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跋涉的苦痛与幸福
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  • 英文题名:Sufferings and Welldings From Trudging
  • 副题名:论李锐小说中的理想精神
  • 英文副题名:Sufferings and Welldings From Trudging
  • 作者:王艳云
  • 论文级别:硕士
  • 学科专业名称:中国现当代文学
  • 学位年度:2003
  • 导师:刘进才
  • 学科代码:050106
  • 学位授予单位:河南大学
  • 论文提交日期:2003-05-01
摘要
八十年代中期以来,李锐的小说以深刻冷峻的特点引起文坛的瞩目。本文拟从“理想”追求这个研究者较少涉足的角度出发,通过探讨其作品对文革的批判,对革命和历史的追问,对人的生存状态的审视,对人民精神的发现和吸取,来挖掘李锐的理想精神。试图揭示出他对人的生存处境的复杂思考,以此来说明李锐小说的价值之所在及其本人的理想观。
    全文除引言外,共分四个部分。
    引言部分简要地分析了李锐的作品与经历,得出其作品中一脉流传的思想意蕴是对理想的追求。简要阐述李锐作品中的理想精神、革命与人三者之间的关系,提出本文的写作意图。
    第一部分:虚妄的理想。李锐对理想精神的追问是从“文革”开始的。文革是典型的对“理想”乌托邦的追求。李锐作品的主人公一入场便受情绪支配,充满自信和夸张地承担起挽救人类的使命。但是,理想的火焰燃烧的正是理想本身,许多悲剧就是在理想的名义下发生的,盲目地对虚妄理想的追求是披着“神圣”的外衣对人性的戕害。从学生娃的矛盾困惑,到知青的理想寂灭,肉体死亡,再到苦根儿这样一个极端的寓言,面对文革所造成的苦难,李锐已不再轻易地相信一切。文革这个理想的乌托邦正是将时代所需的正面论题推向极端,最后成为转向反面的历史悲剧。
    第二部分:理想的艰难。追求理想表明了人在宇宙中不同凡响的地位,并不是所有的理想都像文革时期的乌托邦一样走向极端与独断。理想精神作为人类的根本精神,有着正义的色彩和永恒的价值。理想精神会导致形而上学的反叛与历史的反叛,《北京有个金太阳》、《旧址》和《银城故事》就是由历史的反叛即革命上升为形而上学的反叛的个案。在历史面前,在时间面前,个人命运是如此的
    
    不可把握,个人生命是如此的微不足道,这同样意味着一种超越时代的悲剧。理想的重建必须以充分理解历史上的理想与灾难的关系为前提,理想的可靠性必须受到追问,理想表达了正义并不代表必然具有真理性。
    第三部分:理想的土壤。文革对虚妄理想的追求不仅使理想失去了现实根基,而且造成了与现实生活相敌对的局面。而真正的理想追求却又面临着价值虚无的幽谷,陷入了永无解脱的无理性的困境。李锐在现实生活中发现了人民精神,并以此作为重建理想的土壤。他之所以能吸取人民精神的营养是与自身经历和气质分不开的。他的艺术世界所体现的人民精神主要有三类:温厚坚韧的生命精神、自在的生命追求以及对个体生命的珍视。人民精神作为集中体现底层社会的生存处境和精神状态的生活常态,保护了中国的基础,负载着整个中国的重量。这样,一方面是李锐在自身中深含着对幸福和合理的理想追求,另一方面,又是这毫无意义的无理性的世界,这种矛盾冲突产生了荒谬。
    第四部分:理想的执著。面对荒谬的真实,李锐的文本形成了互相化解,互相抵消的叙事原则。对理想的追求,尤其对虚妄理想的追求,只能是导致理想破灭。为此李锐找到人民精神作为重建理想的土壤,让这种个人自由成为人们追求日常生活幸福本身的合法的依据。理想一旦被建立起来,必定会对不完善的现状有所批判,李锐小说中这种批判的启蒙意识是显而易见的。但人物死亡的必然结局从根本上否定了一切。虽然面对荒谬,追求幸福与合理的理想信念又在始终支撑着他,这让其作品蕴涵着一种强大的理想主义的力量。同时人民精神的立场使李锐避免了单一和绝对的态度,他的作品也因此具有了足够的思想底蕴与精神内涵,并给自己找到一条可行而充实的道路。但人的历史局限性使李锐只能跋涉在通往理想的道路上,他的理想只是一个艰苦的过程,而不是一个可以抵达的彼岸。正是这种理想精神,这种跋涉的努力,给李锐带来了痛苦和忧患,同时也造就了其作品的深刻和成功。
With profound and sober thought, Lirui's novel attracted the literature world since middle 1980s. This article tries to find Lirui's ideal spirit from "the ideal" which most researchers rarely involve and through discussing animadversion to "WenGe", question to history and revolution, survey of human's living posture, discovery of people's spirit. Moreover, this article tries to find out the thought to human's living position by Lirui, so as to illuminate the value of his novel and his ideal view.
    The whole thesis consists of four parts besides the introduction.
    The induction analysed simply Lirui's experience and educe thinking intention of his novel is pursuing to the ideal. This article also expatiate simple the connection among ideal spirit, revolution and human in his works and provides readers this thesis's writing purpose.
    The first part: fallacious ideality. Lirui questioned closely the ideal spirit from the "Wenge" which is a typical pursue process to "ideal" utopia. The dramatis personae in Lirui's writings were charged turgidly and full of self-confidence with role to save the human when they come in. But the ideality were burned by itself. There are many tragic existed in ideal name, and pursuing to void ideality blindly just is a humanistic calamity with sacred coat. From bewilderment of student to the decease of intellective young's ideality, and to a extreme fable, Lirui didn't believe anything easily when he faced the tribulation made by Wenge. Wenge, the ideal utopia was no other than translating the frontispiece to reversed history tragic.
    The second part: hardship of ideality. Pursuing ideality indicate human's outstanding status in the universe. It doesn't all the ideality can take to extremeness and dogmatism like utopia during "Wenge". As the basic spirit of human, ideal spirit has justicial color and eternal value. Ideal spirit can make metaphysical rebellion and historical rebellion. "Gold Sun in Beijing", "site" and "story of Yincheng" are typical case of it. Individual fate is unconscious; individual life is nonsignificant.
    
    This also predicate a tragic which beyond time. We must premise ideality's rebuilding with ample comprehension of the connection between ideality and catastrophic in history. The dependability of ideality must be questioned because justice expressed by ideality doesn't mean it is true.
    The third part: soil of ideality. Pursing absurd ideality during "Wenge" not only made the ideality lost realistic basic but cause complexion which opposed to realistic livling. But authentic ideality quest face the valueless dingle and relapse into everlasting engagement and unreason plight. Lirui found demotic spirit in realistic living and make it as the soil of ideal rebuilding. What he did connected with his experience and his gaseity. There are three types demotic spirit in his art world: tough life spirit, comfortable exist mode and the prize of individual life. The demotic spirit as living normality which mainly embody living spot and spirit state of bottom society, it protect the basic of China and load all China's weight. So at one hand Lirui pursued the happy ideality in itself, at other hand the ideality just is an unreason and meaningless world. The contradiction between it produce absurdity.
    The fourth part: ideality's inflexibility. The narrate principle which is contradicted come into being in Lirui's works. Pursing to ideality especially to unreason ideality just leads to wreckage. So Lirui find the demotic spirit as soil for rebuild the ideality and let the individual freedom become the basis which people used to seek welfare. Once the ideality was built, it will animadvert incomplete actuality. But the death of the character deny anything radically. although face to absurdity, the faith which pursue happiness and logical ideality support him all along. All this let his woks has one of formidable power. At the same time, Lirui avoid single and absolute attitude because of the demotic spirit position. His writings has enough ideal details and spirit
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