男性青少年罪犯的社会心理学特征及与5-HT相关基因多态性的关联研究
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摘要
研究目的：
1.调查我国男性青少年罪犯的社会心理学特征,了解男性青少年暴力和非暴力犯罪的相关危险因素。
2.了解男性青少年暴力和非暴力犯罪相关的遗传学标记。
研究方法：
1.本研究于2007年8月至2010年8月从湖南省、四川省、广东省三地的三所未成年犯管教所招募年龄为14-19岁的青少年男性罪犯作为研究组,并根据其犯罪类型分为暴力罪犯组(n=257)和非暴力罪犯组(n=127)。按照性别和年龄匹配的原则,从湖南省某所普通中学招募青少年男性中学生作为对照组(n=83)。采用自制的调查表、家庭亲密度和适应性量表-Ⅱ、社会支持评定量表、应付方式问卷、青少年生活事件量表和Barratt冲动性量表-11和stroop色词试验调查被试的社会心理学特征。
2.以第一部分研究中愿意提供血样的男性青少年罪犯作为研究组,并根据其犯罪类型分为暴力罪犯组(n=202)和非暴力罪犯组(n=101)。按性别和年龄匹配的原则,从第一部分研究中挑选愿意提供血样的普通中学生,与重新招募的一部分普通中学生一起作为对照组(n=147)。采集被试的静脉血,提取全血基因组DNA。然后应用聚合酶链式反应和连接酶检测反应检测TPH1rs1800532,HTR1B
rs6296, BDNF rs6265, TPH2rs4570625和NOS1Exlf-VNTR的基因型。使用多因子降维法分析基因-基因交互作用。
研究结果：
1.青少年罪犯在家庭一般情况、家庭功能、社会支持、冲动性和认知功能上均显著低于普通中学生,青少年罪犯经历的生活事件也显著多于普通中学生(P<0.05)。二元logistic回归分析显示,与对照组相比,主要抚养人不良管教方式(P=0.006,OR=6.84)、重大挫折(P=0.024,OR=6.17)、低社会支持(P<0.001,OR=22.24)、stroop测试黑字总完成时间(P=0.020,OR=6.20)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=44.88)、频繁饮酒(P=0.003,OR=7.63)和在校受处分次数(P=0.009,OR=13.71)均为暴力犯罪的危险性因子；而主要抚养人不良管教方式(P=0.049,OR=5.38)、不与父母双方同住(P=0.014,OR=24.40)、应付方式分型(P=0.030,OR=3.22)、stroop测试黑色汉字总完成时间长(P=0.01,OR=13.60)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=417.6)、频繁饮酒(P=0.003,OR=15.29)和在校受处分次数(P=0.002,OR=109.45)均为非暴力犯罪的危险性因子。不同犯罪类型在家庭社会和个体因素上的差异也存在显著性。相较于非暴力犯罪组,暴力犯罪组家庭适应性更差,社会支持度更低,冲动性更高。以暴力组和非暴力组二分类变量为因变量,二元logistic回归分析显示：主要抚养人经常更换、重大挫折、低社会支持和高冲动性为暴力犯罪的危险性因子；而与父母生活时间短和stroop测试黑色汉字总完成时间长为非暴力犯罪的危险性因子(P(0.05)。
2.非暴力罪犯组中HTRIB rs6296C等位基因的频率显著高于暴力罪犯组(x2=3.823,P=0.050)和普通中学生组(x2=6.087,P=0.014)；暴力犯罪与非暴力犯罪组比较中,五个遗传位点之间存在交互作用(TBA=0.596,CVC=10/10,符号检验p=0.001),并且NOS1exlf-VNTR和rs1800532之间存在较强的协同作用；非暴力犯罪与普通中学生组比较中,HTRIB rs6296, TPH2rs4570625和TPH1rs1800532这三个遗传位点之间存在交互作用倾向(TBA=0.5693, CVC=9/10,符号检验p=0.051)。
研究结论：
1.男性青少年暴力和非暴力罪犯与普通中学生在社会心理学特征上存在着显著的差异。与普通中学生相比,青少年罪犯的负性环境因素、不良个人特质和不良行为模式更多。主要抚养人不良管教方式、不良行为模式是暴力罪犯和非暴力罪犯共同的危险性因子。
2.暴力和非暴力犯罪的相关危险因子也存在差异,其中主要抚养人经常更换、重大挫折、低社会支持和高冲动性是暴力犯罪的危险性因子；与父母生活时间短、信息处理速度慢是非暴力犯罪的危险性因子。
3. HTRIB rs6296C等位基因可能与非暴力犯罪有关。NOS1exlf-VNTR、rs6296、rs4570625. rs6265和rs1800532五个位点之间的交互作用对违法犯罪人群的犯罪类型有显著的影响,使个体更可能成为暴力罪犯,但这种影响相对较小。
Objective:
1. To investigate the psycho-social characteristics of male juvenile offenders, and understand their risk factors of violent and non-violent crime.
2. To understand the genetic features in male juvenile offenders, especially the gene polymorphisms of serotonin system including TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms.
Methods:
1. There were three hundred and eighty-four male juvenile offenders (include257violent offenders,127non-violent offenders, aged14-19) recruited from three juvenile reformatory. Eighty-three normal male high school students, matched age and sex with offenders, were included as control group. Assessing instruments include a self-developed questionnaire of background data, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-II (FACES-II), Social Support Rating Scales (SSRS), Coping Style Questionnaire, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Stroop Color-Word Test (CWT).
2. There were two hundred and two violent juvenile offenders and101non-violent juvenile offenders in part1who provided venous blood samples were included in present study. One hundred and forty-seven normal high school students (include part1control group and another high school students) were included as control group. Polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) was used to test genotypes. Then we compared the genotypes and alleles distributions of the above-mentioned gene polymorphisms. Gene-gene interaction between groups was analyzed by Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method.
Results:
1. There were significant difference in family function, social support, adolescent life events, impulsivity and cognitive function between juvenile offenders and normal high school students (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that negative parental rearing, major frustration, low social support, the total black reading time of CWT, smoking, drinking and punished times in school were the risk factors of violent crime. Negative parental rearing, do not live with parents, immature copying styles, the total black reading time of CWT, smoking, drinking and punished times in school were the risk factors of non-violent crime. Moreover, compared with non-violent offenders, violent offenders had lower social support, higher impulsivity, poorer family adaptability. Logistic regression analysis using violent and non-violent offenders as dependent factors showed that frequent change of caregivers, major frustration, low social support and high impulsivity were the risk factors of violent crimes, while short time for living with parents, the longer black reading time of CWT were the risk factors of non-violent crimes.
2. Compared with normal high school students and violent offenders, non-violent juvenile offenders had higher frequency of HTR1B rs6296C allele(x2=6.087, P=0.014; x2=3.823, P=0.050). Gene-gene interaction analysis showed that the interaction among TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms was in statistical significance when compared violent offenders with non-violent offenders(TBA=0.596, CVC=10/10, p=0.001), and NOS1ex1f-VNTR and TPH1A218C had strong synergy. When compared non-violent offenders with normal school students, the interaction among HTR1B rs6296, TPH2rs4570625and TPH1rsl800532was close to statistical significance (TBA=0.5693, CVC=9/10, p=0.051).
Conclusions:
1. Juvenile offenders have more negative environment risk factors, poorer personal qualities and more problem behaviors. Moreover, negative parental rearing, problem behavior patterns are common risk factors of violent and non-violent offenders.
2. Violent and non-violent offenders have different risk factors. Caregivers change frequently, major frustration, low social support and high impulsivity are the risk factors of violent crimes, while short time for living with parents, slower information processing are the risk factors of non-violent crimes.
3. HTR1B rs6296C allele may be associated with non-violent crimes. The interaction among TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms may have influence on types of crimes, which would increase the risk of individual developing to violent offenders, but the influence is relative small.
1.调查我国男性青少年罪犯的社会心理学特征,了解男性青少年暴力和非暴力犯罪的相关危险因素。
2.了解男性青少年暴力和非暴力犯罪相关的遗传学标记。
研究方法：
1.本研究于2007年8月至2010年8月从湖南省、四川省、广东省三地的三所未成年犯管教所招募年龄为14-19岁的青少年男性罪犯作为研究组,并根据其犯罪类型分为暴力罪犯组(n=257)和非暴力罪犯组(n=127)。按照性别和年龄匹配的原则,从湖南省某所普通中学招募青少年男性中学生作为对照组(n=83)。采用自制的调查表、家庭亲密度和适应性量表-Ⅱ、社会支持评定量表、应付方式问卷、青少年生活事件量表和Barratt冲动性量表-11和stroop色词试验调查被试的社会心理学特征。
2.以第一部分研究中愿意提供血样的男性青少年罪犯作为研究组,并根据其犯罪类型分为暴力罪犯组(n=202)和非暴力罪犯组(n=101)。按性别和年龄匹配的原则,从第一部分研究中挑选愿意提供血样的普通中学生,与重新招募的一部分普通中学生一起作为对照组(n=147)。采集被试的静脉血,提取全血基因组DNA。然后应用聚合酶链式反应和连接酶检测反应检测TPH1rs1800532,HTR1B
rs6296, BDNF rs6265, TPH2rs4570625和NOS1Exlf-VNTR的基因型。使用多因子降维法分析基因-基因交互作用。
研究结果：
1.青少年罪犯在家庭一般情况、家庭功能、社会支持、冲动性和认知功能上均显著低于普通中学生,青少年罪犯经历的生活事件也显著多于普通中学生(P<0.05)。二元logistic回归分析显示,与对照组相比,主要抚养人不良管教方式(P=0.006,OR=6.84)、重大挫折(P=0.024,OR=6.17)、低社会支持(P<0.001,OR=22.24)、stroop测试黑字总完成时间(P=0.020,OR=6.20)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=44.88)、频繁饮酒(P=0.003,OR=7.63)和在校受处分次数(P=0.009,OR=13.71)均为暴力犯罪的危险性因子；而主要抚养人不良管教方式(P=0.049,OR=5.38)、不与父母双方同住(P=0.014,OR=24.40)、应付方式分型(P=0.030,OR=3.22)、stroop测试黑色汉字总完成时间长(P=0.01,OR=13.60)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=417.6)、频繁饮酒(P=0.003,OR=15.29)和在校受处分次数(P=0.002,OR=109.45)均为非暴力犯罪的危险性因子。不同犯罪类型在家庭社会和个体因素上的差异也存在显著性。相较于非暴力犯罪组,暴力犯罪组家庭适应性更差,社会支持度更低,冲动性更高。以暴力组和非暴力组二分类变量为因变量,二元logistic回归分析显示：主要抚养人经常更换、重大挫折、低社会支持和高冲动性为暴力犯罪的危险性因子；而与父母生活时间短和stroop测试黑色汉字总完成时间长为非暴力犯罪的危险性因子(P(0.05)。
2.非暴力罪犯组中HTRIB rs6296C等位基因的频率显著高于暴力罪犯组(x2=3.823,P=0.050)和普通中学生组(x2=6.087,P=0.014)；暴力犯罪与非暴力犯罪组比较中,五个遗传位点之间存在交互作用(TBA=0.596,CVC=10/10,符号检验p=0.001),并且NOS1exlf-VNTR和rs1800532之间存在较强的协同作用；非暴力犯罪与普通中学生组比较中,HTRIB rs6296, TPH2rs4570625和TPH1rs1800532这三个遗传位点之间存在交互作用倾向(TBA=0.5693, CVC=9/10,符号检验p=0.051)。
研究结论：
1.男性青少年暴力和非暴力罪犯与普通中学生在社会心理学特征上存在着显著的差异。与普通中学生相比,青少年罪犯的负性环境因素、不良个人特质和不良行为模式更多。主要抚养人不良管教方式、不良行为模式是暴力罪犯和非暴力罪犯共同的危险性因子。
2.暴力和非暴力犯罪的相关危险因子也存在差异,其中主要抚养人经常更换、重大挫折、低社会支持和高冲动性是暴力犯罪的危险性因子；与父母生活时间短、信息处理速度慢是非暴力犯罪的危险性因子。
3. HTRIB rs6296C等位基因可能与非暴力犯罪有关。NOS1exlf-VNTR、rs6296、rs4570625. rs6265和rs1800532五个位点之间的交互作用对违法犯罪人群的犯罪类型有显著的影响,使个体更可能成为暴力罪犯,但这种影响相对较小。
Objective:
1. To investigate the psycho-social characteristics of male juvenile offenders, and understand their risk factors of violent and non-violent crime.
2. To understand the genetic features in male juvenile offenders, especially the gene polymorphisms of serotonin system including TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms.
Methods:
1. There were three hundred and eighty-four male juvenile offenders (include257violent offenders,127non-violent offenders, aged14-19) recruited from three juvenile reformatory. Eighty-three normal male high school students, matched age and sex with offenders, were included as control group. Assessing instruments include a self-developed questionnaire of background data, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-II (FACES-II), Social Support Rating Scales (SSRS), Coping Style Questionnaire, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Stroop Color-Word Test (CWT).
2. There were two hundred and two violent juvenile offenders and101non-violent juvenile offenders in part1who provided venous blood samples were included in present study. One hundred and forty-seven normal high school students (include part1control group and another high school students) were included as control group. Polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) was used to test genotypes. Then we compared the genotypes and alleles distributions of the above-mentioned gene polymorphisms. Gene-gene interaction between groups was analyzed by Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method.
Results:
1. There were significant difference in family function, social support, adolescent life events, impulsivity and cognitive function between juvenile offenders and normal high school students (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that negative parental rearing, major frustration, low social support, the total black reading time of CWT, smoking, drinking and punished times in school were the risk factors of violent crime. Negative parental rearing, do not live with parents, immature copying styles, the total black reading time of CWT, smoking, drinking and punished times in school were the risk factors of non-violent crime. Moreover, compared with non-violent offenders, violent offenders had lower social support, higher impulsivity, poorer family adaptability. Logistic regression analysis using violent and non-violent offenders as dependent factors showed that frequent change of caregivers, major frustration, low social support and high impulsivity were the risk factors of violent crimes, while short time for living with parents, the longer black reading time of CWT were the risk factors of non-violent crimes.
2. Compared with normal high school students and violent offenders, non-violent juvenile offenders had higher frequency of HTR1B rs6296C allele(x2=6.087, P=0.014; x2=3.823, P=0.050). Gene-gene interaction analysis showed that the interaction among TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms was in statistical significance when compared violent offenders with non-violent offenders(TBA=0.596, CVC=10/10, p=0.001), and NOS1ex1f-VNTR and TPH1A218C had strong synergy. When compared non-violent offenders with normal school students, the interaction among HTR1B rs6296, TPH2rs4570625and TPH1rsl800532was close to statistical significance (TBA=0.5693, CVC=9/10, p=0.051).
Conclusions:
1. Juvenile offenders have more negative environment risk factors, poorer personal qualities and more problem behaviors. Moreover, negative parental rearing, problem behavior patterns are common risk factors of violent and non-violent offenders.
2. Violent and non-violent offenders have different risk factors. Caregivers change frequently, major frustration, low social support and high impulsivity are the risk factors of violent crimes, while short time for living with parents, slower information processing are the risk factors of non-violent crimes.
3. HTR1B rs6296C allele may be associated with non-violent crimes. The interaction among TPH1A218C, TPH2G-703T, HTR1B G861C, BDNF Va166Met, NOS1ex1f-VNTR gene polymorphisms may have influence on types of crimes, which would increase the risk of individual developing to violent offenders, but the influence is relative small.
引文
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