我国气象信息业产业化发展研究
摘要
气象信息业是指以气象生产、气象服务为中心的经济活动领域。与气象业相比，后者还包括了科研、教育、社会保障等一系列内容。所以，本文所提及的气象业、气象产业仅指气象信息业或气象信息产业。气象生产是气象信息产品的生产加工过程。气象服务是气象信息产品价值的实现过程，气象服务本身也是一种产品。市场经济中，气象生产分为单纯的生产和有目的生产两种形式或二个阶段。单纯的生产以获取原始气象数据为目的，始于此目的，也终于此目的，是生产的第一阶段，在该阶段，不存在任何的交换活动。有目的生产，是指以满足人的需要为目的信息产品的生产加工过程，以求用和求利为显著特征，是生产的第二阶段。在这一阶段，因在满足人类需要过程中所采用的方式不同，又分为商业生产活动和公益生产活动。广义的气象生产包括了产品生产、实现的整个过程。
气象产品的“物”的属性和“财富权利”属性决定了气象产品既是公共品，又是非公共品的双重属性，决定了国家在气象信息业投资中的重要地位和我国气象信息业双重的组织特征，即由国家气象部门所组织的气象生产活动既是一个公益的过程，也是一个非公益的过程，国家在气象服务活动中同时担任了双重的角色，既是“商人”，也是“公共人”。
市场经济中，国家在气象服务活动中承担的双重角色存在严重弊端。首先，市场经济中，国家组织的气象服务活动无法得到市场为保证生产正常进行所需要的完整信息，国家的生产活动基本上处于一种盲目状态。其次，国家组织的生产活动处于低效率的运行水平，在市场经济“利润平均化”的规律作用下，国家从事气象生产活动，尤其是从事商业气象服务活动越来越不划算。再次，当公益气象服务和商业气象服务集于一个活动主体时，公益气象服务活动无法得到保证，国家用于公益的投资有被商业活动挪用的可能，公众利益无法得到保证。因此，在气象领域，国家活动的重点应放在如何保证公众的利益，而不是参与市场竞争。
国家参与气象市场竞争就必须给予代表国家参与市场活动的气象部门以市场主体的企业地位，通过培养市场个体和市场环境，引进市场机制，以经营事业的方式代替过去事业经营的方式，推动国家气象事业发展。
本文沿背景分析、关系分析、理论分析和现状、思路与对策分析的基本思路，运用特征理论等经济学原理的一般分析方法，追析了气象从产品到商品，再到市场化、商业化、产业化的一般脉络，阐述了我国气象信息业在市场经济中改革的必要性和迫切性，提出了我国气象信息业产业化发展的基本思路和相关对策。认为，只有坚持产业化的发展道路，才能推进我国气象信息业与国民经济相协调，才能解决国家越来越僵硬的气象事业运行机制，实现可持续发展。
Meteorological service industry is a kind of economic activity scope with the center of meteorological production and meteorological service. Compare with the meteorological industry, meteorological service industry consists of scientific research, education, social security, etc. So, meteorology and meteorological industry in this paper only refer to meteorological information industry. Meteorological production is the course of working of meteorological products. Meteorological service is the value realization process of meteorological products and it is also a kind of products. In market economy, meteorological production has two ways, pure production and target production. Pure production is only for gaining the meteorological data from the beginning to the end, which belong to scientific activity for reality. Target production is a kind of information products process for meeting people's demands, which belong to technological activity for usage. People adopt different measures to fulfill their needs th
at include commercial production activity and public production activity. Broad sense of meteorological production consists of the whole process of production and realization.
It is the 'object' property and 'fortune rights' property of meteorological products that determines not only the dual-essences of public owned object and non-public owned object of meteorological products, but also the importance of government's investment in the industry of meteorological information industry and the dual-organizing essence of China's meteorological information industry. That is to say, the meteorological production activity organized by meteorological management department is a public welfare process and a non- public welfare process as well, which reflects that government takes dual-actor responsibilities of 'merchant' and 'government functionary' in the national meteorological service.
The government's dual-actor responsibilities in the meteorological service leads to the consequence of serious malpractice under the market economy system. Firstly, the meteorological service activities organized by the government can not obtain integrated information, which is needed to ensure the development of normal production activities in various fields and results in the blindness status of the state's production industry. Secondly, the efficiency of government organized production activities remains in a low level. According to the 'profit equality' rule of market economy, it is becomes more and more meaningless for government to
launch meteorological production activities, especially the meteorological service activities. Thirdly, when public welfare service responsibility and commercial service combine to one main body, public welfare service can not be ensured and the governmental investment in public welfare service may possibly be diverted for other purpose, which leads to consequence of no public rights could be guaranteed. That is why government should focus on the protection for public rights, but not market profit seeking.
If government department participates in the market competition, on behalf of the government, meteorological management department should be authorized the market enterprises status. Developing market unit and market introduction mechanism and transferring from the non-profit making to profit seeking mode can promote the development of state's meteorological cause.
Form the analysis of background, relation, theory to that of status quo, train of thoughts and countermeasure, this paper made a detailed study of meteorology's transform from products to commodity, to market ability, commercialization, industrialization by employing general analysis methods of economics principles as characteristic theory. The author maintained that the reform of national meteorological industry is extremely necessary and urgent. Only by the development of meteorology's industrialization, national meteorology industry can meet the need of national economy and the rigid operational mechanism of meteorology management w
气象产品的“物”的属性和“财富权利”属性决定了气象产品既是公共品，又是非公共品的双重属性，决定了国家在气象信息业投资中的重要地位和我国气象信息业双重的组织特征，即由国家气象部门所组织的气象生产活动既是一个公益的过程，也是一个非公益的过程，国家在气象服务活动中同时担任了双重的角色，既是“商人”，也是“公共人”。
市场经济中，国家在气象服务活动中承担的双重角色存在严重弊端。首先，市场经济中，国家组织的气象服务活动无法得到市场为保证生产正常进行所需要的完整信息，国家的生产活动基本上处于一种盲目状态。其次，国家组织的生产活动处于低效率的运行水平，在市场经济“利润平均化”的规律作用下，国家从事气象生产活动，尤其是从事商业气象服务活动越来越不划算。再次，当公益气象服务和商业气象服务集于一个活动主体时，公益气象服务活动无法得到保证，国家用于公益的投资有被商业活动挪用的可能，公众利益无法得到保证。因此，在气象领域，国家活动的重点应放在如何保证公众的利益，而不是参与市场竞争。
国家参与气象市场竞争就必须给予代表国家参与市场活动的气象部门以市场主体的企业地位，通过培养市场个体和市场环境，引进市场机制，以经营事业的方式代替过去事业经营的方式，推动国家气象事业发展。
本文沿背景分析、关系分析、理论分析和现状、思路与对策分析的基本思路，运用特征理论等经济学原理的一般分析方法，追析了气象从产品到商品，再到市场化、商业化、产业化的一般脉络，阐述了我国气象信息业在市场经济中改革的必要性和迫切性，提出了我国气象信息业产业化发展的基本思路和相关对策。认为，只有坚持产业化的发展道路，才能推进我国气象信息业与国民经济相协调，才能解决国家越来越僵硬的气象事业运行机制，实现可持续发展。
Meteorological service industry is a kind of economic activity scope with the center of meteorological production and meteorological service. Compare with the meteorological industry, meteorological service industry consists of scientific research, education, social security, etc. So, meteorology and meteorological industry in this paper only refer to meteorological information industry. Meteorological production is the course of working of meteorological products. Meteorological service is the value realization process of meteorological products and it is also a kind of products. In market economy, meteorological production has two ways, pure production and target production. Pure production is only for gaining the meteorological data from the beginning to the end, which belong to scientific activity for reality. Target production is a kind of information products process for meeting people's demands, which belong to technological activity for usage. People adopt different measures to fulfill their needs th
at include commercial production activity and public production activity. Broad sense of meteorological production consists of the whole process of production and realization.
It is the 'object' property and 'fortune rights' property of meteorological products that determines not only the dual-essences of public owned object and non-public owned object of meteorological products, but also the importance of government's investment in the industry of meteorological information industry and the dual-organizing essence of China's meteorological information industry. That is to say, the meteorological production activity organized by meteorological management department is a public welfare process and a non- public welfare process as well, which reflects that government takes dual-actor responsibilities of 'merchant' and 'government functionary' in the national meteorological service.
The government's dual-actor responsibilities in the meteorological service leads to the consequence of serious malpractice under the market economy system. Firstly, the meteorological service activities organized by the government can not obtain integrated information, which is needed to ensure the development of normal production activities in various fields and results in the blindness status of the state's production industry. Secondly, the efficiency of government organized production activities remains in a low level. According to the 'profit equality' rule of market economy, it is becomes more and more meaningless for government to
launch meteorological production activities, especially the meteorological service activities. Thirdly, when public welfare service responsibility and commercial service combine to one main body, public welfare service can not be ensured and the governmental investment in public welfare service may possibly be diverted for other purpose, which leads to consequence of no public rights could be guaranteed. That is why government should focus on the protection for public rights, but not market profit seeking.
If government department participates in the market competition, on behalf of the government, meteorological management department should be authorized the market enterprises status. Developing market unit and market introduction mechanism and transferring from the non-profit making to profit seeking mode can promote the development of state's meteorological cause.
Form the analysis of background, relation, theory to that of status quo, train of thoughts and countermeasure, this paper made a detailed study of meteorology's transform from products to commodity, to market ability, commercialization, industrialization by employing general analysis methods of economics principles as characteristic theory. The author maintained that the reform of national meteorological industry is extremely necessary and urgent. Only by the development of meteorology's industrialization, national meteorology industry can meet the need of national economy and the rigid operational mechanism of meteorology management w
引文
[1]黄淳 何伟，信息经济学，经济科学出版社，1998年
[2]张维迎，博弈论与信息经济学，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社 1997年
[3]马费成等，信息经济学，武汉大学出版社，1997年
[4]青木昌彦著，周黎安译，比较制度分析，上海远东出版社，2001处
[5]埃瑞克．G菲吕博顿，鲁道夫．瑞切特编，孙经纬译，新制度经济学，上海财经大学出版社，1998年
[6]保罗．萨缪尔森，威廉．诺德豪斯著，萧琛译，经济学(第十六版)，华夏出版社，1998年
[7]戴伯勋等，现代产业经济学，经济管理出版社，2001年
[8]方福前，公共选择理论，中国人民大学出版社，2001年
[9]魏杰，现代产权制度辨析，首都经济贸易大学出版社，2000年
[10]昝廷全，产业经济系统研究，科学出版社，2002
[11]陈维，制度的成本约束功能，上海社会科学出版社，2001年
[12]E．N．洛伦兹，混沌的本质，气象出版社，1997年
[13]迈克尔．波特，陈小悦译，竞争战略-分析产业和竞争者的技巧，华夏出版社，1997年
[14]陈劲、王如富，知识经济与企业能力的培养，中国软科学，1999(3)
[15]章澄昌，产业工程气象学，气象出版社，1997年
[16]黄宗捷、蔡久忠，气象经济学，四川人民出版社，1994年
[17]马鹤年，气象服务学基础，气象出版社，2001年
[18]中国气象局，气象事业单位改革研究，气象出版社，2000年
[19]沈长泗，史国宁，气象信息与最优经济决策导论，气象出版社，1997年
[20]罗慧，陕西气象信息服务产业化发展对策研究(论文)
[21]唐晓鸣、高予远，深圳企业孵化器运作模式探讨，特区经济，2002(2)
[22]盛洪，开拓市场经济的“边疆”—谈谈公用事业民营化
[23]王洪，作为不完全契约的产权：一个注释，改革，2000(5)
[24]E.C.Markides,Diversfication,Restructuring and Economic Performance,Stratigic Management Journal,Vol. 16,1995
[25]Dennis.Mueller 《Public Choice》 Cambridge University Press,1989
[26]泰勒尔，产业组织理论，中国人民大学出版社，1997
[2]张维迎，博弈论与信息经济学，上海三联书店、上海人民出版社 1997年
[3]马费成等，信息经济学，武汉大学出版社，1997年
[4]青木昌彦著，周黎安译，比较制度分析，上海远东出版社，2001处
[5]埃瑞克．G菲吕博顿，鲁道夫．瑞切特编，孙经纬译，新制度经济学，上海财经大学出版社，1998年
[6]保罗．萨缪尔森，威廉．诺德豪斯著，萧琛译，经济学(第十六版)，华夏出版社，1998年
[7]戴伯勋等，现代产业经济学，经济管理出版社，2001年
[8]方福前，公共选择理论，中国人民大学出版社，2001年
[9]魏杰，现代产权制度辨析，首都经济贸易大学出版社，2000年
[10]昝廷全，产业经济系统研究，科学出版社，2002
[11]陈维，制度的成本约束功能，上海社会科学出版社，2001年
[12]E．N．洛伦兹，混沌的本质，气象出版社，1997年
[13]迈克尔．波特，陈小悦译，竞争战略-分析产业和竞争者的技巧，华夏出版社，1997年
[14]陈劲、王如富，知识经济与企业能力的培养，中国软科学，1999(3)
[15]章澄昌，产业工程气象学，气象出版社，1997年
[16]黄宗捷、蔡久忠，气象经济学，四川人民出版社，1994年
[17]马鹤年，气象服务学基础，气象出版社，2001年
[18]中国气象局，气象事业单位改革研究，气象出版社，2000年
[19]沈长泗，史国宁，气象信息与最优经济决策导论，气象出版社，1997年
[20]罗慧，陕西气象信息服务产业化发展对策研究(论文)
[21]唐晓鸣、高予远，深圳企业孵化器运作模式探讨，特区经济，2002(2)
[22]盛洪，开拓市场经济的“边疆”—谈谈公用事业民营化
[23]王洪，作为不完全契约的产权：一个注释，改革，2000(5)
[24]E.C.Markides,Diversfication,Restructuring and Economic Performance,Stratigic Management Journal,Vol. 16,1995
[25]Dennis.Mueller 《Public Choice》 Cambridge University Press,1989
[26]泰勒尔，产业组织理论，中国人民大学出版社，1997