中美公路交通建设的阶段性发展分析及其借鉴作用研究
摘要
这篇文章通过对中国和美国两国公路建设历史的回顾(主要是美国)，对不同的发展阶段作一些对比，并针对公路交通建设过程中出现的问题作一些比较分析，主要从经济角度，分析公路建设对美国和中国的国民经济发展做出的贡献。中美两国的公路发展都由四个阶段构成，本文所阐述的美国的四个公路建设阶段都是和经济发展紧密联系在一起，尽管这两个国家公路交通发展的规模、计划、对国民经济的贡献、道路密集度、车辆等级，等等有着根本的不同，但碰到的问题，却有诸多相似之处，道路与车辆保有量增加的矛盾、交通事故的多发、交通建设资金的短缺、对环境的不利影响等等都已经成为这两个国家急待解决和正在解决的问题。由于美国的公路建设时间比较长，高水平的美国公路网络已经完全建立起来，那么，它对中国公路建设的借鉴作用也就显现出来，如，在两国同时出现公路建设资金紧张的同时，美国政府所采取的方式可以为我所用，而且，根据中国的自身特点，应该大力调动民间投资热情，充分发挥社会闲散资金的作用。在公路规划方面，美国人的做法对我们具有很好的经验作用，如，规划的长久性稳定性、整体性及经济性。在环保方面，公路建设安全方面也同样为我们提供了很多可参考的模式。如果再根据中国的自身特点，使得未来的公路交通系统能够更好地为经济建设服务。
China and the United State vary in their road history length, but cover great similarities. Meanwhile, both own all kinds of problems and resembled solutions. In both countries, they share the same concept, that is, road transport serve the national economy, which followed the advance from the very beginning in communications. This article summarizes mainly the economic stages and road constructions in 4 phases of these two countries. The high grade highway construction, or the transportation revival, will be great experiences and lessons for China's highway constructions. Problems as funds shortage, less measures in environmental protection in different regions, national highway network programming etc, can be emerged with new solutions in China. The problems emerge the similar way, like road and traffic population contradictions, large numbered accidents, shortage of road funds, environmental problems out of traffics etc. All the problems are on the stage for resolutions at present and in the near future. Economic contrasts are measures in this article for analyze of contributions from highway network.
China and the United State vary in their road history length, but cover great similarities. Meanwhile, both own all kinds of problems and resembled solutions. In both countries, they share the same concept, that is, road transport serve the national economy, which followed the advance from the very beginning in communications. This article summarizes mainly the economic stages and road constructions in 4 phases of these two countries. The high grade highway construction, or the transportation revival, will be great experiences and lessons for China's highway constructions. Problems as funds shortage, less measures in environmental protection in different regions, national highway network programming etc, can be emerged with new solutions in China. The problems emerge the similar way, like road and traffic population contradictions, large numbered accidents, shortage of road funds, environmental problems out of traffics etc. All the problems are on the stage for resolutions at present and in the near future. Economic contrasts are measures in this article for analyze of contributions from highway network.
引文
1. America's Highways 1776-1976, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.
2. Bruce E. Seely. Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.
3. The Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance. Report to Congress, Publication No. FHWA-PL-93-, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1993.
4. Al Gore. From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government that Works Better and Costs Less, Report of the National Performance Review, Washington, D.C., Sept. 7, 1993.
5. Transportation in America, Eno Foundation Inc., 1992.
6. John D. Kasarda. Transportation Infrastructure for Competitive Success, Transportation Quarterly. Vol. 50, No. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 35-50.
7. Annual Report for Ryder System Inc., 1995.
8. Maryann Feldman and Barbara Larcum. Maryland as a Distribution Center: An Assessment of Transportation and Communication Assets, The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies, Baltimore, Md., 1996.
9. James Flanagan. Remaking L.A. Into the New City of Big Shoulders, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 15, 1995.
10. Timothy J. Lomax and David L. Schrank. Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, 1998.
11. M. Ishaq Nadiri and Theofanis P. Mamuneas. Contribution of Highway Capital to Output and Productivity Growth in the U.S. Economy and Industries, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy Development, Washington, D.C., 1998.
12. America's Highways 1776-1976: A History of the Federal-aid Program, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.
13. Bruce E. Seely. Building the American Highway System. Engineers as Policy Makers, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.
14. Philip P. Mason. The League of American Wheelmen and the Good-Roads Movement, 1880-1905, Ph.D thesis, University of Michigan, 1957.
15. Albert C. Rose. Historic American Roads: From Frontier Trails to Superhighways, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1976.
16．道路运输市场可持续发展战略思考 湖北 蔡少渠 钱宏玖
17. Robert E. Martinez Associate Deputy Secretary of Transportation and Director, Office of Intermodalism (created by ISTEA) Quoted in Journal of Commerce, Jan. 8, 1993
18. Robert Fishman. "The American Metropolis at Century's End: Past and Future Influences," Housing Facts and Findings, Winter 1999. (This article contains the results of the Fannie Mae Foundation's survey.)
19. Mark H. Rose. Interstate Express Highway Politics 1941-1989, University of
Tennessee Press, 1990 (Revised Edition). (This book provides insight into the urban aspects of interstate development.)
20．胡希捷 交通部副部长 加快道路运输发展的几点思考
21．李予川 未来的智能高速公路
22．张文奇 简析中国经济发展与交通运输发展的关系 中国城市规划设计研究院
23．第二次全国公路普查主要数据，华夏公路建设网
24. www.roadmedia.com
25. www.highway.com
26. www.transportation.org
27. www.nhtsa.dot.gov
28. http://ntl.bts.gov
29. http://trb.org
2. Bruce E. Seely. Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.
3. The Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance. Report to Congress, Publication No. FHWA-PL-93-, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1993.
4. Al Gore. From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government that Works Better and Costs Less, Report of the National Performance Review, Washington, D.C., Sept. 7, 1993.
5. Transportation in America, Eno Foundation Inc., 1992.
6. John D. Kasarda. Transportation Infrastructure for Competitive Success, Transportation Quarterly. Vol. 50, No. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 35-50.
7. Annual Report for Ryder System Inc., 1995.
8. Maryann Feldman and Barbara Larcum. Maryland as a Distribution Center: An Assessment of Transportation and Communication Assets, The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies, Baltimore, Md., 1996.
9. James Flanagan. Remaking L.A. Into the New City of Big Shoulders, Los Angeles Times, Nov. 15, 1995.
10. Timothy J. Lomax and David L. Schrank. Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, 1998.
11. M. Ishaq Nadiri and Theofanis P. Mamuneas. Contribution of Highway Capital to Output and Productivity Growth in the U.S. Economy and Industries, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy Development, Washington, D.C., 1998.
12. America's Highways 1776-1976: A History of the Federal-aid Program, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976.
13. Bruce E. Seely. Building the American Highway System. Engineers as Policy Makers, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.
14. Philip P. Mason. The League of American Wheelmen and the Good-Roads Movement, 1880-1905, Ph.D thesis, University of Michigan, 1957.
15. Albert C. Rose. Historic American Roads: From Frontier Trails to Superhighways, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1976.
16．道路运输市场可持续发展战略思考 湖北 蔡少渠 钱宏玖
17. Robert E. Martinez Associate Deputy Secretary of Transportation and Director, Office of Intermodalism (created by ISTEA) Quoted in Journal of Commerce, Jan. 8, 1993
18. Robert Fishman. "The American Metropolis at Century's End: Past and Future Influences," Housing Facts and Findings, Winter 1999. (This article contains the results of the Fannie Mae Foundation's survey.)
19. Mark H. Rose. Interstate Express Highway Politics 1941-1989, University of
Tennessee Press, 1990 (Revised Edition). (This book provides insight into the urban aspects of interstate development.)
20．胡希捷 交通部副部长 加快道路运输发展的几点思考
21．李予川 未来的智能高速公路
22．张文奇 简析中国经济发展与交通运输发展的关系 中国城市规划设计研究院
23．第二次全国公路普查主要数据，华夏公路建设网
24. www.roadmedia.com
25. www.highway.com
26. www.transportation.org
27. www.nhtsa.dot.gov
28. http://ntl.bts.gov
29. http://trb.org
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