood season > flood season.There was little change of genotoxicity on sites of stable pollution sources. Genotoxicity of water extract was significantly correlated to UV254 (P<0.01), and no correlations with CODMn, CODCr, TOC.
4. Estrogenic activity of water extract was detected by Yeast Two-hybrid Analysis, the result showed that estrogenic activities of T2, T3 , T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11’s water extract were detected on observing months, with the range of 0.20~0.56 ng-E2/L.
5. PAEs was investigated in typical areas around Lake Taihu, the result showed that the spatio-temporal distribution of PAEs in each sampling sites was uneven, Dibutyl phthalate(DBP), Butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP), Di 2-Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate(DEHP) were detected, with highest detectable concentration of DEHP.
6. Estrogenic activity of PAEs was detected by Yeast Two-hybrid Analysis, the result showed that Dimethyl phthalate(DMP), Diethyl phthalate(DEP), Dioctyl phthalate(DOP) and DEHP had no estrogenic activity in the range of 0~10.0 g/L-DMSO; BBP and DBP had estrogenic activity with estradiol equivalent 0.97μg-E2 and 0.42μg-E2.
7. With superoxidedismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxdase(GPX) glutathione S-transferase(GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as characteristic indexes, the effects of DBP and DEHP on the liver antioxidant defense system of Caras-sius auratus were studied, and the toxic mechanisms were discussed. The result showed that DEHP had more significantly effect on 4 enzymatic indexes than DBP; With oxidative stress of DBP and DEHP, SOD and CAT activity changes were more sensitive than GPX. GST played an important part in the detoxification process of DBP and DEHP. The MDA content increased sig-nificantly during experiment, which indicated that accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in vivo might be one of the most important toxic mechanisms of DBP and DEHP to Carassius auratus.
本论文对太湖周边典型区域的水质进行监测,采用单因子指标评价、主成分因子分析等方法对各区域水质进行评价及分类,同时评价各区域水体的富营养化状态;采用ELISA法对水体中的藻毒素-LR含量进行了测定;应用分子生物毒性测试方法分析了水体中的遗传毒性和雌激素活性;调查了太湖周边典型区域水体中酞酸酯的分布,并以酞酸酯为典型污染物,研究了酞酸酯的雌激素活性及其对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统的影响。为评价周边典型区域对太湖水体污染的影响提供科学依据。主要研究工作如下:
1. 2008年3月~2009年2月对太湖周边典型区域水质进行分析,结果表明:12个采样点水体中TP和TN含量均超过国标Ⅴ类水标准,按单因子指数评价法,其水质均为劣Ⅴ类;多指标水质综合评价结果为:湖州水源(T4)、新港口(T6)、苏州胥口(T12)、小梅口(T5)为Ⅱ类,平望大桥(T3)、无锡贡湖(T11)、宜兴工业(T7)、无锡梅梁(T10)、嘉兴运河(T1)为Ⅲ类,宜兴入湖(T9)、王江泾(T2)、周铁污水(T8)为Ⅳ类;综合富营养化状态评价结果为12个采样点水体均处于富营养化状态。
2.应用ELISA法对太湖周边典型区域12个采样点水体中胞外藻毒素-LR含量进行测定,结果表明:2008年6月开始各采样点均有不同程度的检出,8、10月浓度较高,最高浓度为0.66μg/L,2008年12月~2009年2月均未检出。
3.应用SOS/umu法对12个采样点水体的遗传毒性进行检测,结果表明:各采样点水样的遗传毒性诱导率IR与提取物的水样体积呈较明显的剂量-效应关系,其中,T1、T2、T3、T7、T8、T9、T10水样提取物的IR>2,表明有遗传毒性效应;各区域水体遗传毒性随水情期大小排序为:汛前期>汛期,对于污染源较稳定的区域,水体遗传毒性在各水期变化较小。水体遗传毒性与CODMn、CODCr、TOC无显著相关性;与UV254在0.01水平上显著相关。
4.应用酵母双杂交法对12个采样点水体中雌激素含量进行测定,结果表明:T2、T3、T5、T6、T7、T8、T9、T10、T11的水样中在各监测月份均有雌激素检出,检出范围为0.20~0.56 ng-E2/L。
5.对太湖周边典型区域水体中酞酸酯含量进行测定,结果表明,各采样点的酞酸酯含量时空分布不均,各采样点均有邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出,其中,DEHP的污染最为严重。
6.采用酵母双杂交法对6种酞酸酯的雌激素活性进行研究,结果表明:在0~10.0 g/L-DMSO浓度范围内,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DOP)和DEHP不具有雌激素活性效应;BBP和DBP具有雌激素活性效应,以1 g/L-DMSO酞酸酯换算为与雌二醇(E2)的雌激素效应相当的结果分别为0.97μg-E2(BBP)和0.42μg-E2(DBP)。
7.选取超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)和丙二醛(MDA)作为检测指标,开展DBP和DEHP对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化防御系统影响的研究,结果表明:DEHP对4项酶学指标的影响比DBP更显著;在DBP和DEHP氧化胁迫下,SOD和CAT在暴露初期的活性变化比GPX要大;GST在DBP和DEHP的解毒过程中起到重要作用;在实验期间(30 d)内MDA含量显著增加,表明脂质过氧化产物在生物体内的积累可能是DBP和DEHP对鲫鱼肝脏的重要致毒机制之一。
Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China, which have been used as the important freshwater sources in the yangtze river delta on edge of chinese eastern coast. Its water quality and environmental conditions affect this area economic development. In recent years, with the fast development of industry and agriculture process , wastewater and domestic sewage without thorough treatment was discharged into Taihu Basin, which cause water environment system of Taihu Basin be damaged and water quality be worsen gradually. At present, the studies were focused on water pollution in Wuxi Meiliang bay of LakeTaihu, and the reports about the pollution in other typical areas were very little.
In this thesis, water qualities were monitored, assessed and classified in typical areas around Lake Taihu, using single index factor, principal component analysis, et al, and eutrophication was assessed simultaneously; Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for determinating Microcystin-LR pollution; Genotoxicity and estrogenic activity of water extract were analysed by molecular biological toxicity test; Distribution of Phthalates acid esters(PAEs) in typical areas around Lake Taihu was investigated, and PAEs were studied as typical pollutants on their estrogenic activity and effects on Liver Antioxidant Defense System of Carassius auratus. Therefor, this paper can offer scientific evidence for environmental assessment on typical areas effect on Lake Taihu. The main works were:
1. Water qualities of typical areas around Lake Taihu wers analysed from March 2008 to February 2009, the results showed that the concentration of TN and TP in each sampling site exceed the Grade V of national standard(GB3838-2002), and water quality was evaluated for worse than Grade V by evaluation method“single index factor”; Correspondingly, using multi index evaluation, the water qualities of HuZhou Rv.(T4), Xin Gang Kou(T6), Suzhou Xukou bay(T12), Xiao Mei Kou(T5) were evaluated for GradeⅡ, and PingWang Brdg.(T3), Wuxi-Gonghu bay(T11), YiXing Ind.(T7), Wuxi-Meiliang bay(T10), Jiaxing Canal(T1) were for GradeⅢ, and YX Rv/Lake(T9), Wang-jiang Jing(T2), YiXing WWTP(T8) were for GradeⅣ; The water eutrophication appraisal result indicates that there were eutrophication in each sampling sites.
2. ELISA was employed for investigating MC-LR pollution in typical areas around Lake Taihu. The MC-LR concentration in each sampling sites was detected from July 2008, and was higher in August and October, with the highest concentration of 0.66μg/L; there was not MC-LR detected from December 2008 to February 2009.
3. Genotoxicity of water extract was detected by SOS/umu method, the result showed that a good dose-response relationship was observed between volume of water extract and induce rate in each sampling site. Induce rates of T1, T2, T3, T7, T8, T9, T10 were over 2, which showed water extracst had genotoxicity. The sensonal change characteristic of genotoxicity: pre-flood season > flood season.There was little change of genotoxicity on sites of stable pollution sources. Genotoxicity of water extract was significantly correlated to UV254 (P<0.01), and no correlations with CODMn, CODCr, TOC.
4. Estrogenic activity of water extract was detected by Yeast Two-hybrid Analysis, the result showed that estrogenic activities of T2, T3 , T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11’s water extract were detected on observing months, with the range of 0.20~0.56 ng-E2/L.
5. PAEs was investigated in typical areas around Lake Taihu, the result showed that the spatio-temporal distribution of PAEs in each sampling sites was uneven, Dibutyl phthalate(DBP), Butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP), Di 2-Ethyl Hexyl Phthalate(DEHP) were detected, with highest detectable concentration of DEHP.
6. Estrogenic activity of PAEs was detected by Yeast Two-hybrid Analysis, the result showed that Dimethyl phthalate(DMP), Diethyl phthalate(DEP), Dioctyl phthalate(DOP) and DEHP had no estrogenic activity in the range of 0~10.0 g/L-DMSO; BBP and DBP had estrogenic activity with estradiol equivalent 0.97μg-E2 and 0.42μg-E2.
7. With superoxidedismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxdase(GPX) glutathione S-transferase(GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as characteristic indexes, the effects of DBP and DEHP on the liver antioxidant defense system of Caras-sius auratus were studied, and the toxic mechanisms were discussed. The result showed that DEHP had more significantly effect on 4 enzymatic indexes than DBP; With oxidative stress of DBP and DEHP, SOD and CAT activity changes were more sensitive than GPX. GST played an important part in the detoxification process of DBP and DEHP. The MDA content increased sig-nificantly during experiment, which indicated that accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in vivo might be one of the most important toxic mechanisms of DBP and DEHP to Carassius auratus.
引文
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