基于BG算法的微波辐射计图像处理技术的研究
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摘要
星载微波辐射计在海洋、大气等遥感探测方面具有重要作用,由于受到天线尺寸和重量的限制,星载微波辐射计的空间分辨率通常都比较低,限制了它的应用,因此出于应用的目的,利用微波辐射计空间分辨率增强算法来得到较高分辨率的图像很有必要。
本文首先介绍了微波辐射计的应用及国内外的发展过程,通过学习微波辐射计在各个领域的应用,发现微波遥感技术在现今社会中是一项不可缺少的重要手段,但也发现了很多不足,如空间分辨率低的问题。本文主要是围绕这一问题展开的。在了解了微波辐射计的基础上介绍了两种增强微波辐射计空间分辨率的算法：图像反卷积算法和BG反演算法。其中着重介绍了BG反演算法,也是本课题的重点。由于缺少星载微波辐射图像的资料,因此可以模拟生成一个微波辐射图像,用天线方向图函数对模拟图像进行取样,得到一个模糊的取样图像,再利用BG算法对该取样图像进行增强处理,并对增强前后进行了比较,结果表明该算法能增强微波辐射计的空间分辨率。本文还对BG算法做了进一步的拓展研究,即把BG算法扩展到极化效应中,在水平极化和垂直极化的基础上对该算法进行了简单的介绍。论文还对系统指标：测温灵敏度和系统线性度进行了简单的描述,以及在实验室充足的条件下怎样进行指标的验证。
最后,对本论文的研究工作加以总结概括,本论文的研究工作为下一步利用该算法进行微波辐射遥感图像处理,并进一步在该算法基础上扩展微波遥感图像处理功能打下了基础。
Spaceborne microwave radiometer in the ocean and atmosphere remote sensing has an important role, due to antenna size and weight restrictions, spaceborne microwave radiometer spatial resolution is always lower than limit its application, the application for The purpose of the use of microwave radiometer spatial resolution enhancement algorithm to obtain higher resolution images necessary.
This thesis describes the application of microwave radiometer and development at home and abroad, through the study of microwave radiometer applications in various fields, we found that microwave remote sensing technology is an indispensable tool in today's society, also found many deficiencies, such as the problem of low spatial resolution. This article is carried out around this issue. To understand the basis of the microwave radiometer introduced two microwave radiometer spatial resolution enhancement algorithm:Image Deconvolution Algorithm and the BG Inversion Algorithm. Which focuses on the BG inversion algorithm, is also the focus of this issue. Spaceborne microwave radiation due to the lack of information images, so you can generate a simulated image of microwave radiation with antenna function for sampling the analog image to get a blurred image sampling, re-use of the BG algorithm for image enhancement processing samples, and were compared before and after on the increase, the results show that the algorithm can enhance the spatial resolution of microwave radiometers. This article also made a BG algorithm more extensive study, that the BG algorithm is extended to the polarization effect in water, in horizontal polarization and vertical polarization on the basis of the algorithm is a simple introduction. Thesis on system indicators:temperature sensitivity and linearity of the system was verified.
Finally, the research work of this paper to summarize summary of the research work in this thesis using the algorithm for the next microwave remote sensing image processing, and further expansion in the algorithm based on microwave remote sensing image processing foundation.
本文首先介绍了微波辐射计的应用及国内外的发展过程,通过学习微波辐射计在各个领域的应用,发现微波遥感技术在现今社会中是一项不可缺少的重要手段,但也发现了很多不足,如空间分辨率低的问题。本文主要是围绕这一问题展开的。在了解了微波辐射计的基础上介绍了两种增强微波辐射计空间分辨率的算法：图像反卷积算法和BG反演算法。其中着重介绍了BG反演算法,也是本课题的重点。由于缺少星载微波辐射图像的资料,因此可以模拟生成一个微波辐射图像,用天线方向图函数对模拟图像进行取样,得到一个模糊的取样图像,再利用BG算法对该取样图像进行增强处理,并对增强前后进行了比较,结果表明该算法能增强微波辐射计的空间分辨率。本文还对BG算法做了进一步的拓展研究,即把BG算法扩展到极化效应中,在水平极化和垂直极化的基础上对该算法进行了简单的介绍。论文还对系统指标：测温灵敏度和系统线性度进行了简单的描述,以及在实验室充足的条件下怎样进行指标的验证。
最后,对本论文的研究工作加以总结概括,本论文的研究工作为下一步利用该算法进行微波辐射遥感图像处理,并进一步在该算法基础上扩展微波遥感图像处理功能打下了基础。
Spaceborne microwave radiometer in the ocean and atmosphere remote sensing has an important role, due to antenna size and weight restrictions, spaceborne microwave radiometer spatial resolution is always lower than limit its application, the application for The purpose of the use of microwave radiometer spatial resolution enhancement algorithm to obtain higher resolution images necessary.
This thesis describes the application of microwave radiometer and development at home and abroad, through the study of microwave radiometer applications in various fields, we found that microwave remote sensing technology is an indispensable tool in today's society, also found many deficiencies, such as the problem of low spatial resolution. This article is carried out around this issue. To understand the basis of the microwave radiometer introduced two microwave radiometer spatial resolution enhancement algorithm:Image Deconvolution Algorithm and the BG Inversion Algorithm. Which focuses on the BG inversion algorithm, is also the focus of this issue. Spaceborne microwave radiation due to the lack of information images, so you can generate a simulated image of microwave radiation with antenna function for sampling the analog image to get a blurred image sampling, re-use of the BG algorithm for image enhancement processing samples, and were compared before and after on the increase, the results show that the algorithm can enhance the spatial resolution of microwave radiometers. This article also made a BG algorithm more extensive study, that the BG algorithm is extended to the polarization effect in water, in horizontal polarization and vertical polarization on the basis of the algorithm is a simple introduction. Thesis on system indicators:temperature sensitivity and linearity of the system was verified.
Finally, the research work of this paper to summarize summary of the research work in this thesis using the algorithm for the next microwave remote sensing image processing, and further expansion in the algorithm based on microwave remote sensing image processing foundation.
引文
[1]卢军,张祖荫,杜士杰,黄铁侠.星载微波辐射计的发展与展望.遥感技术与应用.1995,10(1)：1-6.
[2]陆登柏,邱家稳,蒋炳军.星载微波辐射计的应用与发展.真空与低温学术论文.2009,15(2)：1-6.
[3]张杰,黄卫民,纪永刚等.中国海洋微波遥感研究进展[J].海洋科学进展.2004,22(增刊)：157-165.
[4]王晓海,李浩.国外星载微波辐射计应用现状及未来发展趋势[J].中国航天科技集团.2005,(4)：16-20.
[5]董晓龙,张云华.微波辐射计的发展及其类型[J].空间科学与应用.2001(4)：251-257.
[6]陈文新.微波辐射计定标方法[C].中国电子学会空间电子学年会,北京,2000：303-307.
[7]BASHARINOV A E, GURVICH A S, YEGOROV S T, et al. The Results of Microwave Sounding of Earth's Surface According to Experimental Data from the Satellite'Cosmos 243'[M]. Space Research XI, Berlin:Akademie-Verlag,1971.
[8]BANFIELD L J. Proposed Designed of the Temperature Control System for the Variable Temperature Calibration Target for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B[R].Proc of IGARSS'88,1988:21-22.
[9]HOLLINGERJ P, PEIRCEJL, POEGA. SSM/I Instrument Evaluation [J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.1990,28(5):781-790.
[10]GLOERSEN P, BARATH F T. A Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer for Nimbus-G and Seasat-A[J]. IEEE J Oceanic Eng.,1977, OE-2 (2):172-178.
[11]NJOKU E G, STACEY J M, BARATH F T, et al. The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer(SMMR):Instrument Description and Performance[J]. IEEE Ocenic Eng,1980, OE-2 (2):100-115.
[12]BERNARD R, LE C A, L AURENCE E, et al. The Microwave Radiometer A board ERS-1:Part I-Characteristics and Performances [J]. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Description and Performance[J]. IEEE Ocenic Eng,1980,OE-2 (2):100-115.
[13]EYMARD L, LE C A, TABARY L. The ERS-1 Microwave Radiometer[J]. Int J Remote Sens,1994,15 (4):845-857.
[14]Barath F T, Barret A H, Copeland J, et al. Mariner2 Microwave Radiometer Experiment and Results[J]. Astron J,1964,69 (1):49-58.
[15]李卿,董瑶海.中国气象卫星技术成就与展望[J].上海航天.2008,(1)：1-10.
[16]魏茉,骨传东,郭伟.CE-1卫星微波探测仪测温电路对地面定标精度的影响分析[J].遥感技术与应用.2007,22(2)：260-263.
[17]张德海,姜景山,张晓辉等.韩国科学技术卫星二号主载荷-双频微波辐射计[J].遥感技术与应用.2007,22(2)：155-157.
[18]尹红刚.微波辐射计图像空间分辨率增强算法研究：(硕士学位论文).北京：中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心,2005.
[19]程晓.基于星载微波遥感数据的南极冰盖信息提取与变化监测研究：(博士学位论文).北京：中国科学院研究生院,2004.
[20]汤秋红.全极化微波辐射计陆地参数反演研究.中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心).2009.
[21]赵凯,张俊荣.高空间分辨率高灵敏度微波辐射计研究.遥感技术与应用.1991,(03)：23-33.
[22]王晓海,李浩.国外星载微波辐射计应用现状及发展趋势.中国航天集团科技公司五院2005(04)：5-17.
[23]崇棣.海洋动力学环境卫星微波辐射计方案设计报告.中国航天集团科技公司五院504研究所.2004：18.
[24]黄玉兰.电磁场与微波技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,2007.
[25]Sethmann, R. Bunrs, B.A. G. C. Heygster. Spatial resolution improvement of SSM/I data with image restoration techniques[J].IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1994,3 2(6):1144-1151.
[26]F. Aghdasi, Ward. R.K.Reduction of boundary artifacts in image restoration[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing,1996,5:611-61.
[27]H. Fleming. A method for calculating atmospheric thickness directly from satellite radiation measurements[A]. Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation[C], Ft. Collins, CO,1972:134-137.
[28]Conrath. B. J. Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements[J].J. Atmos. Sci.,1972,29:1262-127.
[29]G. Backus and F.Gilbert. There solving power of gorss Earth data[J]. Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc.,1968,16:169-20.
[30]F. Gilbert. Inverse problems for the earth's normal modes[A].W. H. Reid. Mathematical problems in the geophysical science, vol.2[M]. Providence:American M athematical Society,1971:107-127.
[24]John D. Kraus, Ronald J. Marhefka著.章文勋译.Antennas:For All Applications, Third Edition.北京：电子工业出版社.2006：14—15.
[25]Long D G, Hardin P J, Whiting P T. Resolution enhancement of spaceborne scatermeter data[J]. IEEE Trans., Geosci. Remote Sensing,1993,31(3):700-715.
[26]Early D S, Long D G. Image reconstruction and enhanced resolution imaging from irregular samples[J].IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,2001,39(2):291-302.
[27]Gilbert P. Iterative methods for three-dimensional reconstruction of an object from projections[J].J. theor. Biol.,1972,36:105-117.
[28]Gordon R. Atutorial on ART [J]. IEEE Trans. Nuclean Science,1974,21:78-93.
[29]Censor Y. Finite series-expansion reconstruction methods. Proc. IEEE,1983, 71(3):409-419.
[30]. Long D G. and Daum D L. Spatial resolution enhancement of SSM/I data[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1998,36(2):407-417.
[31]邹谋炎.反卷积和信号复原[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001：93-97.
[32]Ward R K. Reduction of boundary artifacts in image restoration[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing,1996,5:611-618.
[33]MORITAIA K, MOTOMURA K, SUZUKI T. Improvement in the Spatial Accuracy of the MOS-1 Microwave Scanning Radiometer by Signal Processing[R].Proc of 1989 int Symp Noise and Clutter Rejection in Radars and Imaging Sensors,1989:341-346.
[34]李靖,王涛,张升伟等.利用BG算法提高微波辐射计空间分辨率.遥感学报,2004,8(4)：1-2.
[35]STOGRYN A. Estimates of Brightness Temperatures from Scanning Radiometer Data. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, VOL. AP-26, NO.5,1978.9:5-6.
[2]陆登柏,邱家稳,蒋炳军.星载微波辐射计的应用与发展.真空与低温学术论文.2009,15(2)：1-6.
[3]张杰,黄卫民,纪永刚等.中国海洋微波遥感研究进展[J].海洋科学进展.2004,22(增刊)：157-165.
[4]王晓海,李浩.国外星载微波辐射计应用现状及未来发展趋势[J].中国航天科技集团.2005,(4)：16-20.
[5]董晓龙,张云华.微波辐射计的发展及其类型[J].空间科学与应用.2001(4)：251-257.
[6]陈文新.微波辐射计定标方法[C].中国电子学会空间电子学年会,北京,2000：303-307.
[7]BASHARINOV A E, GURVICH A S, YEGOROV S T, et al. The Results of Microwave Sounding of Earth's Surface According to Experimental Data from the Satellite'Cosmos 243'[M]. Space Research XI, Berlin:Akademie-Verlag,1971.
[8]BANFIELD L J. Proposed Designed of the Temperature Control System for the Variable Temperature Calibration Target for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B[R].Proc of IGARSS'88,1988:21-22.
[9]HOLLINGERJ P, PEIRCEJL, POEGA. SSM/I Instrument Evaluation [J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.1990,28(5):781-790.
[10]GLOERSEN P, BARATH F T. A Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer for Nimbus-G and Seasat-A[J]. IEEE J Oceanic Eng.,1977, OE-2 (2):172-178.
[11]NJOKU E G, STACEY J M, BARATH F T, et al. The Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer(SMMR):Instrument Description and Performance[J]. IEEE Ocenic Eng,1980, OE-2 (2):100-115.
[12]BERNARD R, LE C A, L AURENCE E, et al. The Microwave Radiometer A board ERS-1:Part I-Characteristics and Performances [J]. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Description and Performance[J]. IEEE Ocenic Eng,1980,OE-2 (2):100-115.
[13]EYMARD L, LE C A, TABARY L. The ERS-1 Microwave Radiometer[J]. Int J Remote Sens,1994,15 (4):845-857.
[14]Barath F T, Barret A H, Copeland J, et al. Mariner2 Microwave Radiometer Experiment and Results[J]. Astron J,1964,69 (1):49-58.
[15]李卿,董瑶海.中国气象卫星技术成就与展望[J].上海航天.2008,(1)：1-10.
[16]魏茉,骨传东,郭伟.CE-1卫星微波探测仪测温电路对地面定标精度的影响分析[J].遥感技术与应用.2007,22(2)：260-263.
[17]张德海,姜景山,张晓辉等.韩国科学技术卫星二号主载荷-双频微波辐射计[J].遥感技术与应用.2007,22(2)：155-157.
[18]尹红刚.微波辐射计图像空间分辨率增强算法研究：(硕士学位论文).北京：中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心,2005.
[19]程晓.基于星载微波遥感数据的南极冰盖信息提取与变化监测研究：(博士学位论文).北京：中国科学院研究生院,2004.
[20]汤秋红.全极化微波辐射计陆地参数反演研究.中国科学院研究生院(空间科学与应用研究中心).2009.
[21]赵凯,张俊荣.高空间分辨率高灵敏度微波辐射计研究.遥感技术与应用.1991,(03)：23-33.
[22]王晓海,李浩.国外星载微波辐射计应用现状及发展趋势.中国航天集团科技公司五院2005(04)：5-17.
[23]崇棣.海洋动力学环境卫星微波辐射计方案设计报告.中国航天集团科技公司五院504研究所.2004：18.
[24]黄玉兰.电磁场与微波技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,2007.
[25]Sethmann, R. Bunrs, B.A. G. C. Heygster. Spatial resolution improvement of SSM/I data with image restoration techniques[J].IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1994,3 2(6):1144-1151.
[26]F. Aghdasi, Ward. R.K.Reduction of boundary artifacts in image restoration[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing,1996,5:611-61.
[27]H. Fleming. A method for calculating atmospheric thickness directly from satellite radiation measurements[A]. Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation[C], Ft. Collins, CO,1972:134-137.
[28]Conrath. B. J. Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements[J].J. Atmos. Sci.,1972,29:1262-127.
[29]G. Backus and F.Gilbert. There solving power of gorss Earth data[J]. Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc.,1968,16:169-20.
[30]F. Gilbert. Inverse problems for the earth's normal modes[A].W. H. Reid. Mathematical problems in the geophysical science, vol.2[M]. Providence:American M athematical Society,1971:107-127.
[24]John D. Kraus, Ronald J. Marhefka著.章文勋译.Antennas:For All Applications, Third Edition.北京：电子工业出版社.2006：14—15.
[25]Long D G, Hardin P J, Whiting P T. Resolution enhancement of spaceborne scatermeter data[J]. IEEE Trans., Geosci. Remote Sensing,1993,31(3):700-715.
[26]Early D S, Long D G. Image reconstruction and enhanced resolution imaging from irregular samples[J].IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,2001,39(2):291-302.
[27]Gilbert P. Iterative methods for three-dimensional reconstruction of an object from projections[J].J. theor. Biol.,1972,36:105-117.
[28]Gordon R. Atutorial on ART [J]. IEEE Trans. Nuclean Science,1974,21:78-93.
[29]Censor Y. Finite series-expansion reconstruction methods. Proc. IEEE,1983, 71(3):409-419.
[30]. Long D G. and Daum D L. Spatial resolution enhancement of SSM/I data[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1998,36(2):407-417.
[31]邹谋炎.反卷积和信号复原[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001：93-97.
[32]Ward R K. Reduction of boundary artifacts in image restoration[J]. IEEE Trans. Image Processing,1996,5:611-618.
[33]MORITAIA K, MOTOMURA K, SUZUKI T. Improvement in the Spatial Accuracy of the MOS-1 Microwave Scanning Radiometer by Signal Processing[R].Proc of 1989 int Symp Noise and Clutter Rejection in Radars and Imaging Sensors,1989:341-346.
[34]李靖,王涛,张升伟等.利用BG算法提高微波辐射计空间分辨率.遥感学报,2004,8(4)：1-2.
[35]STOGRYN A. Estimates of Brightness Temperatures from Scanning Radiometer Data. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, VOL. AP-26, NO.5,1978.9:5-6.
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