柠条叶粉对羊的饲用价值的研究
摘要
柠条，又名柠条锦鸡儿、大柠条、毛条，学名Caragana Korshinkii Kom，属豆科多年生落叶灌木。在放牧条件下，牛羊喜食其嫩枝条，是牛羊冬春季节的“接口牧草”。柠条叶粉是柠条建植3年后在初花至盛花期（5月份）刈割其嫩枝条，干燥使其枝叶分离，将叶粉碎制得。人工种植的柠条，每亩可生产375kg柠条叶粉，其粗蛋白含量为24.7％，粗纤维含量仅为19.54％，各种氨基酸含量齐全而且比例合理，矿物质含量丰富，胡萝卜素含量尤为丰富，是一种优质的蛋白质饲料资源。本论文测定了柠条叶粉对羊的消化能、蛋白质消化率和可消化蛋白质含量；比较研究了柠条叶粉和苜蓿草粉的干物质和蛋白质的瘤胃降解特性；探索性的研究了柠条叶粉对羊的饲喂效果。
试验一:采用内源指示剂–盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法，测定柠条叶粉对羊的消化能、蛋白质消化率和可消化蛋白质含量。试验结果表明：① 柠条叶粉对羊的消化能为10.45MJ/kg，蛋白质消化率为81.20%，可消化蛋白质含量为178.8g/kg；② 试验期间未发现羊只出现不良反应。
试验二:以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊为试验动物，用尼龙袋技术研究了苜蓿草粉和柠条叶粉蛋白质（CP）和干物质（DM）的瘤胃降解率及降解规律，分析了两种饲料原料降解率的差异性。试验结果表明：不同饲料，不同时间点其蛋白质和干物质的降解率不同，各时间点柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的瘤胃消失率都高于苜蓿草粉，4h、8h、72h干物质的瘤胃消失率差异显著（P<0.05），4h、48h、72h蛋白质的瘤胃消失率差异显著（P<0.05）；柠条叶粉和苜蓿草粉干物质的有效降解率分别为61.12%和57.89%，蛋白质的有效降解率分别为80.27%和72.67%；降解规律也存在差异，柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的快速降解部分（a）都高于苜蓿草粉，慢速降解部分（b）的降解速度（c）都低于苜蓿草粉，柠条叶粉干物质的降解曲线较缓，蛋白质的降解曲线较陡。
试验三：选用同品种、体重相近的6月龄羔羊27只，随机分成3组，每组3个重复，试验日粮由精料、草粉和麦秸组成，在日粮精粗比、营养水平相同的情况下，分别饲喂苜蓿草粉（试验1组）、苜蓿草粉+柠条叶粉（试验2组）和柠条叶粉（试验3组），经60天的舍饲育肥，比较各组间的饲喂效果。试验结果表明：①试验1组、试验2组和试验3组1～30d增重分别为4.7kg±0.5、5.19kg±0.27和4.4 kg±0.17，试验2组1～30d增重明显高于试验3组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验2组、试验1组和试验3组间增重差异不显著；②试验1组、试验2组和试验3组1～60d增重分别为9.8 kg±0.43、11.38 kg±0.46和10.92 kg±0.6，试验2
组1～60d增重明显高于试验1组（P<0.05）和试验3组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验3组间增重差异不显著；③试验1组、试验2组和试验3组增重1kg饲料消耗分别为：精料3.68 kg±0.16、3.17 kg±0.13和3.3 kg±0.18，草粉2.75 kg±0.12、2.11 kg±0.08和1.98 kg±0.11，麦秸1.62 kg±1.22、2.37 kg±0.09和2.75 kg±0.15，试验1组和试验2组间麦秸消耗差异不显著，试验2组精料和草粉消耗明显低于试验1组（P<0.05），试验3组草粉消耗低于试验1组（P<0.05），麦秸消耗高于试验1组（P<0.05），两组精料消耗差异不显著，试验3组麦秸消耗高于试验2组（P<0.05），两组精料和草粉消耗差异不显著；④试验1组、试验2组和试验3组屠宰率分别为50.3 kg±0.21、51.4 kg±0.14和50.6 kg±0.14，净肉率分别为39.4 kg±1.49、40.4 kg±1.28和39.6 kg±0.63，试验2组屠宰率明显高于试验1组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验3组、试验2组和试验3组间差异不显著，三组间净肉率无明显差异，三组的骨肉比均近似为1:3.6；⑤经剖检，未发现肝脏出现中毒性病变。
Pea tree(Caragana Korshinskii Kom), named peashrub, big pea tree or hairy pea tree, is leguminous perennial deciduous arboret. Grazer like to intake its delicate branches and it is called “link forage” of grazer in winter and spring. When delicate branch of pea tree of three years old were clipped from early flowering to late flowering stage(may) three years, dried, separated and grinned, 375kg peashrub leaf meal(PLM) can be acquired per mu. CP content of PLM is 24.7%,and CF content is only 19.54%, which is complete in amino acids, rich in minerals and very rich in carotins. That is a kind of high quality protein feed resource. On this paper, DE of PLM to goat, protein digestibility and digestable protein content were determined, and rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter and protein in alfalfa meal(AM) and PLM, and the feeding result of PLM to lamb were studied.
Experiment 1: Endogenous indicator–acid-insolubling ash(AIA) method was used to measure DE, digestibility of protein and digestable protein content of PLM to goat. The results showed that: DE, digestibility of protein and digestable protein content of PLM to goat is 10.45MJ/kg, 81.20% and 178.8g/kg, respectively. No reveres reaction was found in experiment.
Experimemt 2: The nylon bag technique was used to study degradability of dry matter and protein and degrading characteristics of AM and PLM in the rumen of three goats by fixing perpetual rumen cannulae, and the degradability difference between the two roughages was analyzed. The results showed that: different feed had different degradability of dry matter and protein in different incubition times, dry matter and protein disappearance of PLM were higher than that of AM at all incubition times, and there were significant differences of dry matter disappearance between the two roughages at 4hr, 8hr and 72hr(P<0.05), and protein disappearance at 4hr, 48hr and 72hr(P<0.05); degradability of dry matter of PLM and AM was 61.12% and 57.89%, respectively, and 80.27% and 72.67% for protein, respectively; degrading characteristics of dry matter and protein in the two forages were different also in different incubition times, the soluble fractions (a) of dry matter and protein in PLM were all higher than that of AM, while the insoluble potentially digestionable
fractions(b) and the fractional rate of degradation(c) were all lower. protein degradation curve of PLM changes greatly but dry matter degradation curve gradually.
Experiment 3: Twenty seven lambs of six months old, with nearly weight from same variety, were divided into three groups randomly. Every group had three replicates. Experimental ration was consisted of concentrate, forage meal and wheat straw. With the same concentrate/roughage ratio and at same nutrient level of the ration, the lambs were fed AM(group1), AM and PLM(group2), and PLM(group3)，respectively to compare the feeding results among the three groups after sixty days’ dry-lot fattening. The results showed that: ① Thirty days’ live weight gain(LWG) of group1, group2 and group3 was 4.7kg±0.5, 5.19kg±0.27 and 4.4 kg±0.17, respectively. The LWG of group2 was higher significantly than that of group3 (P<0.05), there were no significant differences between any other two groups; ② sixty days’ LWG of three groups was 9.8 kg±0.43, 11.38 kg±0.46 and 10.92 kg±0.6, respectively. The LWG of group2 was higher significantly than that of group1 (P<0.05) and group3(P<0.05), there were no significant differences between group1 and group3; ③ concentrate consumption per kg gain of three groups was 3.68 kg±0.16, 3.17 kg±0.13 and 3.3 kg±0.18, respectively; forage meal consumption per kg gain of three groups was 2.75 kg±0.12, 2.11 kg±0.08 and 1.98 kg±0.11, respectively; wheat straw consumption per kg gain of three groups was 1.62 kg±1.22, 2.37 kg±0.09 and 2.75 kg±0.15, respectively. Wheat straw consumption was not different between group1 and group2, but concentrate and forage meal consumption of group2 were lower than that of group1(P<0.05), forage meal consumption of g
试验一:采用内源指示剂–盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法，测定柠条叶粉对羊的消化能、蛋白质消化率和可消化蛋白质含量。试验结果表明：① 柠条叶粉对羊的消化能为10.45MJ/kg，蛋白质消化率为81.20%，可消化蛋白质含量为178.8g/kg；② 试验期间未发现羊只出现不良反应。
试验二:以3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的关中奶山羊为试验动物，用尼龙袋技术研究了苜蓿草粉和柠条叶粉蛋白质（CP）和干物质（DM）的瘤胃降解率及降解规律，分析了两种饲料原料降解率的差异性。试验结果表明：不同饲料，不同时间点其蛋白质和干物质的降解率不同，各时间点柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的瘤胃消失率都高于苜蓿草粉，4h、8h、72h干物质的瘤胃消失率差异显著（P<0.05），4h、48h、72h蛋白质的瘤胃消失率差异显著（P<0.05）；柠条叶粉和苜蓿草粉干物质的有效降解率分别为61.12%和57.89%，蛋白质的有效降解率分别为80.27%和72.67%；降解规律也存在差异，柠条叶粉蛋白质和干物质的快速降解部分（a）都高于苜蓿草粉，慢速降解部分（b）的降解速度（c）都低于苜蓿草粉，柠条叶粉干物质的降解曲线较缓，蛋白质的降解曲线较陡。
试验三：选用同品种、体重相近的6月龄羔羊27只，随机分成3组，每组3个重复，试验日粮由精料、草粉和麦秸组成，在日粮精粗比、营养水平相同的情况下，分别饲喂苜蓿草粉（试验1组）、苜蓿草粉+柠条叶粉（试验2组）和柠条叶粉（试验3组），经60天的舍饲育肥，比较各组间的饲喂效果。试验结果表明：①试验1组、试验2组和试验3组1～30d增重分别为4.7kg±0.5、5.19kg±0.27和4.4 kg±0.17，试验2组1～30d增重明显高于试验3组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验2组、试验1组和试验3组间增重差异不显著；②试验1组、试验2组和试验3组1～60d增重分别为9.8 kg±0.43、11.38 kg±0.46和10.92 kg±0.6，试验2
组1～60d增重明显高于试验1组（P<0.05）和试验3组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验3组间增重差异不显著；③试验1组、试验2组和试验3组增重1kg饲料消耗分别为：精料3.68 kg±0.16、3.17 kg±0.13和3.3 kg±0.18，草粉2.75 kg±0.12、2.11 kg±0.08和1.98 kg±0.11，麦秸1.62 kg±1.22、2.37 kg±0.09和2.75 kg±0.15，试验1组和试验2组间麦秸消耗差异不显著，试验2组精料和草粉消耗明显低于试验1组（P<0.05），试验3组草粉消耗低于试验1组（P<0.05），麦秸消耗高于试验1组（P<0.05），两组精料消耗差异不显著，试验3组麦秸消耗高于试验2组（P<0.05），两组精料和草粉消耗差异不显著；④试验1组、试验2组和试验3组屠宰率分别为50.3 kg±0.21、51.4 kg±0.14和50.6 kg±0.14，净肉率分别为39.4 kg±1.49、40.4 kg±1.28和39.6 kg±0.63，试验2组屠宰率明显高于试验1组（P<0.05），试验1组和试验3组、试验2组和试验3组间差异不显著，三组间净肉率无明显差异，三组的骨肉比均近似为1:3.6；⑤经剖检，未发现肝脏出现中毒性病变。
Pea tree(Caragana Korshinskii Kom), named peashrub, big pea tree or hairy pea tree, is leguminous perennial deciduous arboret. Grazer like to intake its delicate branches and it is called “link forage” of grazer in winter and spring. When delicate branch of pea tree of three years old were clipped from early flowering to late flowering stage(may) three years, dried, separated and grinned, 375kg peashrub leaf meal(PLM) can be acquired per mu. CP content of PLM is 24.7%,and CF content is only 19.54%, which is complete in amino acids, rich in minerals and very rich in carotins. That is a kind of high quality protein feed resource. On this paper, DE of PLM to goat, protein digestibility and digestable protein content were determined, and rumen degradation characteristics of dry matter and protein in alfalfa meal(AM) and PLM, and the feeding result of PLM to lamb were studied.
Experiment 1: Endogenous indicator–acid-insolubling ash(AIA) method was used to measure DE, digestibility of protein and digestable protein content of PLM to goat. The results showed that: DE, digestibility of protein and digestable protein content of PLM to goat is 10.45MJ/kg, 81.20% and 178.8g/kg, respectively. No reveres reaction was found in experiment.
Experimemt 2: The nylon bag technique was used to study degradability of dry matter and protein and degrading characteristics of AM and PLM in the rumen of three goats by fixing perpetual rumen cannulae, and the degradability difference between the two roughages was analyzed. The results showed that: different feed had different degradability of dry matter and protein in different incubition times, dry matter and protein disappearance of PLM were higher than that of AM at all incubition times, and there were significant differences of dry matter disappearance between the two roughages at 4hr, 8hr and 72hr(P<0.05), and protein disappearance at 4hr, 48hr and 72hr(P<0.05); degradability of dry matter of PLM and AM was 61.12% and 57.89%, respectively, and 80.27% and 72.67% for protein, respectively; degrading characteristics of dry matter and protein in the two forages were different also in different incubition times, the soluble fractions (a) of dry matter and protein in PLM were all higher than that of AM, while the insoluble potentially digestionable
fractions(b) and the fractional rate of degradation(c) were all lower. protein degradation curve of PLM changes greatly but dry matter degradation curve gradually.
Experiment 3: Twenty seven lambs of six months old, with nearly weight from same variety, were divided into three groups randomly. Every group had three replicates. Experimental ration was consisted of concentrate, forage meal and wheat straw. With the same concentrate/roughage ratio and at same nutrient level of the ration, the lambs were fed AM(group1), AM and PLM(group2), and PLM(group3)，respectively to compare the feeding results among the three groups after sixty days’ dry-lot fattening. The results showed that: ① Thirty days’ live weight gain(LWG) of group1, group2 and group3 was 4.7kg±0.5, 5.19kg±0.27 and 4.4 kg±0.17, respectively. The LWG of group2 was higher significantly than that of group3 (P<0.05), there were no significant differences between any other two groups; ② sixty days’ LWG of three groups was 9.8 kg±0.43, 11.38 kg±0.46 and 10.92 kg±0.6, respectively. The LWG of group2 was higher significantly than that of group1 (P<0.05) and group3(P<0.05), there were no significant differences between group1 and group3; ③ concentrate consumption per kg gain of three groups was 3.68 kg±0.16, 3.17 kg±0.13 and 3.3 kg±0.18, respectively; forage meal consumption per kg gain of three groups was 2.75 kg±0.12, 2.11 kg±0.08 and 1.98 kg±0.11, respectively; wheat straw consumption per kg gain of three groups was 1.62 kg±1.22, 2.37 kg±0.09 and 2.75 kg±0.15, respectively. Wheat straw consumption was not different between group1 and group2, but concentrate and forage meal consumption of group2 were lower than that of group1(P<0.05), forage meal consumption of g
引文
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Burroughs,W.,Nelson,D.K. and Mertens,D.R.1975,Evalution of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential.J.Dairy Sci.58:611
A.R.C.1980.The nutrition requirements of ruminant livestock,Farnham royal; Common wealth Agricultural burueau.
Roy.J.H.B.,Balch,C.Miler.E.L.Qrsdov,E.R.and Smith,R.H.1977. Calculation of the N requirement for ruminants from nitrogen metabosium studies.Prod,2nd Int. Symp. Protein Metab.Nutri.EAAP.Publ.22:126
Burroughs,W.,Nelson,D.K. and Mertens,D.R.1975,Protein physiology and its application in the lactating cow:The metabolizable protein feeding standard. J.Anim.Sci.41:933
Church,D.C.1976,Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Vol. I. Digestive physiology,2nd 184
Roffler,R.E. and Satter.L.D.1975,Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Development of a model for
predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization by cattle. J. Dairy Sci.58:1880
Stern,M.D. and Hoover,W.H.1979,Methods for determining and factors effecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A review.J.Anim.Sci.49:1590
Nocek,J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: A review. J. Dairy Sci,1988,71:2051-2069
Frydrch,Z. Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of various feeds as estimated by the mobile bag technique. Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.1992,37:161-172
Tamminga,S.,C.J.van der Koelen and A.M.Vuuren. Effect of the level feed intake on nitrogen entering the small intestine of diary cows. Live.Prod. Sci,1979, 6: 255 -262
Setala,J.1983.The nylon bag technique in the determine of ruminal feed protein degradadion. Journal of Agricultural Science of finland,55:1
MacRae,R.L. In digestion and metabolism in ruminants I.W.Mcdonald and A.C.I. Warner ed Univ.New England Press.Arimdale.N.S.W.Augest,1975
Broderick,G.A.In vitro determinations of ruminal protein degradation and escape and intestinal digestibility of cottonseed meal protein degradation. Can J.Anim Sci,1982,upple):31
Raab,L.,B.Cafantaris and T.Jilg et al. rumen protein degradadion and biosynthesis. A new method for determination of protein degradadion in rumen fluid in vitro.Br J.Nutri,1983,50:569
Nocek,J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility:A review.J.Dairy Sci,1988,71:2051～2069
De Boever,J.L.,B.G.Cottyn et al. potential of solubility,enzymatic metheds and NIRS to predict in situ rumen escape protein. Neth.Jour of Agri.Sci,1997,45:291～306
Siddons,R.C.,J.V.Nolsn and D.E.Beever et al. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N.Br. J.Nutri, 1985, 54: 175～187
Abdelgadir,I.E.O.,R.C.Cochran and E.C.Titgemeyer et al.In vitro determination of ruminal protein degradability of alfalfa and prairie hay via a commercial protease in the presence or absence of cellulose or driselase.Jour.Of.Anim.Sci,1997,75.8:2215
Luchini,N.D.,G.A.Broderick and D.K.Combs. In vitro determination of ruminal protein degradation using freeezestored ruminal micro organisms. Jour of Anim Sci, 1996, 74. 10: 2488
Licitra,G.,F.Lauria and S.Carpino et al. Improvement of the Streptomyces griseus method for degradable protein in ruminant feeds. Anim.Feed.Sci and Tech,1998,72:1
Madsen,J.,T.Hvelplund and M.R.Weisbjerg. Appropriate methods for the evaluation of tropical feeds for ruminants. Anim.Fe.Sci and Tech,1997,69:1,53
Krishnamoorthy,U.,C.J.Sniffen and P.J.Van Soest. Evaluation of a mathermatical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimated the rumen-undegradation nitrogen contents of feedstuffs.Br.J.Nutri,1983,50:555
Crooker,B.A.,C.J.Sniffen and W.H.Hoover et al. Solvents for soluble nitrogen measurement in feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci,1978,61:437
Tamminga.S.Protein degradation in the forestomachs of rumunants. J.Anim. Sci, 1979, 49:1615
Madsen J.,T.Hvelplund.M.R.Bertilsson et al. The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants: A revision Norwegian J.Agric.Sci,1995,19(supple)
Michalet D.B.,P.Noziere, The in saeco method of prediction of the degradation of dietary components in the rumen.Productions Animals,1999,12.3:195
Qrskov E.R.,McDonald I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen incubation measurements weights according to rate of passage.J Agric Sci,1979,92:499～503
Mashall D.Stern,1984,Evaluation of nitrogen solubility and the Dacron bag technique as methods for estimating in the rumen.J.Of Anim Sci.58(3):714～719
Weakley D.C.,Stern M.D. and Satter L.D.1983,Factors affecting disappearance of feedstuffs trom bags suspended in the rumen.J.Anim.Sci.56:493
Qrskov,E.R.,Hovell,F.D. and Mould,F.1980,The use of the nylon bag technique for evaluation of feedstuffs.Trop Anim.Prod.5:195
Lawery,R.S.1969,The nylon bag technique for the estimation of foragequality. Inproceedings of the national conference on forage quality evaluation and utilization section univ of nabrasks abereddn
Stern,M.D. and Satter,L.D.1984,Evaluation of nitrogen solubility and the dacron bag technique as methods for estimating protein degradation in the rumen.J.Anim.Sci.58:714
Lindberg,J.E.1981,The effect of sample size and sample structure on the degradation of 71
Kuldip,Akbar,M.A.et al.1995,In sacco evaluation of the protein quality of
undecorticated sunflower cake in relation to mustard cake in feeding of cattle,Indian Journal of Anim.Nutri.12(2):101
Mehrez,A.L. and Qrskov,E.R.1977,A study of the artificial fibre bag technique for determining the digestibility of feeds in the rumen.J.Agri.Sci.88:645～650
Balch,C.C. and Johnson,V.W.1965,Factors affecting the Utilization of feed by dairy cows:II.Factors affecting the rates of breakdown of cellulose(contton thread)in the rumen of the cow.Br.J.Nutri.4:389
Zinn,R.A. and Owens,F.N.1983,Site of protein digestion in steers predictability. J.Dairy sci.56:707
Pond,W.G.Plant fibre utilization by pigs. Pigs News and Information, 1989,10(1): 13～15
Kirchgessner,M. Evidence for a high efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis in the digestive tract of adult sows fed supplements of fibrous feedstuffs.Anim.Fed.Sci and Tech,1994,(46):293～306
Kirhgesner M. Evidence for a High Efficiency of Bacterial Protein Synthesis in the Digestive Fact of Adult Sows Fed Supplements of Fibrous Feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology.1994,(46):293
Varel V H. Activity of Fibre Degrading Microorganism in the Pig Large Intestine. Journal of Animal Science. 1987,65(2):488
Pond W G. Plant Fibre Utilization by Pigs. Pigs News and Information. 1989,10(1):13
Quin J I,Van Der Wath, J G and Myburgh S. J. Vet.Sci. and Anim Industry. 1938, (11): 341
Schoeman E A.,De Wet,P J.,et al.J.Agrcanimaklia.1972,(4):35
Stern D M. and Sater L D. In Vivo Estimation of Protein Degradability in the Rumen Requirements for Cattle. Symposium Oklahoma State University.1982,57
Qrskov E R.,Deb Hcvell F D. and Mould. Tropical Animal Production.1980,(5):195
Raab,L.,B.Cafantaris et al. Rumen Production and Biosyntheses. A New Method for Determination of Protein Degradation in Rumen Fluid in vivo. Br J.Nutr,1983,(50):569
Getachew,G.,Blummel,M.,Makkar,H.P.S.,Becker,K. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim Feed Sci and Technol. 1998,(72):261
Blummel,M. and Becker,K. The Degradability characteristics of fifty-four
roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake. British Journal of Nutrition. 1997,(77):757
Sileshi,Z.,Owen,E.,Dhanoa,M.S., et al. Prediction of in situ rumen dry matter disappearance of Ethiopian forages from an in vitro gas production technique using a pressure transducer, chemical analyses or in vitro digestibility. Anim Feed Sci and Technol. 1996,(61):73
Blummel,M.,Qrskov,E.R. Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughage in predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim Feed Sci and technol. 1993,(40):109
Williams,B.A. Cumulative gas production techniques for forage evaluation. In:Givens, D.I.,Owen,E.,Omed,H.M.axford,R.F.E.,forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford. 2000,189
Menke,K.H. et al. J. Agric. Sci, Camb. The gas production Method. 1979,(93):217
Balde,A.T., J.H.Vandersall, R.A.Erdman, et al. Effect of stage of maturity of alfalfa and orchard grass on in situ dry matter and crude protein degradability and amino acid composition. Anim Sci. technol. 1993, 44: 29
Coblentz,W.K., J.O.Fritz, W.H.Fick, et al. In situ dry matter, nitrogen, and fibre degradation of alfalfa, red cloyer and eastern gamagrass at four maturities. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81: 150
Janicki,F.J and C.C.stalling. Degradation of crude protein in forages determined by in vitro and in situ procedures. J. Dairy Sci. 1988, 71: 2440
Nelon,W.F and L.D. Satter. Effect of stage of maturity and method of preservation of alfalfa on production by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1990, 73: 1800
J.C.Elizalde, N.R.Merchen, and D.B.Faulkner. In situ dry matter and crude protein degradation of fresh forages during the spring growth. J. Dairy Sci. 1999, 82: 1978
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AFRC. Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals: protein.AFRC Technical committee on response to nutrients report No.9. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. (series B). 1992, 62:787-835
Madsen,J.,T.Hvelpund.M.R.Bertilsson et al. The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants:A revision Norwegian. J.Anim.Sci, 1995,19 (suppl).
Russell,J.B.,J.D.O,Connor and D.G. Fox et al. Net Carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:I.Ruminal Fermantation. J. Anim.Sci,1992, 70:3551-3561
Tamminga,S.,W.M.Van Sttaalen and A.P.J.Subnel et al. The Dutch protein evaluation system:the DVE/OEB-system Livest Prod.Sci,1994,40:139-155
Burroughs,W.,Nelson,D.K. and Mertens,D.R.1975,Evalution of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential.J.Dairy Sci.58:611
A.R.C.1980.The nutrition requirements of ruminant livestock,Farnham royal; Common wealth Agricultural burueau.
Roy.J.H.B.,Balch,C.Miler.E.L.Qrsdov,E.R.and Smith,R.H.1977. Calculation of the N requirement for ruminants from nitrogen metabosium studies.Prod,2nd Int. Symp. Protein Metab.Nutri.EAAP.Publ.22:126
Burroughs,W.,Nelson,D.K. and Mertens,D.R.1975,Protein physiology and its application in the lactating cow:The metabolizable protein feeding standard. J.Anim.Sci.41:933
Church,D.C.1976,Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Vol. I. Digestive physiology,2nd 184
Roffler,R.E. and Satter.L.D.1975,Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Development of a model for
predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization by cattle. J. Dairy Sci.58:1880
Stern,M.D. and Hoover,W.H.1979,Methods for determining and factors effecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A review.J.Anim.Sci.49:1590
Nocek,J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: A review. J. Dairy Sci,1988,71:2051-2069
Frydrch,Z. Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of various feeds as estimated by the mobile bag technique. Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.1992,37:161-172
Tamminga,S.,C.J.van der Koelen and A.M.Vuuren. Effect of the level feed intake on nitrogen entering the small intestine of diary cows. Live.Prod. Sci,1979, 6: 255 -262
Setala,J.1983.The nylon bag technique in the determine of ruminal feed protein degradadion. Journal of Agricultural Science of finland,55:1
MacRae,R.L. In digestion and metabolism in ruminants I.W.Mcdonald and A.C.I. Warner ed Univ.New England Press.Arimdale.N.S.W.Augest,1975
Broderick,G.A.In vitro determinations of ruminal protein degradation and escape and intestinal digestibility of cottonseed meal protein degradation. Can J.Anim Sci,1982,upple):31
Raab,L.,B.Cafantaris and T.Jilg et al. rumen protein degradadion and biosynthesis. A new method for determination of protein degradadion in rumen fluid in vitro.Br J.Nutri,1983,50:569
Nocek,J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility:A review.J.Dairy Sci,1988,71:2051～2069
De Boever,J.L.,B.G.Cottyn et al. potential of solubility,enzymatic metheds and NIRS to predict in situ rumen escape protein. Neth.Jour of Agri.Sci,1997,45:291～306
Siddons,R.C.,J.V.Nolsn and D.E.Beever et al. Nitrogen digestion and metabolism in sheep consuming diets containing contrasting forms and levels of N.Br. J.Nutri, 1985, 54: 175～187
Abdelgadir,I.E.O.,R.C.Cochran and E.C.Titgemeyer et al.In vitro determination of ruminal protein degradability of alfalfa and prairie hay via a commercial protease in the presence or absence of cellulose or driselase.Jour.Of.Anim.Sci,1997,75.8:2215
Luchini,N.D.,G.A.Broderick and D.K.Combs. In vitro determination of ruminal protein degradation using freeezestored ruminal micro organisms. Jour of Anim Sci, 1996, 74. 10: 2488
Licitra,G.,F.Lauria and S.Carpino et al. Improvement of the Streptomyces griseus method for degradable protein in ruminant feeds. Anim.Feed.Sci and Tech,1998,72:1
Madsen,J.,T.Hvelplund and M.R.Weisbjerg. Appropriate methods for the evaluation of tropical feeds for ruminants. Anim.Fe.Sci and Tech,1997,69:1,53
Krishnamoorthy,U.,C.J.Sniffen and P.J.Van Soest. Evaluation of a mathermatical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimated the rumen-undegradation nitrogen contents of feedstuffs.Br.J.Nutri,1983,50:555
Crooker,B.A.,C.J.Sniffen and W.H.Hoover et al. Solvents for soluble nitrogen measurement in feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci,1978,61:437
Tamminga.S.Protein degradation in the forestomachs of rumunants. J.Anim. Sci, 1979, 49:1615
Madsen J.,T.Hvelplund.M.R.Bertilsson et al. The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants: A revision Norwegian J.Agric.Sci,1995,19(supple)
Michalet D.B.,P.Noziere, The in saeco method of prediction of the degradation of dietary components in the rumen.Productions Animals,1999,12.3:195
Qrskov E.R.,McDonald I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen incubation measurements weights according to rate of passage.J Agric Sci,1979,92:499～503
Mashall D.Stern,1984,Evaluation of nitrogen solubility and the Dacron bag technique as methods for estimating in the rumen.J.Of Anim Sci.58(3):714～719
Weakley D.C.,Stern M.D. and Satter L.D.1983,Factors affecting disappearance of feedstuffs trom bags suspended in the rumen.J.Anim.Sci.56:493
Qrskov,E.R.,Hovell,F.D. and Mould,F.1980,The use of the nylon bag technique for evaluation of feedstuffs.Trop Anim.Prod.5:195
Lawery,R.S.1969,The nylon bag technique for the estimation of foragequality. Inproceedings of the national conference on forage quality evaluation and utilization section univ of nabrasks abereddn
Stern,M.D. and Satter,L.D.1984,Evaluation of nitrogen solubility and the dacron bag technique as methods for estimating protein degradation in the rumen.J.Anim.Sci.58:714
Lindberg,J.E.1981,The effect of sample size and sample structure on the degradation of 71
Kuldip,Akbar,M.A.et al.1995,In sacco evaluation of the protein quality of
undecorticated sunflower cake in relation to mustard cake in feeding of cattle,Indian Journal of Anim.Nutri.12(2):101
Mehrez,A.L. and Qrskov,E.R.1977,A study of the artificial fibre bag technique for determining the digestibility of feeds in the rumen.J.Agri.Sci.88:645～650
Balch,C.C. and Johnson,V.W.1965,Factors affecting the Utilization of feed by dairy cows:II.Factors affecting the rates of breakdown of cellulose(contton thread)in the rumen of the cow.Br.J.Nutri.4:389
Zinn,R.A. and Owens,F.N.1983,Site of protein digestion in steers predictability. J.Dairy sci.56:707
Pond,W.G.Plant fibre utilization by pigs. Pigs News and Information, 1989,10(1): 13～15
Kirchgessner,M. Evidence for a high efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis in the digestive tract of adult sows fed supplements of fibrous feedstuffs.Anim.Fed.Sci and Tech,1994,(46):293～306
Kirhgesner M. Evidence for a High Efficiency of Bacterial Protein Synthesis in the Digestive Fact of Adult Sows Fed Supplements of Fibrous Feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology.1994,(46):293
Varel V H. Activity of Fibre Degrading Microorganism in the Pig Large Intestine. Journal of Animal Science. 1987,65(2):488
Pond W G. Plant Fibre Utilization by Pigs. Pigs News and Information. 1989,10(1):13
Quin J I,Van Der Wath, J G and Myburgh S. J. Vet.Sci. and Anim Industry. 1938, (11): 341
Schoeman E A.,De Wet,P J.,et al.J.Agrcanimaklia.1972,(4):35
Stern D M. and Sater L D. In Vivo Estimation of Protein Degradability in the Rumen Requirements for Cattle. Symposium Oklahoma State University.1982,57
Qrskov E R.,Deb Hcvell F D. and Mould. Tropical Animal Production.1980,(5):195
Raab,L.,B.Cafantaris et al. Rumen Production and Biosyntheses. A New Method for Determination of Protein Degradation in Rumen Fluid in vivo. Br J.Nutr,1983,(50):569
Getachew,G.,Blummel,M.,Makkar,H.P.S.,Becker,K. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim Feed Sci and Technol. 1998,(72):261
Blummel,M. and Becker,K. The Degradability characteristics of fifty-four
roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake. British Journal of Nutrition. 1997,(77):757
Sileshi,Z.,Owen,E.,Dhanoa,M.S., et al. Prediction of in situ rumen dry matter disappearance of Ethiopian forages from an in vitro gas production technique using a pressure transducer, chemical analyses or in vitro digestibility. Anim Feed Sci and Technol. 1996,(61):73
Blummel,M.,Qrskov,E.R. Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughage in predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim Feed Sci and technol. 1993,(40):109
Williams,B.A. Cumulative gas production techniques for forage evaluation. In:Givens, D.I.,Owen,E.,Omed,H.M.axford,R.F.E.,forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. CAB International, Wallingford. 2000,189
Menke,K.H. et al. J. Agric. Sci, Camb. The gas production Method. 1979,(93):217
Balde,A.T., J.H.Vandersall, R.A.Erdman, et al. Effect of stage of maturity of alfalfa and orchard grass on in situ dry matter and crude protein degradability and amino acid composition. Anim Sci. technol. 1993, 44: 29
Coblentz,W.K., J.O.Fritz, W.H.Fick, et al. In situ dry matter, nitrogen, and fibre degradation of alfalfa, red cloyer and eastern gamagrass at four maturities. J. Dairy Sci. 1998, 81: 150
Janicki,F.J and C.C.stalling. Degradation of crude protein in forages determined by in vitro and in situ procedures. J. Dairy Sci. 1988, 71: 2440
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