大跨度立交桥抗震设计理论与方法
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摘要
地震是严重危害人类的一大自然灾害。在强震作用下,结构一般都处于非线性状态,如支座位移过大导致落梁、相邻结构物之间发生碰撞等等。在现代交通系统中,特别是在城市交通体系中,大跨度城市立交桥梁越来越多的被采用。为了提高桥梁抗震分析的水准和改进设计,也因为大跨度桥梁地震响应的复杂和独特性,加强结构的非线性理论研究具有十分重要的意义。
本文在前人研究的基础上,对大跨度桥梁空间地震反应进行了一些理论分析,发展了相应计算机抗震分析程序,对于桥梁抗震非线性分析理论中的支座单元、碰撞等问题做了研究工作。在此基础上,应用本文的程序对大型立交桥梁结构作了动力性能分析,从而在一定程度上加深了对结构在地震作用下的动力性能的认识。本文主要完成了下列一些工作内容:
1、大跨度城市立交曲线梁桥的动力特性分析和破坏模式的研究,对北京的一座大跨度城市立交曲线梁桥动力特性及其地震响应进行了深入研究。同时,对比了现场实测和分析计算结果,用理论与试验相结合的方法对该桥的抗震性能做出基本评价,并通过计算分析比较了双向地震输入与单向地震输入的计算误差。
2、将城市桥梁简化为支承在多个弹性支座上的刚性曲线梁桥模型,提出了地震反应的简化分析方法,系统地总结和分析了各种因素对曲线桥梁动力反应的影响规律,给出了频率和振型的计算公式,编制了相应的计算图表,可供初步设计参考。
3、扩展了IDARC-BRIDGE(GAO)的功能,在联桥模型中加入了碰撞单元,使之成为适用于大跨度城市立交桥梁抗震分析的有效工具,并将它应用于大跨度城市立交桥梁的抗震研究和设计计算。
4、对城市立交桥梁,用上述计算工具,应用非线性时程分析方法探讨了地震作用下城市立交桥梁相邻联的非同向振动特性和伸缩缝处的碰撞效应。根据分析研究成果建议了减小相邻联非同向振动和伸缩缝处碰撞效应的措施和方法。此外还发展了桥梁上部结构在地震荷载下相对位移的简化计算方法,使工程设计人员
As one of the most devastating natural disaster, earthquakes always cause tremendous losses of life and property. Under great earthquake, bridge may go into nonlinear phase, for example, unseating caused by excessive seismic displacement of bearing, pounding between adjacent structures, etc. As the development of modern traffic system, long span bridge are adopted more widely, for the complexity and the particularity, it’s important to intensify the research of structural nonlinear theory for the sake of improving the level of seismic analysis and design of bridge structures.
Based on the previous research achievements in this field, nonlinear analyses of bridge structure including pounding effect are studied in this dissertation. As a result, finite element models suitable for large scale structure are introduced and a program for seismic analysis of bridge system is developed on the basis of IDARC-BRIDGE program. The dynamic analyses of some bridges are carried out using this program and then some insights in comprehension of the structure dynamic characteristics are brought into. The main contents of this dissertation are described as follows:
1. In this paper, a study of the seismic response of long span curved bridges is conducted. Multiple-span bridges with up to seven spans are analyzed. The in-situ responses and analysis results were evaluated. The combined effects of the earthquake excitations in the two horizontal directions are also discussed. The coupling between the flexural modes and torsion modes, which exists in the curved bridge, is significant. This is determined by the characters of the curved bridges, but it, cannot be identified when the bridge regarded as straight beams.
2. A simplified bridge model suitable for use in a parametric study of curved highway bridges with stiffness eccentricity is presented. The proposed model is simple, yet it captures essential features that affect the dynamic response of these bridges. Using this simplified model, formulas for computing earthquake response of the bridges are presented and parameters that significantly influence the dynamic response of curved bridges are identified. The study indicates that
the response of a given curved bridge depends on the radius of the curved bridges, width of the deck and central angle of the curved bridges. The calculated results of natural frequencies for the proposed bridge system are illustrated in tables and diagrams. These results can be employed in primarily seismic design. 3. IDARC-BRIDGE is extended for seismic assessment of long span bridge through adding Pounding Element and Tension-Gap-Yield element. The dynamic characteristics and seismic response for pounding effect of elevated bridges is computed with this program and ANSYS. The results of analyses and comparisons demonstrate the modified procedure is accurate. 4. Pounding of adjacent superstructure segments in elevated bridges during severe earthquake can results in significant damage. In the study, analytical modal are used to examine the factors affecting the global responses of a multi-span bridge due to pounding of adjacent frames. The results show that the influence of pounding on the structural response is significant in the longitudinal direction of the bridge and significantly depend on the gap size between superstructure segments. Parameters studies of one-sided pounding are conducted to determine the effects of span stiffness ratio on the pounding response of bridge frames. This paper also proposes a method to estimate the maximum relative displacement between adjacent elastic structures subjected to seismic traveling waves. The method, seeks the cross-correlation between the responses of adjacent structures subjected to earthquake excitation with time lag. 5. For highway bridges being as lifeline structures, it is essential that residual displacement after an earthquake should be smaller than the acceptable maximum value so that the bridges can be easier repaired. Both the maximum displacement and the residual displacement are important in seismic design. Residual displacement is undesirable because it causes difficulty in repair and reconstruction after earthquake. Damage indices available in the literature, either based on ductility, energy dissipation or a combination of both are discussed. The concept of residual deformation as a critical complementary indicator to cumulative damage is introduced in the paper. In addition the P-Delta effect is corporated into the corresponding post-yield stiffness and
本文在前人研究的基础上,对大跨度桥梁空间地震反应进行了一些理论分析,发展了相应计算机抗震分析程序,对于桥梁抗震非线性分析理论中的支座单元、碰撞等问题做了研究工作。在此基础上,应用本文的程序对大型立交桥梁结构作了动力性能分析,从而在一定程度上加深了对结构在地震作用下的动力性能的认识。本文主要完成了下列一些工作内容:
1、大跨度城市立交曲线梁桥的动力特性分析和破坏模式的研究,对北京的一座大跨度城市立交曲线梁桥动力特性及其地震响应进行了深入研究。同时,对比了现场实测和分析计算结果,用理论与试验相结合的方法对该桥的抗震性能做出基本评价,并通过计算分析比较了双向地震输入与单向地震输入的计算误差。
2、将城市桥梁简化为支承在多个弹性支座上的刚性曲线梁桥模型,提出了地震反应的简化分析方法,系统地总结和分析了各种因素对曲线桥梁动力反应的影响规律,给出了频率和振型的计算公式,编制了相应的计算图表,可供初步设计参考。
3、扩展了IDARC-BRIDGE(GAO)的功能,在联桥模型中加入了碰撞单元,使之成为适用于大跨度城市立交桥梁抗震分析的有效工具,并将它应用于大跨度城市立交桥梁的抗震研究和设计计算。
4、对城市立交桥梁,用上述计算工具,应用非线性时程分析方法探讨了地震作用下城市立交桥梁相邻联的非同向振动特性和伸缩缝处的碰撞效应。根据分析研究成果建议了减小相邻联非同向振动和伸缩缝处碰撞效应的措施和方法。此外还发展了桥梁上部结构在地震荷载下相对位移的简化计算方法,使工程设计人员
As one of the most devastating natural disaster, earthquakes always cause tremendous losses of life and property. Under great earthquake, bridge may go into nonlinear phase, for example, unseating caused by excessive seismic displacement of bearing, pounding between adjacent structures, etc. As the development of modern traffic system, long span bridge are adopted more widely, for the complexity and the particularity, it’s important to intensify the research of structural nonlinear theory for the sake of improving the level of seismic analysis and design of bridge structures.
Based on the previous research achievements in this field, nonlinear analyses of bridge structure including pounding effect are studied in this dissertation. As a result, finite element models suitable for large scale structure are introduced and a program for seismic analysis of bridge system is developed on the basis of IDARC-BRIDGE program. The dynamic analyses of some bridges are carried out using this program and then some insights in comprehension of the structure dynamic characteristics are brought into. The main contents of this dissertation are described as follows:
1. In this paper, a study of the seismic response of long span curved bridges is conducted. Multiple-span bridges with up to seven spans are analyzed. The in-situ responses and analysis results were evaluated. The combined effects of the earthquake excitations in the two horizontal directions are also discussed. The coupling between the flexural modes and torsion modes, which exists in the curved bridge, is significant. This is determined by the characters of the curved bridges, but it, cannot be identified when the bridge regarded as straight beams.
2. A simplified bridge model suitable for use in a parametric study of curved highway bridges with stiffness eccentricity is presented. The proposed model is simple, yet it captures essential features that affect the dynamic response of these bridges. Using this simplified model, formulas for computing earthquake response of the bridges are presented and parameters that significantly influence the dynamic response of curved bridges are identified. The study indicates that
the response of a given curved bridge depends on the radius of the curved bridges, width of the deck and central angle of the curved bridges. The calculated results of natural frequencies for the proposed bridge system are illustrated in tables and diagrams. These results can be employed in primarily seismic design. 3. IDARC-BRIDGE is extended for seismic assessment of long span bridge through adding Pounding Element and Tension-Gap-Yield element. The dynamic characteristics and seismic response for pounding effect of elevated bridges is computed with this program and ANSYS. The results of analyses and comparisons demonstrate the modified procedure is accurate. 4. Pounding of adjacent superstructure segments in elevated bridges during severe earthquake can results in significant damage. In the study, analytical modal are used to examine the factors affecting the global responses of a multi-span bridge due to pounding of adjacent frames. The results show that the influence of pounding on the structural response is significant in the longitudinal direction of the bridge and significantly depend on the gap size between superstructure segments. Parameters studies of one-sided pounding are conducted to determine the effects of span stiffness ratio on the pounding response of bridge frames. This paper also proposes a method to estimate the maximum relative displacement between adjacent elastic structures subjected to seismic traveling waves. The method, seeks the cross-correlation between the responses of adjacent structures subjected to earthquake excitation with time lag. 5. For highway bridges being as lifeline structures, it is essential that residual displacement after an earthquake should be smaller than the acceptable maximum value so that the bridges can be easier repaired. Both the maximum displacement and the residual displacement are important in seismic design. Residual displacement is undesirable because it causes difficulty in repair and reconstruction after earthquake. Damage indices available in the literature, either based on ductility, energy dissipation or a combination of both are discussed. The concept of residual deformation as a critical complementary indicator to cumulative damage is introduced in the paper. In addition the P-Delta effect is corporated into the corresponding post-yield stiffness and
引文
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