旅游城市桂林生态安全与可持续发展评价研究
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摘要
旅游城市从城市和旅游目的地这两个角度来说都存在着生态环境问题的影响,这些影响不利于旅游城市生态安全的维持,也影响着旅游城市可持续发展进程。营造一个良好的旅游城市生态环境,应该清楚地了解城市居民活动、旅游者活动和旅游开发建设对旅游城市生物多样性、地表结构、资源占用等方面的影响,了解旅游城市的环境污染以及污染治理情况,了解旅游城市生态系统的结构是否合理、是否充分发挥功能作用。因此,有必要对旅游城市生态可持续性做出定量分析,判断旅游城市生态安全性,为旅游城市生态规划与建设、生态管理与调控提供科学、客观的参考依据,以实现旅游城市和旅游业的可持续发展。
论文研究在数据收集上,采集来自于旅游城市历年统计资料数据、实地调查资料数据和专家访谈资料数据;在研究手段上,将定性和定量分析方法相结合,采用层次分析、因子分析、模糊数学分析等方法,结合生态足迹模型、压力—状态—响应模型;在理论上,基于可持续发展理论、生态学理论、环境科学理论、复合城市生态系统理论;对旅游城市桂林进行生态足迹测量、生态安全模糊综合评价和生态可持续发展评价。本文研究的内容与结果:
对旅游城市桂林进行生态足迹测量,结果表明在1998-2005年间,桂林总生态足迹和人均生态足迹呈快速增长的趋势,桂林总生态承载力和人均生态承载力基本维持不变。1998年总生态足迹与总生态承载力基本相等,总生态赤字和人均生态赤字为0;2005年总生态足迹是总生态承载力的1.66倍,出现生态赤字,人均生态赤字为0.431hm~2/人。桂林生态赤字的出现,反映了桂林在这8年期间,生产、生活所需的物质和能源消费在不断增加,消费量超过了桂林生态承载的能力,从资源利用的角度来看,如果只依靠城市本身自然条件来发展桂林城市,必然会出现资源利用的不可持续。
对旅游城市桂林生态安全进行模糊综合评价,结果分析表明桂林生态安全状态为“较安全”状态,桂林生态安全模糊综合评定值为0.56,反映了桂林生态环境状态通过治理与维护,处于改善的状态。影响桂林城市生态安全的关键因子是:旅游资源利用强度、旅游资源破坏程度、空气质量;其次是城市绿地覆盖率、工业废水排放达标率、生态保护强度、环保投入占GDP的比重、游居比率。
对旅游城市桂林进行生态可持续发展评价,结果表明在1998年至2005年的8年期间,桂林生态可持续发展水平整体上是趋于逐年提高的,桂林生态可持续发展评价的生态综合指数由1998年的-1.56提高到2005年的1.58,提高幅度为2倍,2005年的桂林生态可持续发展水平是研究期间内最好的一年。
经过评价研究揭示出旅游城市桂林存在着生态安全与可持续发展制约的因素,具体表现为在结构功能方面:人口流动性大,城市化水平低,非生物环境因素中SO_2含量,自然保留地面积变化较大,桂林城市绿地覆盖率不高。在生产功能方面:生产效率比较低,资源利用效率低,经济增长模式一直变化不大,产业结构不太合理,旅游资源开发强度大。消费功能方面:生物资源消费量增加,能源需求增加。调节功能方面:资金流不畅通,社会保障能力增加幅度不明显。
论文的研究表明了从生态足迹、生态安全性和生态可持续性三个不同的角度互为补充,可以较准确、较全面地评价旅游城市桂林生态安全状态和可持续发展水平,在实践中与操作上是简便、可行的,评价结果与桂林实际状态一致。
The impact of ecological environment on the tourist city proper and tourist destinations is not only conducive to the maintenance of its ecological safety but also to its sustainable development.To create a better tourist environment in tourist cities,a better understanding should be given to the impact of urban activities,tourist activities and the impact of tourism development and construction on biological diversity,surface structure,resources occupation and other aspects.And to understand the situation of environmental pollution,considerations should be taken into whether structure of ecosystem is reasonable and whether the tourist city gives its function to full play.So,constricting factors which impact eco-environmental safety would be analyzed and selection with estimating the ecological security of tourist city is needed.It would provide theoretical basis with scientific,objective for ecological planning,ecological construction,ecological management and ecological control of the tourist city.So as to realize sustainable development of the tourist city and the tourism.
In this paper,data were collected from the past years' statistical data,through field survey and expert interview.Those have used from analytic hierarchy process,factor analysis and fuzzy mathematics combined with the ecological footprint model,the pressure - state - response theory model with quantitative and qualitative.Based on the theory of sustainable development,ecology, environmental science,composite urban ecosystem and so on,tourist city of Guilin in Guangxi Province has been measured by ecological footprint,ecological security fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and ecological sustainable development evaluation.The result indicated that:
Through measure ecological footprint of Guilin,and the results reflect that since 1998 to 2005 the total of ecological footprint and ecological footprint per person was raised year after year at high speed. There were no changes in total ecological carrying capacity and ecological carrying capacity per person. In 1998 the total ecological footprint was basically equal to the total ecological carrying and the total ecological deficit and ecological deficit per person were 0.The total ecological footprint was 1.66 times of the total ecological carrying capacity in tourist city of Guilin in 2005,and it was in the situation of ecological deficit.The ecological deficit per person was 0.438 hm~2.It showed that the necessaries of substance for produce and life and resource consumption were increasing continually during these 8 years,and the consumption ecologically exceeded Guilin.From the view of resource utilization,if we only rely on the natural conditions to develop Guilin city,it would be bound to the unsustainable use of resources.
The value of ecological security was 0.56 which belonged to "critical security" in tourist city of Guilin in 2005.It reflects that the ecological environment of Guilin was in a state of improvement through the management and maintenance.The influential factors on the ecological security for tourist city were utilization intensity from tourism resources,degree of damage to tourism resources,air quality, green space coverage degree,effluent standard for industrial waste water,strength ecological protection, and the GDP proportion of environmental protection devotion.
Through evaluating ecological sustainable of Guilin,the result reflects that between 1998 to 2005 ecological sustainable development of Guilin improved year by year.The result of ecological sustainable development evaluating in tourist city of Guilin was increased to 1.58 in 2005 from -1.56 in 1998,which was increased by 2 times.It showed that the level of ecological development of tourist city Guilin in 2005 is the best year.
Trough evaluating and research it reflects that the existence of restriction for ecological security and sustainable development of tourist city Guilin was as follows:there were big population mobility and tourist flows,low urbanization level,the content SO_2 of biotic environment,changes in the larger area of nature reserves,low urban green coverage rate on structural function;second,there were relatively low productivity and efficiency of resource,little change of economic growth model,no reasonable industrial structure,intensive development of tourism resources on production function;third, there were increasing consumption of biological resources and energy demand on the consumption function;forth,there were no unblocked fund flow and no obvious increase in the capacity of social security on regulation function.
In this paper,the level of ecological security and sustainable development of Guilin tourist city was evaluated relatively completely and comprehensively at three different levels which were ecological footprint,ecological security and ecological sustainability.The results showed that the methods of evaluating in tourist city were simple and feasible in practice,and the evaluation results were more or less the same to the actual state of Guilin tourist city.
论文研究在数据收集上,采集来自于旅游城市历年统计资料数据、实地调查资料数据和专家访谈资料数据;在研究手段上,将定性和定量分析方法相结合,采用层次分析、因子分析、模糊数学分析等方法,结合生态足迹模型、压力—状态—响应模型;在理论上,基于可持续发展理论、生态学理论、环境科学理论、复合城市生态系统理论;对旅游城市桂林进行生态足迹测量、生态安全模糊综合评价和生态可持续发展评价。本文研究的内容与结果:
对旅游城市桂林进行生态足迹测量,结果表明在1998-2005年间,桂林总生态足迹和人均生态足迹呈快速增长的趋势,桂林总生态承载力和人均生态承载力基本维持不变。1998年总生态足迹与总生态承载力基本相等,总生态赤字和人均生态赤字为0;2005年总生态足迹是总生态承载力的1.66倍,出现生态赤字,人均生态赤字为0.431hm~2/人。桂林生态赤字的出现,反映了桂林在这8年期间,生产、生活所需的物质和能源消费在不断增加,消费量超过了桂林生态承载的能力,从资源利用的角度来看,如果只依靠城市本身自然条件来发展桂林城市,必然会出现资源利用的不可持续。
对旅游城市桂林生态安全进行模糊综合评价,结果分析表明桂林生态安全状态为“较安全”状态,桂林生态安全模糊综合评定值为0.56,反映了桂林生态环境状态通过治理与维护,处于改善的状态。影响桂林城市生态安全的关键因子是:旅游资源利用强度、旅游资源破坏程度、空气质量;其次是城市绿地覆盖率、工业废水排放达标率、生态保护强度、环保投入占GDP的比重、游居比率。
对旅游城市桂林进行生态可持续发展评价,结果表明在1998年至2005年的8年期间,桂林生态可持续发展水平整体上是趋于逐年提高的,桂林生态可持续发展评价的生态综合指数由1998年的-1.56提高到2005年的1.58,提高幅度为2倍,2005年的桂林生态可持续发展水平是研究期间内最好的一年。
经过评价研究揭示出旅游城市桂林存在着生态安全与可持续发展制约的因素,具体表现为在结构功能方面:人口流动性大,城市化水平低,非生物环境因素中SO_2含量,自然保留地面积变化较大,桂林城市绿地覆盖率不高。在生产功能方面:生产效率比较低,资源利用效率低,经济增长模式一直变化不大,产业结构不太合理,旅游资源开发强度大。消费功能方面:生物资源消费量增加,能源需求增加。调节功能方面:资金流不畅通,社会保障能力增加幅度不明显。
论文的研究表明了从生态足迹、生态安全性和生态可持续性三个不同的角度互为补充,可以较准确、较全面地评价旅游城市桂林生态安全状态和可持续发展水平,在实践中与操作上是简便、可行的,评价结果与桂林实际状态一致。
The impact of ecological environment on the tourist city proper and tourist destinations is not only conducive to the maintenance of its ecological safety but also to its sustainable development.To create a better tourist environment in tourist cities,a better understanding should be given to the impact of urban activities,tourist activities and the impact of tourism development and construction on biological diversity,surface structure,resources occupation and other aspects.And to understand the situation of environmental pollution,considerations should be taken into whether structure of ecosystem is reasonable and whether the tourist city gives its function to full play.So,constricting factors which impact eco-environmental safety would be analyzed and selection with estimating the ecological security of tourist city is needed.It would provide theoretical basis with scientific,objective for ecological planning,ecological construction,ecological management and ecological control of the tourist city.So as to realize sustainable development of the tourist city and the tourism.
In this paper,data were collected from the past years' statistical data,through field survey and expert interview.Those have used from analytic hierarchy process,factor analysis and fuzzy mathematics combined with the ecological footprint model,the pressure - state - response theory model with quantitative and qualitative.Based on the theory of sustainable development,ecology, environmental science,composite urban ecosystem and so on,tourist city of Guilin in Guangxi Province has been measured by ecological footprint,ecological security fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and ecological sustainable development evaluation.The result indicated that:
Through measure ecological footprint of Guilin,and the results reflect that since 1998 to 2005 the total of ecological footprint and ecological footprint per person was raised year after year at high speed. There were no changes in total ecological carrying capacity and ecological carrying capacity per person. In 1998 the total ecological footprint was basically equal to the total ecological carrying and the total ecological deficit and ecological deficit per person were 0.The total ecological footprint was 1.66 times of the total ecological carrying capacity in tourist city of Guilin in 2005,and it was in the situation of ecological deficit.The ecological deficit per person was 0.438 hm~2.It showed that the necessaries of substance for produce and life and resource consumption were increasing continually during these 8 years,and the consumption ecologically exceeded Guilin.From the view of resource utilization,if we only rely on the natural conditions to develop Guilin city,it would be bound to the unsustainable use of resources.
The value of ecological security was 0.56 which belonged to "critical security" in tourist city of Guilin in 2005.It reflects that the ecological environment of Guilin was in a state of improvement through the management and maintenance.The influential factors on the ecological security for tourist city were utilization intensity from tourism resources,degree of damage to tourism resources,air quality, green space coverage degree,effluent standard for industrial waste water,strength ecological protection, and the GDP proportion of environmental protection devotion.
Through evaluating ecological sustainable of Guilin,the result reflects that between 1998 to 2005 ecological sustainable development of Guilin improved year by year.The result of ecological sustainable development evaluating in tourist city of Guilin was increased to 1.58 in 2005 from -1.56 in 1998,which was increased by 2 times.It showed that the level of ecological development of tourist city Guilin in 2005 is the best year.
Trough evaluating and research it reflects that the existence of restriction for ecological security and sustainable development of tourist city Guilin was as follows:there were big population mobility and tourist flows,low urbanization level,the content SO_2 of biotic environment,changes in the larger area of nature reserves,low urban green coverage rate on structural function;second,there were relatively low productivity and efficiency of resource,little change of economic growth model,no reasonable industrial structure,intensive development of tourism resources on production function;third, there were increasing consumption of biological resources and energy demand on the consumption function;forth,there were no unblocked fund flow and no obvious increase in the capacity of social security on regulation function.
In this paper,the level of ecological security and sustainable development of Guilin tourist city was evaluated relatively completely and comprehensively at three different levels which were ecological footprint,ecological security and ecological sustainability.The results showed that the methods of evaluating in tourist city were simple and feasible in practice,and the evaluation results were more or less the same to the actual state of Guilin tourist city.
引文
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