重庆缙云山林地坡面降雨产流规律及土壤力学特征研究
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摘要
本文结合国家自然科学基金“基于分形理论的三峡库区林地土壤结构特征与土壤侵蚀关系研究”,从重庆缙云山林地坡面降雨产流规律入手,通过对该地区饱和-非饱和渗流的模拟并结合对坡体稳定性研究,以期为重庆缙云山乃至三峡库区坡地森林植被建设、坡地科学开发利用、防治滑坡和水土流失、开展水土保持工程设计以及合理发展农林业生产提供科学依据。
论文从坡面尺度上对重庆缙云山典型森林植被(混交林、阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林)坡地的林冠层、枯落物层以及土壤层等的水文效应进行了定量研究。通过实测的年、月以及场次时间尺度上的降雨及坡面产流数据,对以上典型森林植被的产流特征进行了分析:林外降雨量与林内降雨量存在着线性回归关系;通过研究枯落物层持水过程发现,在前2h内,枯落物吸水速率很大,持水量急剧上升。灌木林、阔叶林、混交林的(半)分解层持水量分别是其未分解层的2.5、2.0及2.6倍左右;在持水量增长较快的前2h内,(半)分解层的平均吸水速率是相应未分解层的2.4~4.0倍,反映了(半)分解层较好的水文效应;对于土壤层,灌木林土壤层的蓄水能力最大(282.8mm),其它依次为混交林>阔叶林>农耕地;运用灰色系统关联方法分析影响不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能的各项因子主要次序:枯落物储量>(半)分解层储量>郁闭度>总孔隙度>下木盖度>土壤蓄水容量;并进一步不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能的强弱:灌木林>阔叶林>混交林>楠竹林。
通过野外对森林水文数据的观测和室内土壤水分运动基本参数的测定,计算出阔叶林小区三层土壤的非饱和渗透系数k u,并藉此建立渗流场,以节点或单元云图描述了渗流路径以及渗流量(1.89m3/d)。同时研究发现改变坡角会抬高或降低渗流溢出点的位置,并增加或减少溢出量。这对于保护坡角具有一定的指导意义。
分别在总应力和有效应力理论下对非饱和土抗剪强度进行有限元模拟并结合试验破坏实例,发现土体破坏的类型更加符合Drucker-Prager屈服准则,这为准确预测土坡破坏位置奠定了理论基础。通过饱和土抗剪强度以及土壤水分曲线对非饱和土抗剪强度进行预测,并藉此建立应力场,并得出阔叶林小区坡体的安全系数为2.4。
结合不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能评价及应力场、渗流场模拟的相关方法,从而为重庆缙云山乃至三峡库区坡地森林植被建设、坡地科学开发利用、防治滑坡和水土流失、开展水土保持工程设计以及合理发展农林业生产提供科学依据。
The research on law of runoff yield and erodibility of slopes in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City was conducted, which are associated with the National Natural Science Foundation of China”Relationship of soil structure and soil erosion in forest lands based on fractal theory in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas”. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for vegetation construction, exploitation and utilization of sloping land and development of forestry and agriculture.
On slope scale, hydrological effects of canopy, litters and soil layers under typical forest vegetations (mixed forest, broadleaved forest, bamboo forest, and shrub) in Chongqing Jinyun Mountain were analysized quantitatively. Slope runoff characteristics of typical forest vegetaions were analysized from data of runoff and rainfall on the scale of month, year: Linear regression relation was found between rainfall outside of stands and rainfall inside of stands; It was observed that absorption rate of litter was very fast and water-holding content increased rapidly within 2 hours; Water-holding content of (semi-) decomposition litters which belonged to shrub, broadleaved forest and mixed forest is 2.5, 2.0 or 2.6 times the amount of that of without deposition litters. The average absorption rate of (semi-) decomposition litters is times (from 2.4 to 4.0) the amount of that of without deposition litters respectively. Hydrological effect about (semi-) decomposition was showed from that. In addition, the most value of retaining water capacity was 282.8mm, which belonged to soil layer of shrub, and mixed forest >broadleaved forest >farmland in sequence; Grey correlation analysis on factors influencing hydrological effects was conducted, and the importance sequence of factors is the content and storage of litter> the (semi-) decomposed litter storage>canopy closure extent>soil porosity>herb coverage> soil holding water capacity; Then hydrological hierarchy function sequence was evaluated using grey correlation analysis as follows: shrub>broadleaved forest>mixed forest>bamboo.
The basic parameters of soil hydraulic properties were measured in lab and forest hydrology data were observed in the wild, the unsaturated permeability coefficient of the three soil layers of broadleaved forest were calculated. Leaking field was established from that in order to confirm spillpoint, seepage path and seepage quantity (1.892582m3/d) using node or element contour figure. Spillpoint would rise or fall in accordance with angle of slope, so did seepage quantity. It is useful to protect angle of slope.
Unsaturated shear strength was stimulated in the finite element analysis method through total stress and effective stress theory, Drucker-Prager yield criterion was more suitable for describing types of soil failure, which provided the theoretical basis for predicting failure location of soil slope. Stress field was established based on unsaturated shear strength predicted using shear strength of saturated soils and parameters of soil and water characteristic curve, and safety factors of broadleaved forest was obtained as 2.4. From analysis methods concerned about hydrological effect assessment, stress field and leaking field, we could provide scientific basis for vegetation construction, exploitation and utilization of sloping land and development of forestry and agriculture.
论文从坡面尺度上对重庆缙云山典型森林植被(混交林、阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林)坡地的林冠层、枯落物层以及土壤层等的水文效应进行了定量研究。通过实测的年、月以及场次时间尺度上的降雨及坡面产流数据,对以上典型森林植被的产流特征进行了分析:林外降雨量与林内降雨量存在着线性回归关系;通过研究枯落物层持水过程发现,在前2h内,枯落物吸水速率很大,持水量急剧上升。灌木林、阔叶林、混交林的(半)分解层持水量分别是其未分解层的2.5、2.0及2.6倍左右;在持水量增长较快的前2h内,(半)分解层的平均吸水速率是相应未分解层的2.4~4.0倍,反映了(半)分解层较好的水文效应;对于土壤层,灌木林土壤层的蓄水能力最大(282.8mm),其它依次为混交林>阔叶林>农耕地;运用灰色系统关联方法分析影响不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能的各项因子主要次序:枯落物储量>(半)分解层储量>郁闭度>总孔隙度>下木盖度>土壤蓄水容量;并进一步不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能的强弱:灌木林>阔叶林>混交林>楠竹林。
通过野外对森林水文数据的观测和室内土壤水分运动基本参数的测定,计算出阔叶林小区三层土壤的非饱和渗透系数k u,并藉此建立渗流场,以节点或单元云图描述了渗流路径以及渗流量(1.89m3/d)。同时研究发现改变坡角会抬高或降低渗流溢出点的位置,并增加或减少溢出量。这对于保护坡角具有一定的指导意义。
分别在总应力和有效应力理论下对非饱和土抗剪强度进行有限元模拟并结合试验破坏实例,发现土体破坏的类型更加符合Drucker-Prager屈服准则,这为准确预测土坡破坏位置奠定了理论基础。通过饱和土抗剪强度以及土壤水分曲线对非饱和土抗剪强度进行预测,并藉此建立应力场,并得出阔叶林小区坡体的安全系数为2.4。
结合不同类型森林植被理水调洪功能评价及应力场、渗流场模拟的相关方法,从而为重庆缙云山乃至三峡库区坡地森林植被建设、坡地科学开发利用、防治滑坡和水土流失、开展水土保持工程设计以及合理发展农林业生产提供科学依据。
The research on law of runoff yield and erodibility of slopes in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing City was conducted, which are associated with the National Natural Science Foundation of China”Relationship of soil structure and soil erosion in forest lands based on fractal theory in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas”. The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for vegetation construction, exploitation and utilization of sloping land and development of forestry and agriculture.
On slope scale, hydrological effects of canopy, litters and soil layers under typical forest vegetations (mixed forest, broadleaved forest, bamboo forest, and shrub) in Chongqing Jinyun Mountain were analysized quantitatively. Slope runoff characteristics of typical forest vegetaions were analysized from data of runoff and rainfall on the scale of month, year: Linear regression relation was found between rainfall outside of stands and rainfall inside of stands; It was observed that absorption rate of litter was very fast and water-holding content increased rapidly within 2 hours; Water-holding content of (semi-) decomposition litters which belonged to shrub, broadleaved forest and mixed forest is 2.5, 2.0 or 2.6 times the amount of that of without deposition litters. The average absorption rate of (semi-) decomposition litters is times (from 2.4 to 4.0) the amount of that of without deposition litters respectively. Hydrological effect about (semi-) decomposition was showed from that. In addition, the most value of retaining water capacity was 282.8mm, which belonged to soil layer of shrub, and mixed forest >broadleaved forest >farmland in sequence; Grey correlation analysis on factors influencing hydrological effects was conducted, and the importance sequence of factors is the content and storage of litter> the (semi-) decomposed litter storage>canopy closure extent>soil porosity>herb coverage> soil holding water capacity; Then hydrological hierarchy function sequence was evaluated using grey correlation analysis as follows: shrub>broadleaved forest>mixed forest>bamboo.
The basic parameters of soil hydraulic properties were measured in lab and forest hydrology data were observed in the wild, the unsaturated permeability coefficient of the three soil layers of broadleaved forest were calculated. Leaking field was established from that in order to confirm spillpoint, seepage path and seepage quantity (1.892582m3/d) using node or element contour figure. Spillpoint would rise or fall in accordance with angle of slope, so did seepage quantity. It is useful to protect angle of slope.
Unsaturated shear strength was stimulated in the finite element analysis method through total stress and effective stress theory, Drucker-Prager yield criterion was more suitable for describing types of soil failure, which provided the theoretical basis for predicting failure location of soil slope. Stress field was established based on unsaturated shear strength predicted using shear strength of saturated soils and parameters of soil and water characteristic curve, and safety factors of broadleaved forest was obtained as 2.4. From analysis methods concerned about hydrological effect assessment, stress field and leaking field, we could provide scientific basis for vegetation construction, exploitation and utilization of sloping land and development of forestry and agriculture.
引文
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