长江口大型底栖动物生态学研究及日本刺沙蚕生物能量学研究
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摘要
本研究以长江口及邻近海域为调查区域,于2007年2月、5月、8月和11月,连续4个航次对该海域的大型底栖动物和部分环境因子进行了取样调查。研究内容涉及大型底栖动物的种类数量、生物量、丰度、生物多样性、次级生产力以及环境因子对大型底栖动物分布格局的影响。具体研究结果如下:
1.在研究海域共采到大型底栖动物216种,其中多毛类113种(52.31%),软体动物42种(19.91%),甲壳类32种(14.35%),棘皮动物10种(4.63%),其它动物19种(8.80%)。年平均生物量和丰度分别为8.76 g/m2和139.18 ind/m2。其中春季种类数量、生物量和丰度分别为86种、6.96 g/m2和143.18 ind/m2;夏季分别为100种、4.71 g/m2和157.06 ind/m2;秋季分别为113种、20.25 g/m2和185.00 ind/m2;冬季分别为62种、3.11 g/m2和71.47 ind/m2。分析结果表明,大型底栖动物种类数量、生物量和丰度自长江口向东呈递增趋势。生物量和丰度均与水深和盐度呈显著或极显著的正相关关系;与化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷和悬浮体浓度呈显著或极显著的负相关关系。与历史资料比较,当前长江口海域大型底栖动物种类数量、生物量和丰度均低于二十年前的水平。
2.为揭示长江口海域大型底栖动物多样性特征,采用物种丰富度指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(J)和香农威纳指数(H’)对其进行了分析。结果表明:四个航次平均物种丰富度指数分别是:春季1.23,夏季1.10,秋季1.41,冬季0.85;平均物种均匀度指数分别是:春季0.92,夏季0.89,秋季0.90,冬季0.94;平均香农威纳指数分别是:春季2.06,夏季1.72,秋季2.06,冬季1.74。多样性指数与环境因子的相关分析表明,均匀度指数和香农威纳指数与水深和盐度呈显著的正相关关系,与化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷和悬浮体含量呈显著的负相关关系。均匀度指数与所调查的环境因子没有显著的相关性。
3.利用Brey的经验公式对调查海域进行了大型底栖动物次级生产力和P/B值的研究和计算。结果表明,长江口海域大型底栖动物年平均次级生产力为1.36 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势。其中多毛类年平均次级生产力为0.63 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占46.32%;软体动物年平均次级生产力为0.26 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占19.12%;甲壳类年平均次级生产力为0.25 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占18.38%;棘皮动物年平均次级生产力为0.12 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占8.82%;其它动物年平均次级生产力为0.10 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占7.35%。长江口海域大型底栖动物年平均P/B值为0.89,其中多毛类P/B值为1.75,软体动物P/B值为0.76,甲壳类P/B值为0.42,棘皮动物P/B值为0.86。
4.根据2007年长江口海域大型底栖动物和环境调查数据,应用CANOCO软件对获得的大型底栖动物物种数据和环境因子数据进行了典范对应分析(CCA),并作出了物种、站位分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明,长江口海域大型底栖动物群落可划分为3个类型。根据CCA给出了各类型与环境因子的相互关系表明,盐度、水深、营养盐含量、悬浮体浓度是影响长江口海域大型底栖动物分布格局的主要因素。
日本刺沙蚕是我国和日本特有的多毛类物种,广泛的分布于我国的渤海和黄海等地区,并具有较高的经济价值。本文探讨了温度和盐度等环境因子对其代谢、能量收支和氮收支的影响,以期为日本刺沙蚕的人工养殖提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下:
1.运用实验生态学的方法研究了体重、盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30和35)和温度(18、21、24、27和30 oC)对日本刺沙蚕呼吸和排泄的影响。三个不同的体重组(大:2.34±0.36 g,中:1.50±0.21 g,小:0.62±0.12 g)被用于盐度和温度实验中。结果表明:体重、盐度和温度均对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率产生显著性的影响(P<0.05)。耗氧率和排泄率均随体重的增加而降低,并且分别得出了二者与体重的回归关系式。在盐度5-35范围内,耗氧率和排泄率均随着盐度的增加而降低,盐度30时达到最小值,然后又随盐度的升高而升高。盐度和体重间的交互作用对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率均存在显著性影响(P<0.05)。在18-30 oC范围内,耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,在27 oC时达到最高值,然后又随着温度的升高而降低。但温度对排泄率的影响呈波浪状曲线关系。温度和体重间的交互作用对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率均存在显著性影响(P<0.05)。整个实验中,日本刺沙蚕O:N比值的范围在5.97-463.22之间,说明随着环境的变化,其代谢供能物质也有明显的变化。
2.对日本刺沙蚕在不同盐度下(15、20、25、30和35)的生长和能量收支情况进行了探讨。结果表明,其特定生长率(SGR)随盐度的升高而增加,在盐度30时达到最大值,然后又随盐度的继续升高而降低。沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率(FCE)和表观消化率(ADR)随盐度的变化趋势与此相似。在日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式中,粪便能是其中较小的部分,不会对生长能的分配产生大的影响。在每一盐度下呼吸能都占据较大的比例。而排泄能随盐度的变化较剧烈。所以,呼吸能和排泄能主导着日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式。总体上,盐度主要是通过影响沙蚕的摄食量、FCE和ADR或摄食能的分配而影响其生长。此外,本文还分别得出了沙蚕摄食量、排粪量、SGR、ADR、FCE、生长能占摄食能的比例、呼吸能占摄食能的比例、排泄能占摄食能的比例和粪便能占摄食能的比例与盐度的回归关系式。通过计算,日本刺沙蚕最佳生长盐度在27和30之间。日本刺沙蚕在5个盐度下的平均能量收支方程为:100C = 25.37G + 8.50F + 4.92U + 61.21R,式中C为摄食能;G为生长能;F为粪便能;U为排泄能;R为呼吸能。
3.运用实验生态学的方法研究了17-29 oC范围内5个不同温度下日本刺沙蚕的生长和能量收支情况。沙蚕的生长以实验末体重和特定生长率(SGR)表示。其生长随温度的升高而增加,在26 oC时达到最大值,然后又随温度的继续升高而显著地降低。沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率(FCE)和表观消化率(ADR)随温度的变化趋势与此相似,但温度对ADR没有显著的影响。在日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式中,粪便能是其中较小的部分,不会对生长能的分配产生大的影响。在每一温度下,呼吸能都占据较大的比例。而排泄能随温度变化较剧烈。呼吸能和排泄能主导着日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式,对生长能的分配起着主要的影响。总体上,温度主要是通过影响沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率或摄食能的分配而影响其生长状况。此外,还分别得出了沙蚕摄食量、排粪量、特定生长率和饵料转化率与温度的回归关系式。通过对回归方程的计算,其最大摄食量在25.01 oC;最大饵料转化率在24.24 oC;最大特定生长率在24.73 oC。
4.探讨不同盐度下(15、20、25、30和35)日本刺沙蚕对饵料中氮的利用情况。结果表明,盐度对日本刺沙蚕的摄食氮、生长氮、粪便氮、氮的饵料转化率和特定生长率均有显著性的影响,它们均有随盐度升高而增加的趋势,到达最大值后(盐度30左右),又随盐度的升高而下降。排泄氮随盐度的变化趋势与此相反。盐度对氮的表观消化率没有显著的影响。根据回归方程计算得到日本刺沙蚕的最佳氮生长盐度为28-29。实验结果还显示日本刺沙蚕在适宜盐度下获得较高的氮生长主要归因于较高的氮摄食和氮的饵料转化率。盐度对日本刺沙蚕氮收支各组分均存在显著性影响,其中排泄氮的比例在盐度25时最小,而后随盐度的升高或降低都明显增大,这与生长氮和粪便氮比例的变化趋势相反。粪便氮的比例变化并不剧烈,范围为7.50%-9.41%。因此,排泄氮的比例和生长氮的比例主导着日本刺沙蚕的氮收支模式。日本刺沙蚕在5个盐度下的平均氮收支方程为100CN=49.01GN+42.45UN+8.54FN,其中,CN为摄食氮;GN为生长氮;UN为排泄氮;FN为粪便氮。此外,作者还对水生动物氮收支的模式做了初步的探讨。
5.探讨了不同温度下(17、20、23、26和29 oC)日本刺沙蚕的氮生长和氮收支情况。结果表明,温度对日本刺沙蚕的摄食氮、生长氮、氮的饵料转化率和特定生长率均有显著性的影响,它们均有随温度升高而增加的趋势,到达最大值后(26 oC),又随温度的升高而下降。温度对氮的吸收效率没有显著的影响。根据回归方程计算得到日本刺沙蚕的最佳氮生长温度为23-26 oC。实验结果还显示日本刺沙蚕在适宜温度下获得较高的氮生长主要归因于较高的氮摄食和氮的饵料转化率。温度对日本刺沙蚕氮收支各组分均存在显著性影响,其中排泄氮的比例在26oC最小,而后随温度的升高或降低都增大,这与生长氮和粪便氮比例的变化趋势相反。粪便氮的比例较小且变化不剧烈,范围为6.43-9.40%。因此,排泄氮的比例和生长氮的比例主导着日本刺沙蚕的氮收支模式。日本刺沙蚕在5个温度下的平均氮收支方程为100CN=49.2GN+43.3UN+7.5FN。
The macrobenthos and some environmental factors collected from 40 stations in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent waters were investigated in February, May, August and November, 2007. The species numbers, biomass, density, diversity, secondary production of macrobenthos in the regain were studied and analyzed. In addition, the relationship between the distribution of macrobenthos and environmental factors was also analyzed. The major results of the study are presented as follows: 1. From the material collected from 40 stations in the Changjiang Estuary in February, May, August and November, 2007, 216 macrobenthos species were found, in which 113 species were polychaetes, making up 52.31% of the total species, 42 species were mollusks, making up 19.91%, 32 species were crustaceans, making up 14.35%, 10 species were echinoderms, making up 4.63%, and 19 species were other groups of marine animals, making up 8.80%. The total mean biomass and density were estimated to be 8.76 g/m2 and 139.18 ind/m2, respectively. The average specie number, biomass and density in spring were respectively 86, 6.96 g/m2 and 143.18 ind/m2;100, 4.71 g/m2 and 157.06 ind/m2 in summer; 113, 20.25 g/m2 and 185.00 ind/m2 in autumn; 62, 3.11 g/m2 and 71.47 ind/m2 in winter. Data showed that distribution of species numbers, biomass and density in the estuary increased from Changjiang mouth to easten outside open sea. The biomass and density of macrobenthos were significantly positive correlated with depth and salinity. They had significantly negative correlation with the COD, TN, TP and TSM. Compared with history data in the same region, the species numbers, biomass and density were all lower than twenty years ago.
2. The richness index (D), species evenes index (J) and Shannon-Wiener index (H’), were used to study the diversity of macrobenthos in the Changjiang Estuary. The results showed the following: The average values of D of four cruises were 1.23 in spring, 1.10 in summer, 1.41 in autumn, 0.85 in winter; J of four cruise were 0.92 in spring, 0.89 in summer, 0.90 in autumn, 0.94 in winter; H’of four cruise were 2.06 in spring, 1.72 in summer, 2.06 in autumn, 1.74 in winter. J and H’were significantly positive correlated with depth and salinity. They had significantly negative correlation with the COD, TN, TP and TSM. J had no significantly correlation with any environmental factors.
3. Based on the data obtained from 40 stations in 2007, the secondary production and P/B ratio in the Changjiang Estuary was calculated with Brey’s empirical formula. The results showed as the following: The distribution of secondary production in the estuary increased from Changjiang mouth to easten outside open sea. The mean value of secondry production in the studied area was 1.36 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a), in which 0.63 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was polychaetes, making up 46.32% of the total value, 0.26 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was mollusks, making up 19.12%, 0.25 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was crustaceans, making up 18.38%, 0.12 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was echinoderms, making up 8.82%, and 0.10 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was other marine animals, making up 7.35%. The mean P/B ratio of macrobenthos was 0.89, in which 1.75 was polychaetes, 0.76 was mollusks, 0.42 was crustaceans and 0.86 was echinoderms.
4. Comprehensive investigation on macorbenthos and environmental factors in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were conducted in 2007. Canonial correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to explore the relationship between macrobenthos and environmental factors using CANOCO. The results showed that the macrobenthos communities can be classified into three assemblages. The ordination of interrelation among the three assemblages and their correlation to the environmental variables were revealed by CCA; the result shows that salinity, depth, nutrient and total suspended particulate matter were major factors influencing the macorbenthors assemblage.
The polychaete, Neanthes japonica, is a worm-like euryhaline species native to China and Japan. In China, this species inhabits the intertidal, shallow sandy-mud sediments and/or estuaries in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Recently in China, N. japonica has been widely used as an ideal diet in shrimp aquaculture and as fishing bait, and marked with high commercial value. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature and salinity on the metabolism, energy budget and nitrogen budget of N. japonica. The results of this study provide useful information for aquaculturists engaged in the artificial breeding of N. japonica. The major results of the study are presented as follows:
1. In this study, the relations of body weight, salinity (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35) and temperature (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 oC) to oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were determined by bioeologics method. Three different groups in body weight (Large: 2.34±0.36 g, Middle: 1.50±0.21 g and Small: 0.62±0.12 g) were set for all experiments. The results were as follows: the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were affected by body weight, salinity and temperature (P<0.05). The body weight was negatively related to the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. Significant relationship between oxygen consumption rate/ammonia excretion rate and body weight was obtained. With salinity changed from 5 to 35, the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion decreased before 30 and then increased, indicating that both lower and higher salinity were adverse and certain salinity stress was necessary for enhancing the energy demand. Raising temperature from 18 to 30 oC, the oxygen consumption rate increased before 27 oC and then decreased. However, the relation of ammonia excretion and temperature seemed more complex. Moreover, significant effects (P<0.05) were obtained on salinity/temperature and body weight on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. The O:N (oxygen/nitrogen) ratio varied greatly in this case from 5.97 to 463.22, indicating that N. japonica can regulate the type of metabolic substrate against environment changes.
2. The growth and energy budget of polychaete, N. japonica at five salinity levels (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) with a total sample of four replicates for each level, were investigated in this study. Results indicate that the growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), significantly increased with increasing salinity, with the maximum level at 30 ppt salinity, and then decreased at the highest salinity level. A similar tendency was observed in food consumption, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). For the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of the energy budget, and did not have the capability to greatly influence the proportion of energy intake allocated to growth. The respiration metabolism significantly increased as salinity decreased and accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each salinity treatment. The nitrogen excretion was acute with changing salinity. Therefore, respiration energy and excretion energy of the energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of energy intake allocated to growth. These results revealed that salinity mainly affected the polychaete’s growth by influencing food consumption, FCE, ADR, or energy allocation to growth. In addition, regression equations described and obtained the relationship among food consumption, faecal production, SGR, ADR, FCE, proportion of energy intake allocated to growth (G/C), respiration (R/C), excretion energy (U/C), faeces (F/C) and salinity. As calculated from these regression equations, the optimal salinity range for the growth of N. japonica may be between 27 and 30 ppt. The average energy budget of N. japonica under five salinity treatments was: 100C = 25.37G + 8.50F + 4.92U + 61.21R, where C was food energy, G was growth energy, F was faeces energy, U was excretion energy and R was respiration energy.
3. Growth and energy budget of the polychaete, Neanthes japonica, at various temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 oC) were investigated in this study. The growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), increased with increasing temperature, with the maximum level at 26 oC, and then decreased significantly at 29 oC. A similar trend was observed in feeding rate, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). However, no significant differences were detected in ADR among all the temperature treatments. For the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of energy budget and had little influence on the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. The metabolic energy accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each temperature treatment. The nitrogen excretion was acute with changing temperature. The two expenditure terms (respiration energy and excretion energy) of energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. These results revealed that temperature affected the growth of N. japonica mainly by influencing feeding rate and FCE. In addition, regression equations described the relationship between feeding rate, faecal production, SGR, FCE and temperature were obtained. Optimum temperature for feeding rate, FCE and SGR were estimated at 25.01 oC, 24.24 oC and 24.73 oC, respectively, from the regression equations.
4. In the present study, the effect of salinity on nitrogen growth and nitrogen budget of N. japonica was investigated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 by bioeologics method. The result showed that nitrogen consumption, nitrogen growth, nitrogen faeces, nitrogen food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate were significantly affected by salinity. They all increased with increasing salinity, peaked at about 30, and then decreased with increasing salinity. Reversed tendency was observed in nitrogen excretion. There was no significant differences in nitrogen apparent digestive rate among all salinity treatments. As calculated from regression equations, the optimal salinity range for nitrogen growth of N. japonica might be 28~29. The results indicated that the high nitrogen growth of the polychaete at suitable salinity mainly resulted from the significant increase of nitrogen consumption and nitrogen food conversion efficiency at corresponding salinity. All part of nitrogen budget were significantly affected by salinity. The minimum of proportion of nitrogen excretion was at salinity 25, above or below the salinity, the value decreased, which was reversed with the proportion of nitrogen growth and faeces. The proportion of nitrogen excretion was the major factor influencing the nitrogen budget model. The average nitrogen budget of N. japonica under five salinity treatments was: 100CN=49.01GN+42.45UN+8.54FN, where CN was nitrogen consumption, GN was nitrogen growth, UN was nitrogen excretion and FN was nitrogen faeces. In addition, primary discussion on the nitrogen budget of aquatic animals was made.
5. The effect of temperature on nitrogen growth and nitrogen budget of Neanthes japonica was investigated at 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 oC by bioeologics method. The results showed that nitrogen consumption, nitrogen growth, nitrogen food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate were significantly affected by temperature. They all increased with increasing temperature, peaked at about 26 oC, and then decreased with increasing temperature. There was no significant differences in nitrogen absorption efficiency among all temperature treatments. As calculated from regression equations, the optimal temperature range for nitrogen growth of N. japonica might be 23~26 oC. The results indicated that the high nitrogen growth of the polychaete at suitable temperature mainly resulted from the significant increase of nitrogen consumption and nitrogen food conversion efficiency at corresponding temperature. All parts of nitrogen budget were significantly affected by temperature. The minimum of proportion of nitrogen excretion was at 26 oC, above or below the temperature, the value decreased, which was reversed with the proportion of nitrogen growth and faeces. The proportion of nitrogen excretion and nitrogen growth were the major factors influencing the nitrogen budget model. The average nitrogen budget of N. japonica under five temperature treatments was: 100CN=49.2GN+42.3UN+7.5FN.
1.在研究海域共采到大型底栖动物216种,其中多毛类113种(52.31%),软体动物42种(19.91%),甲壳类32种(14.35%),棘皮动物10种(4.63%),其它动物19种(8.80%)。年平均生物量和丰度分别为8.76 g/m2和139.18 ind/m2。其中春季种类数量、生物量和丰度分别为86种、6.96 g/m2和143.18 ind/m2;夏季分别为100种、4.71 g/m2和157.06 ind/m2;秋季分别为113种、20.25 g/m2和185.00 ind/m2;冬季分别为62种、3.11 g/m2和71.47 ind/m2。分析结果表明,大型底栖动物种类数量、生物量和丰度自长江口向东呈递增趋势。生物量和丰度均与水深和盐度呈显著或极显著的正相关关系;与化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷和悬浮体浓度呈显著或极显著的负相关关系。与历史资料比较,当前长江口海域大型底栖动物种类数量、生物量和丰度均低于二十年前的水平。
2.为揭示长江口海域大型底栖动物多样性特征,采用物种丰富度指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(J)和香农威纳指数(H’)对其进行了分析。结果表明:四个航次平均物种丰富度指数分别是:春季1.23,夏季1.10,秋季1.41,冬季0.85;平均物种均匀度指数分别是:春季0.92,夏季0.89,秋季0.90,冬季0.94;平均香农威纳指数分别是:春季2.06,夏季1.72,秋季2.06,冬季1.74。多样性指数与环境因子的相关分析表明,均匀度指数和香农威纳指数与水深和盐度呈显著的正相关关系,与化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷和悬浮体含量呈显著的负相关关系。均匀度指数与所调查的环境因子没有显著的相关性。
3.利用Brey的经验公式对调查海域进行了大型底栖动物次级生产力和P/B值的研究和计算。结果表明,长江口海域大型底栖动物年平均次级生产力为1.36 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势。其中多毛类年平均次级生产力为0.63 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占46.32%;软体动物年平均次级生产力为0.26 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占19.12%;甲壳类年平均次级生产力为0.25 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占18.38%;棘皮动物年平均次级生产力为0.12 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占8.82%;其它动物年平均次级生产力为0.10 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),占7.35%。长江口海域大型底栖动物年平均P/B值为0.89,其中多毛类P/B值为1.75,软体动物P/B值为0.76,甲壳类P/B值为0.42,棘皮动物P/B值为0.86。
4.根据2007年长江口海域大型底栖动物和环境调查数据,应用CANOCO软件对获得的大型底栖动物物种数据和环境因子数据进行了典范对应分析(CCA),并作出了物种、站位分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明,长江口海域大型底栖动物群落可划分为3个类型。根据CCA给出了各类型与环境因子的相互关系表明,盐度、水深、营养盐含量、悬浮体浓度是影响长江口海域大型底栖动物分布格局的主要因素。
日本刺沙蚕是我国和日本特有的多毛类物种,广泛的分布于我国的渤海和黄海等地区,并具有较高的经济价值。本文探讨了温度和盐度等环境因子对其代谢、能量收支和氮收支的影响,以期为日本刺沙蚕的人工养殖提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下:
1.运用实验生态学的方法研究了体重、盐度(5、10、15、20、25、30和35)和温度(18、21、24、27和30 oC)对日本刺沙蚕呼吸和排泄的影响。三个不同的体重组(大:2.34±0.36 g,中:1.50±0.21 g,小:0.62±0.12 g)被用于盐度和温度实验中。结果表明:体重、盐度和温度均对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率产生显著性的影响(P<0.05)。耗氧率和排泄率均随体重的增加而降低,并且分别得出了二者与体重的回归关系式。在盐度5-35范围内,耗氧率和排泄率均随着盐度的增加而降低,盐度30时达到最小值,然后又随盐度的升高而升高。盐度和体重间的交互作用对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率均存在显著性影响(P<0.05)。在18-30 oC范围内,耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,在27 oC时达到最高值,然后又随着温度的升高而降低。但温度对排泄率的影响呈波浪状曲线关系。温度和体重间的交互作用对日本刺沙蚕的耗氧率和排泄率均存在显著性影响(P<0.05)。整个实验中,日本刺沙蚕O:N比值的范围在5.97-463.22之间,说明随着环境的变化,其代谢供能物质也有明显的变化。
2.对日本刺沙蚕在不同盐度下(15、20、25、30和35)的生长和能量收支情况进行了探讨。结果表明,其特定生长率(SGR)随盐度的升高而增加,在盐度30时达到最大值,然后又随盐度的继续升高而降低。沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率(FCE)和表观消化率(ADR)随盐度的变化趋势与此相似。在日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式中,粪便能是其中较小的部分,不会对生长能的分配产生大的影响。在每一盐度下呼吸能都占据较大的比例。而排泄能随盐度的变化较剧烈。所以,呼吸能和排泄能主导着日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式。总体上,盐度主要是通过影响沙蚕的摄食量、FCE和ADR或摄食能的分配而影响其生长。此外,本文还分别得出了沙蚕摄食量、排粪量、SGR、ADR、FCE、生长能占摄食能的比例、呼吸能占摄食能的比例、排泄能占摄食能的比例和粪便能占摄食能的比例与盐度的回归关系式。通过计算,日本刺沙蚕最佳生长盐度在27和30之间。日本刺沙蚕在5个盐度下的平均能量收支方程为:100C = 25.37G + 8.50F + 4.92U + 61.21R,式中C为摄食能;G为生长能;F为粪便能;U为排泄能;R为呼吸能。
3.运用实验生态学的方法研究了17-29 oC范围内5个不同温度下日本刺沙蚕的生长和能量收支情况。沙蚕的生长以实验末体重和特定生长率(SGR)表示。其生长随温度的升高而增加,在26 oC时达到最大值,然后又随温度的继续升高而显著地降低。沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率(FCE)和表观消化率(ADR)随温度的变化趋势与此相似,但温度对ADR没有显著的影响。在日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式中,粪便能是其中较小的部分,不会对生长能的分配产生大的影响。在每一温度下,呼吸能都占据较大的比例。而排泄能随温度变化较剧烈。呼吸能和排泄能主导着日本刺沙蚕的能量收支模式,对生长能的分配起着主要的影响。总体上,温度主要是通过影响沙蚕的摄食量、饵料转化率或摄食能的分配而影响其生长状况。此外,还分别得出了沙蚕摄食量、排粪量、特定生长率和饵料转化率与温度的回归关系式。通过对回归方程的计算,其最大摄食量在25.01 oC;最大饵料转化率在24.24 oC;最大特定生长率在24.73 oC。
4.探讨不同盐度下(15、20、25、30和35)日本刺沙蚕对饵料中氮的利用情况。结果表明,盐度对日本刺沙蚕的摄食氮、生长氮、粪便氮、氮的饵料转化率和特定生长率均有显著性的影响,它们均有随盐度升高而增加的趋势,到达最大值后(盐度30左右),又随盐度的升高而下降。排泄氮随盐度的变化趋势与此相反。盐度对氮的表观消化率没有显著的影响。根据回归方程计算得到日本刺沙蚕的最佳氮生长盐度为28-29。实验结果还显示日本刺沙蚕在适宜盐度下获得较高的氮生长主要归因于较高的氮摄食和氮的饵料转化率。盐度对日本刺沙蚕氮收支各组分均存在显著性影响,其中排泄氮的比例在盐度25时最小,而后随盐度的升高或降低都明显增大,这与生长氮和粪便氮比例的变化趋势相反。粪便氮的比例变化并不剧烈,范围为7.50%-9.41%。因此,排泄氮的比例和生长氮的比例主导着日本刺沙蚕的氮收支模式。日本刺沙蚕在5个盐度下的平均氮收支方程为100CN=49.01GN+42.45UN+8.54FN,其中,CN为摄食氮;GN为生长氮;UN为排泄氮;FN为粪便氮。此外,作者还对水生动物氮收支的模式做了初步的探讨。
5.探讨了不同温度下(17、20、23、26和29 oC)日本刺沙蚕的氮生长和氮收支情况。结果表明,温度对日本刺沙蚕的摄食氮、生长氮、氮的饵料转化率和特定生长率均有显著性的影响,它们均有随温度升高而增加的趋势,到达最大值后(26 oC),又随温度的升高而下降。温度对氮的吸收效率没有显著的影响。根据回归方程计算得到日本刺沙蚕的最佳氮生长温度为23-26 oC。实验结果还显示日本刺沙蚕在适宜温度下获得较高的氮生长主要归因于较高的氮摄食和氮的饵料转化率。温度对日本刺沙蚕氮收支各组分均存在显著性影响,其中排泄氮的比例在26oC最小,而后随温度的升高或降低都增大,这与生长氮和粪便氮比例的变化趋势相反。粪便氮的比例较小且变化不剧烈,范围为6.43-9.40%。因此,排泄氮的比例和生长氮的比例主导着日本刺沙蚕的氮收支模式。日本刺沙蚕在5个温度下的平均氮收支方程为100CN=49.2GN+43.3UN+7.5FN。
The macrobenthos and some environmental factors collected from 40 stations in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent waters were investigated in February, May, August and November, 2007. The species numbers, biomass, density, diversity, secondary production of macrobenthos in the regain were studied and analyzed. In addition, the relationship between the distribution of macrobenthos and environmental factors was also analyzed. The major results of the study are presented as follows: 1. From the material collected from 40 stations in the Changjiang Estuary in February, May, August and November, 2007, 216 macrobenthos species were found, in which 113 species were polychaetes, making up 52.31% of the total species, 42 species were mollusks, making up 19.91%, 32 species were crustaceans, making up 14.35%, 10 species were echinoderms, making up 4.63%, and 19 species were other groups of marine animals, making up 8.80%. The total mean biomass and density were estimated to be 8.76 g/m2 and 139.18 ind/m2, respectively. The average specie number, biomass and density in spring were respectively 86, 6.96 g/m2 and 143.18 ind/m2;100, 4.71 g/m2 and 157.06 ind/m2 in summer; 113, 20.25 g/m2 and 185.00 ind/m2 in autumn; 62, 3.11 g/m2 and 71.47 ind/m2 in winter. Data showed that distribution of species numbers, biomass and density in the estuary increased from Changjiang mouth to easten outside open sea. The biomass and density of macrobenthos were significantly positive correlated with depth and salinity. They had significantly negative correlation with the COD, TN, TP and TSM. Compared with history data in the same region, the species numbers, biomass and density were all lower than twenty years ago.
2. The richness index (D), species evenes index (J) and Shannon-Wiener index (H’), were used to study the diversity of macrobenthos in the Changjiang Estuary. The results showed the following: The average values of D of four cruises were 1.23 in spring, 1.10 in summer, 1.41 in autumn, 0.85 in winter; J of four cruise were 0.92 in spring, 0.89 in summer, 0.90 in autumn, 0.94 in winter; H’of four cruise were 2.06 in spring, 1.72 in summer, 2.06 in autumn, 1.74 in winter. J and H’were significantly positive correlated with depth and salinity. They had significantly negative correlation with the COD, TN, TP and TSM. J had no significantly correlation with any environmental factors.
3. Based on the data obtained from 40 stations in 2007, the secondary production and P/B ratio in the Changjiang Estuary was calculated with Brey’s empirical formula. The results showed as the following: The distribution of secondary production in the estuary increased from Changjiang mouth to easten outside open sea. The mean value of secondry production in the studied area was 1.36 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a), in which 0.63 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was polychaetes, making up 46.32% of the total value, 0.26 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was mollusks, making up 19.12%, 0.25 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was crustaceans, making up 18.38%, 0.12 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was echinoderms, making up 8.82%, and 0.10 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a) was other marine animals, making up 7.35%. The mean P/B ratio of macrobenthos was 0.89, in which 1.75 was polychaetes, 0.76 was mollusks, 0.42 was crustaceans and 0.86 was echinoderms.
4. Comprehensive investigation on macorbenthos and environmental factors in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were conducted in 2007. Canonial correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to explore the relationship between macrobenthos and environmental factors using CANOCO. The results showed that the macrobenthos communities can be classified into three assemblages. The ordination of interrelation among the three assemblages and their correlation to the environmental variables were revealed by CCA; the result shows that salinity, depth, nutrient and total suspended particulate matter were major factors influencing the macorbenthors assemblage.
The polychaete, Neanthes japonica, is a worm-like euryhaline species native to China and Japan. In China, this species inhabits the intertidal, shallow sandy-mud sediments and/or estuaries in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Recently in China, N. japonica has been widely used as an ideal diet in shrimp aquaculture and as fishing bait, and marked with high commercial value. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature and salinity on the metabolism, energy budget and nitrogen budget of N. japonica. The results of this study provide useful information for aquaculturists engaged in the artificial breeding of N. japonica. The major results of the study are presented as follows:
1. In this study, the relations of body weight, salinity (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35) and temperature (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 oC) to oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were determined by bioeologics method. Three different groups in body weight (Large: 2.34±0.36 g, Middle: 1.50±0.21 g and Small: 0.62±0.12 g) were set for all experiments. The results were as follows: the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of N. japonica were affected by body weight, salinity and temperature (P<0.05). The body weight was negatively related to the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. Significant relationship between oxygen consumption rate/ammonia excretion rate and body weight was obtained. With salinity changed from 5 to 35, the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion decreased before 30 and then increased, indicating that both lower and higher salinity were adverse and certain salinity stress was necessary for enhancing the energy demand. Raising temperature from 18 to 30 oC, the oxygen consumption rate increased before 27 oC and then decreased. However, the relation of ammonia excretion and temperature seemed more complex. Moreover, significant effects (P<0.05) were obtained on salinity/temperature and body weight on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. The O:N (oxygen/nitrogen) ratio varied greatly in this case from 5.97 to 463.22, indicating that N. japonica can regulate the type of metabolic substrate against environment changes.
2. The growth and energy budget of polychaete, N. japonica at five salinity levels (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) with a total sample of four replicates for each level, were investigated in this study. Results indicate that the growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), significantly increased with increasing salinity, with the maximum level at 30 ppt salinity, and then decreased at the highest salinity level. A similar tendency was observed in food consumption, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). For the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of the energy budget, and did not have the capability to greatly influence the proportion of energy intake allocated to growth. The respiration metabolism significantly increased as salinity decreased and accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each salinity treatment. The nitrogen excretion was acute with changing salinity. Therefore, respiration energy and excretion energy of the energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of energy intake allocated to growth. These results revealed that salinity mainly affected the polychaete’s growth by influencing food consumption, FCE, ADR, or energy allocation to growth. In addition, regression equations described and obtained the relationship among food consumption, faecal production, SGR, ADR, FCE, proportion of energy intake allocated to growth (G/C), respiration (R/C), excretion energy (U/C), faeces (F/C) and salinity. As calculated from these regression equations, the optimal salinity range for the growth of N. japonica may be between 27 and 30 ppt. The average energy budget of N. japonica under five salinity treatments was: 100C = 25.37G + 8.50F + 4.92U + 61.21R, where C was food energy, G was growth energy, F was faeces energy, U was excretion energy and R was respiration energy.
3. Growth and energy budget of the polychaete, Neanthes japonica, at various temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 oC) were investigated in this study. The growth, as indicated by final dry weight and specific growth rate (SGR), increased with increasing temperature, with the maximum level at 26 oC, and then decreased significantly at 29 oC. A similar trend was observed in feeding rate, food conversion efficiency (FCE) and apparent digestive rate (ADR). However, no significant differences were detected in ADR among all the temperature treatments. For the pattern of energy allocation, faeces energy was only a small component of energy budget and had little influence on the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. The metabolic energy accounted for a large portion of energy intake for each temperature treatment. The nitrogen excretion was acute with changing temperature. The two expenditure terms (respiration energy and excretion energy) of energy budget were the major factors influencing the proportion of food energy allocated to growth. These results revealed that temperature affected the growth of N. japonica mainly by influencing feeding rate and FCE. In addition, regression equations described the relationship between feeding rate, faecal production, SGR, FCE and temperature were obtained. Optimum temperature for feeding rate, FCE and SGR were estimated at 25.01 oC, 24.24 oC and 24.73 oC, respectively, from the regression equations.
4. In the present study, the effect of salinity on nitrogen growth and nitrogen budget of N. japonica was investigated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 by bioeologics method. The result showed that nitrogen consumption, nitrogen growth, nitrogen faeces, nitrogen food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate were significantly affected by salinity. They all increased with increasing salinity, peaked at about 30, and then decreased with increasing salinity. Reversed tendency was observed in nitrogen excretion. There was no significant differences in nitrogen apparent digestive rate among all salinity treatments. As calculated from regression equations, the optimal salinity range for nitrogen growth of N. japonica might be 28~29. The results indicated that the high nitrogen growth of the polychaete at suitable salinity mainly resulted from the significant increase of nitrogen consumption and nitrogen food conversion efficiency at corresponding salinity. All part of nitrogen budget were significantly affected by salinity. The minimum of proportion of nitrogen excretion was at salinity 25, above or below the salinity, the value decreased, which was reversed with the proportion of nitrogen growth and faeces. The proportion of nitrogen excretion was the major factor influencing the nitrogen budget model. The average nitrogen budget of N. japonica under five salinity treatments was: 100CN=49.01GN+42.45UN+8.54FN, where CN was nitrogen consumption, GN was nitrogen growth, UN was nitrogen excretion and FN was nitrogen faeces. In addition, primary discussion on the nitrogen budget of aquatic animals was made.
5. The effect of temperature on nitrogen growth and nitrogen budget of Neanthes japonica was investigated at 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 oC by bioeologics method. The results showed that nitrogen consumption, nitrogen growth, nitrogen food conversion efficiency and specific growth rate were significantly affected by temperature. They all increased with increasing temperature, peaked at about 26 oC, and then decreased with increasing temperature. There was no significant differences in nitrogen absorption efficiency among all temperature treatments. As calculated from regression equations, the optimal temperature range for nitrogen growth of N. japonica might be 23~26 oC. The results indicated that the high nitrogen growth of the polychaete at suitable temperature mainly resulted from the significant increase of nitrogen consumption and nitrogen food conversion efficiency at corresponding temperature. All parts of nitrogen budget were significantly affected by temperature. The minimum of proportion of nitrogen excretion was at 26 oC, above or below the temperature, the value decreased, which was reversed with the proportion of nitrogen growth and faeces. The proportion of nitrogen excretion and nitrogen growth were the major factors influencing the nitrogen budget model. The average nitrogen budget of N. japonica under five temperature treatments was: 100CN=49.2GN+42.3UN+7.5FN.
引文
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