并行工程中面向成本的设计的理论与方法研究
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摘要
在社会主义市场经济条件下，在开放的、全球经济一体化的信息时代，企业
综合运用成本、质量、服务、速度和环保等因素在市场进行全方位的竞争，而成
本又在企业竞争力中占据至关重要的地位。如何适应时代的特点，建立降低成本
的新思路和方法，对于有效进行价格竞争，提高企业的竞争能力和经济效益都有
重大的现实意义。一般来说，降低成本从设计入手是最为有效的，因为在设计阶
段产品的大部分成本就已经决定了，在设计以后的环节中采取措施降低成本都不
够有效。本文以并行工程中面向成本的设计（DFC--Design For Cost）为研究课
题，重点论述了与DFC有关的技术和方法。主要研究内容有：
1、阐述了并行工程的定义、目标、特点、作用、研究热点、应用概况和关键
技术，综述了国内外与DFC有关的研究概况，首次分析了DFC与按费用
设计（DTC—Design To Cost）的区别和联系，划定了研究的范围和重点内
容，并给出了DFC的定义；
2、首次提出了DFC的概念模型和所涉及的关键技术；
3、分析了机械设计理论和方法，通过对设计过程进行了详细的分解，在不同
的设计模型中提出了不同的设计特征分类，为成本估算提供设计信息；
4、全面分析了全生命周期成本的构成及其估算方法，在产品生命周期的不同
阶段（即制造、装配、销售、使用、维修、回收和报废）中提出了有关的
成本特征，并结合前人工作提出了DFC的成本估算策略及估算方法库的组
织结构；
5、运用多域特征映射理论和方法，实现了设计特征域到成本特征域的映射；
6、首次运用公理设计理论和方法，对全生命周期成本估算方法进行了分析，
实现了成本估算的解藕，提出了成本估算的软件框架，可以实现软件开发
工作和成本估算的并行执行；
7、提出了DFC的原型系统并首次提出了基于特征技术和成组技术的DFC的
概念模型。
On the condition of market economy and the information period of on-limits, integrative econoiiw in whole world, enterprises comprehensively use cost, quality, service, time and en~抜ronnient to compete in the market. The cost is a key influence factor in enterprise competition abilities. Adapt to the age characters,it has a great meaning to find a new method to reduced the cost and enhance the enterprise competition abilities and economic benefit. Generali), this method is very effective in the beginning of design because the cost of the product have been decided in the design phase. After the design phase, it is difficult to reduce the product cost. In this dissertation, the special emphasis has put on the theories and methods of Design For Cost(DFC). The dissertation mainly consists of seven sections:
1 .We discussed concurrent engineering about its definition, targets, characters, affection, research hotspots, general application situations and key technologies. Then we discussed the relational research of DFC. For the first time we analyzed the differences and sameness between DTC(Design To Cost) and DFC. We gave a definition of DFC and its research areas.
2.We put forward the concept model of DFC and its key technologies for the first time.
3.We analyzed theories and methods of machine design and design process. Then we bring forward diffefent design feature classes in the different design models. The feature provided design information for estimating cost.
4. On the basis of life cycle cost component and estimation analysis, we gave the cost estimation features in product life cycle(include manufacturing, assembly, sale, use, service, recycling and reject).Then we proposed the cost estimating strategies and a framework structure of cost estimating ways.
5.The transformation of the design features to the cost estimation features is realized by using multiple domain feature mapping.
6.Using axiom design theory and methdd, we analyzed life cycle cost estimation and decoupled the cost estimating. Then we proposed a cost estimation software frame. Using the frame the software development and the cost estimation can be executed concurrently.
7.Finally,we proposed a DFC prototype system and a DFC concept model based on the group technology and feature technique for the first time.
综合运用成本、质量、服务、速度和环保等因素在市场进行全方位的竞争，而成
本又在企业竞争力中占据至关重要的地位。如何适应时代的特点，建立降低成本
的新思路和方法，对于有效进行价格竞争，提高企业的竞争能力和经济效益都有
重大的现实意义。一般来说，降低成本从设计入手是最为有效的，因为在设计阶
段产品的大部分成本就已经决定了，在设计以后的环节中采取措施降低成本都不
够有效。本文以并行工程中面向成本的设计（DFC--Design For Cost）为研究课
题，重点论述了与DFC有关的技术和方法。主要研究内容有：
1、阐述了并行工程的定义、目标、特点、作用、研究热点、应用概况和关键
技术，综述了国内外与DFC有关的研究概况，首次分析了DFC与按费用
设计（DTC—Design To Cost）的区别和联系，划定了研究的范围和重点内
容，并给出了DFC的定义；
2、首次提出了DFC的概念模型和所涉及的关键技术；
3、分析了机械设计理论和方法，通过对设计过程进行了详细的分解，在不同
的设计模型中提出了不同的设计特征分类，为成本估算提供设计信息；
4、全面分析了全生命周期成本的构成及其估算方法，在产品生命周期的不同
阶段（即制造、装配、销售、使用、维修、回收和报废）中提出了有关的
成本特征，并结合前人工作提出了DFC的成本估算策略及估算方法库的组
织结构；
5、运用多域特征映射理论和方法，实现了设计特征域到成本特征域的映射；
6、首次运用公理设计理论和方法，对全生命周期成本估算方法进行了分析，
实现了成本估算的解藕，提出了成本估算的软件框架，可以实现软件开发
工作和成本估算的并行执行；
7、提出了DFC的原型系统并首次提出了基于特征技术和成组技术的DFC的
概念模型。
On the condition of market economy and the information period of on-limits, integrative econoiiw in whole world, enterprises comprehensively use cost, quality, service, time and en~抜ronnient to compete in the market. The cost is a key influence factor in enterprise competition abilities. Adapt to the age characters,it has a great meaning to find a new method to reduced the cost and enhance the enterprise competition abilities and economic benefit. Generali), this method is very effective in the beginning of design because the cost of the product have been decided in the design phase. After the design phase, it is difficult to reduce the product cost. In this dissertation, the special emphasis has put on the theories and methods of Design For Cost(DFC). The dissertation mainly consists of seven sections:
1 .We discussed concurrent engineering about its definition, targets, characters, affection, research hotspots, general application situations and key technologies. Then we discussed the relational research of DFC. For the first time we analyzed the differences and sameness between DTC(Design To Cost) and DFC. We gave a definition of DFC and its research areas.
2.We put forward the concept model of DFC and its key technologies for the first time.
3.We analyzed theories and methods of machine design and design process. Then we bring forward diffefent design feature classes in the different design models. The feature provided design information for estimating cost.
4. On the basis of life cycle cost component and estimation analysis, we gave the cost estimation features in product life cycle(include manufacturing, assembly, sale, use, service, recycling and reject).Then we proposed the cost estimating strategies and a framework structure of cost estimating ways.
5.The transformation of the design features to the cost estimation features is realized by using multiple domain feature mapping.
6.Using axiom design theory and methdd, we analyzed life cycle cost estimation and decoupled the cost estimating. Then we proposed a cost estimation software frame. Using the frame the software development and the cost estimation can be executed concurrently.
7.Finally,we proposed a DFC prototype system and a DFC concept model based on the group technology and feature technique for the first time.
引文
[1]W.I. Winner et. "The Role of Concurrent Engineering in Weapons System Acquisition ",IDA Report R-338.AD-A203/615,Dec, 1988
[2]黄彤军等，并行工程的关键技术及工程应用，中国机械工程，1992，3(2)：29～31
[3]朱世和、高东．并行工程与并行机械设计．机械与电子．1995(5)：25～28
[4]虚拟制造技术研讨与演示会论文集，机械科学研究院，1998，9．北京．
[5]袁清珂等．并行工程及其关键技术研究．机械科学与技术．1997，16(2)：328～332
[6]李建明等．PDM技术在并行工程中的应用与实施．中国机械工程．1998，9(1)：24～27
[7]李和良等．并行工程中产品数据管理的实施．计算机工程与应用．1998，34(4)：49～51
[8]Raymond R. H., Captain J., Decision support environment for concurrent engineering requirement. IDA Report AD-A250899,1991.
[9]Creese R. C., Moore L. T., Cost modeling for concurrent Engineering, 1990,32(6):23～26
[10]Noble J. S., Tanchoco J. M. A., concurrent design and economic justification in developing a product. International Journal Production Research, 1990,28(7): 1225～1238
[11]Khoshnevis B., Park J. Y. et al, A cost based system for concurrent part and process design. The Engineering Economist, 1994,40(1):101～124
[12]West T. M., Randhawa S. U., Multicriteria evaluation of the design/build process. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1993,25(Nosl-4):329～332
[13]Thurston D. L., Carnahan J. V., Intelligent evaluation of design for manufacturing cost, Concurrent Engineering :Automation, Tools, Techniques, A. Kusiak(ed.)(New York: Wiley), 1993:437～461
[14]Thurston D. L., Locascio A., Decision theory for design economics. The Engineering Economist, 1994,40(1):41～72
[15]Thurston D. L., Concurrent engineering in an expert system. IEEE Trasaction of Engineering Management, 1993,40(2): 124～135
[16]Dowlatshahi S., Product design in concurrent engineering: An optimization approach. International Journal Production Research, 1992,30(8): 1803～1818
[17]赵焕臣，层次分析法，科学出版社，1986，9．
[18]黄崇福、王宇鼎，模糊信息分析与应用，北京师范大学出版社，1992．
[19]Jo H. H., An aggregation methodology for life-cycle issues within a computer-aided design framework to support concurrent engineering. Kentucky: University of Louisville,Ph. D. Dissertation, 1993.
[20]Ishii K., Modeling of Concurrent Engineering Design. Concurrent Engineering :Automation, Tools, Techniques, A. Kusiak(ed.)(New York: Wiley), 1993:19～39
[21]何浩、徐燕申．并行设计研究现状及其发展趋势．机械设计．1998，1：1～4
[22]邵新宇等．CIM及并行工程中的设备环境建模．华中理工大学学报．1995，23(2)：14～17
[23]邵新宇等．面向并行工程的CAPP方法及关键技术研究．华中理工大学学报．1995，23(2)：10～13
[24]张军、邵新宇、李培根、段正澄、蔡力钢．基于CAD／CAPP并行设计的零件信息模型建模研究．中国机械工程．1994，5(4)：38～40
[25]宋玉银等．DFM技术综述．计算机辅助设计与制造．1996．3．
[26]宁汝新等．并行工程的发展及实现机理．先进生产模式与制造哲理研讨会论文集．大连理工大学，1997．9．
[27]车阿大、林志航、高国军．并行工程中的模糊知识(信息)协同方法研究．机械科学与技术．1997，16(5)：908～912
[28]赵克、叶尚辉．适用于并行工程的资源模型．机械工程学报．1997，33(1)：15～22
[29]陈晓川、张暴暴、刘晓冰、冯辛安，并行工程的研究概况综述，机械制造，1999，3：9～11
[30]田庚明．并行工程——CIMS的理想运行环境．机械工业自动化．1995，17(4)：17～18
[31]李伯虎、刘飞等，863／CIMS主题发展战略研究，863／CIMS主题专家组，1998，4
[32]吴卓、李秋生，科龙实行并行工程，家用电器科技，1999，2：36～39
[33]何余仁等，基于过程并行的产品开发模式应用研究，工程设计，1999，1：5～9
[34]Stephen Chan, Helium Mak, Nathalie Cloutier,: Product Data Sharing with STEP. Concurrent Engineering :Method and Application, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.,1993 :277～298
[35]Krause F. L., Ochs B.: Potentials of Advanced Concurrent Engineering Methods. IFIP Workshop: Manufacturing in the Era of Concurrent Engineering,April 13-15.1992:2～8
[36]J. K. Wu, F. N. Choong: Data and Process Models for Concurrent Engineering of Mechanical Systems, Concurrent Engineering : tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design, Springer Verlag,Berlin, 1993.: 139～169
[37]刘继红，DFX：面向产品生命周期的设计，计算机辅助设计与制造，1998，9：34～36
[38][美国]Booz Allen，Hamilton Ine．著，王若松、章国栋、阮镰、郁士光，美国系统工程管理，北京航空航天大学出版社，1991．10．
[39]Michaels J. V., W. P. Wood, Design To Cost, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY. ,1989
[40]阮镰、章国栋，工程系统的规划与设计，北京航空航天大学出版社，1991．10．
[2]黄彤军等，并行工程的关键技术及工程应用，中国机械工程，1992，3(2)：29～31
[3]朱世和、高东．并行工程与并行机械设计．机械与电子．1995(5)：25～28
[4]虚拟制造技术研讨与演示会论文集，机械科学研究院，1998，9．北京．
[5]袁清珂等．并行工程及其关键技术研究．机械科学与技术．1997，16(2)：328～332
[6]李建明等．PDM技术在并行工程中的应用与实施．中国机械工程．1998，9(1)：24～27
[7]李和良等．并行工程中产品数据管理的实施．计算机工程与应用．1998，34(4)：49～51
[8]Raymond R. H., Captain J., Decision support environment for concurrent engineering requirement. IDA Report AD-A250899,1991.
[9]Creese R. C., Moore L. T., Cost modeling for concurrent Engineering, 1990,32(6):23～26
[10]Noble J. S., Tanchoco J. M. A., concurrent design and economic justification in developing a product. International Journal Production Research, 1990,28(7): 1225～1238
[11]Khoshnevis B., Park J. Y. et al, A cost based system for concurrent part and process design. The Engineering Economist, 1994,40(1):101～124
[12]West T. M., Randhawa S. U., Multicriteria evaluation of the design/build process. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1993,25(Nosl-4):329～332
[13]Thurston D. L., Carnahan J. V., Intelligent evaluation of design for manufacturing cost, Concurrent Engineering :Automation, Tools, Techniques, A. Kusiak(ed.)(New York: Wiley), 1993:437～461
[14]Thurston D. L., Locascio A., Decision theory for design economics. The Engineering Economist, 1994,40(1):41～72
[15]Thurston D. L., Concurrent engineering in an expert system. IEEE Trasaction of Engineering Management, 1993,40(2): 124～135
[16]Dowlatshahi S., Product design in concurrent engineering: An optimization approach. International Journal Production Research, 1992,30(8): 1803～1818
[17]赵焕臣，层次分析法，科学出版社，1986，9．
[18]黄崇福、王宇鼎，模糊信息分析与应用，北京师范大学出版社，1992．
[19]Jo H. H., An aggregation methodology for life-cycle issues within a computer-aided design framework to support concurrent engineering. Kentucky: University of Louisville,Ph. D. Dissertation, 1993.
[20]Ishii K., Modeling of Concurrent Engineering Design. Concurrent Engineering :Automation, Tools, Techniques, A. Kusiak(ed.)(New York: Wiley), 1993:19～39
[21]何浩、徐燕申．并行设计研究现状及其发展趋势．机械设计．1998，1：1～4
[22]邵新宇等．CIM及并行工程中的设备环境建模．华中理工大学学报．1995，23(2)：14～17
[23]邵新宇等．面向并行工程的CAPP方法及关键技术研究．华中理工大学学报．1995，23(2)：10～13
[24]张军、邵新宇、李培根、段正澄、蔡力钢．基于CAD／CAPP并行设计的零件信息模型建模研究．中国机械工程．1994，5(4)：38～40
[25]宋玉银等．DFM技术综述．计算机辅助设计与制造．1996．3．
[26]宁汝新等．并行工程的发展及实现机理．先进生产模式与制造哲理研讨会论文集．大连理工大学，1997．9．
[27]车阿大、林志航、高国军．并行工程中的模糊知识(信息)协同方法研究．机械科学与技术．1997，16(5)：908～912
[28]赵克、叶尚辉．适用于并行工程的资源模型．机械工程学报．1997，33(1)：15～22
[29]陈晓川、张暴暴、刘晓冰、冯辛安，并行工程的研究概况综述，机械制造，1999，3：9～11
[30]田庚明．并行工程——CIMS的理想运行环境．机械工业自动化．1995，17(4)：17～18
[31]李伯虎、刘飞等，863／CIMS主题发展战略研究，863／CIMS主题专家组，1998，4
[32]吴卓、李秋生，科龙实行并行工程，家用电器科技，1999，2：36～39
[33]何余仁等，基于过程并行的产品开发模式应用研究，工程设计，1999，1：5～9
[34]Stephen Chan, Helium Mak, Nathalie Cloutier,: Product Data Sharing with STEP. Concurrent Engineering :Method and Application, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.,1993 :277～298
[35]Krause F. L., Ochs B.: Potentials of Advanced Concurrent Engineering Methods. IFIP Workshop: Manufacturing in the Era of Concurrent Engineering,April 13-15.1992:2～8
[36]J. K. Wu, F. N. Choong: Data and Process Models for Concurrent Engineering of Mechanical Systems, Concurrent Engineering : tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design, Springer Verlag,Berlin, 1993.: 139～169
[37]刘继红，DFX：面向产品生命周期的设计，计算机辅助设计与制造，1998，9：34～36
[38][美国]Booz Allen，Hamilton Ine．著，王若松、章国栋、阮镰、郁士光，美国系统工程管理，北京航空航天大学出版社，1991．10．
[39]Michaels J. V., W. P. Wood, Design To Cost, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY. ,1989
[40]阮镰、章国栋，工程系统的规划与设计，北京航空航天大学出版社，1991．10．
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