基于ARM的光纤传感解调仪开发及其在岩土工程监测中的应用
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摘要
本文主要开发了一种分布式光纤光栅传感网络解调仪。论文在对国内外研究现状进行了深入分析的基础上，归纳了当前光纤光栅传感技术的发展趋势及其在实际应用中存在的问题，并针对分布式光纤光栅传感网络的解调系统的频域反射、信号解调、复用寻址、光源设计以及温度补偿这五个方面展开研究。
首先，论文从分布式光纤光栅传感网络的理论模型入手，分析了光纤布拉格光栅的传感机理，建立了光纤光栅传感模型；在分析比较了几种常见的复用技术和信号解调技术的优缺点基础上，提出应用光频域反射复用技术和波分复用技术相结合的混合复用方法来解决光纤光栅传感网络的寻址问题，采用由宽带光源和可调谐光滤波器组成的可调谐窄带光源来解调复用信号，通过理论分析和实验研究证实了系统方案的可行性。
其次，重点进行了信号解调部分的设计，利用ARM智能芯片LPC2214设计了硬件解调电路，并予以实现。
再次，对分布式光纤光栅传感网络的各个组成模块分别进行了原理分析和器件设计。基于光纤光栅的温度响应特性，提出了用一个参考光栅来进行光纤光栅传感阵列温度补偿的设计方案，并论述了其补偿原理，证明了该方法的可行性；同时可以看出，该方法不仅可以实现温度补偿，也可以减小光纤F-P可调谐滤波器的重复性误差以及光源功率波动、探测器噪声和电路噪声等引起的误差。
最后，进行了光纤布拉格光栅的温度和应变特性测试实验，分析了光纤光栅传感网络在岩土工程安全监测中应用的必要性和可行性，针对光栅阵列的寻址解调技术在岩土工程安全检测的应用进行了实验研究，并阐述了影响系统测量精度的各种因素以及相应的解决方法。
The text mainly researched a distributed fiber grating sensing net demodulator. Based on analyzing deeply the research's status quo at home and abroad, the text concluded the developing trend of the fiber grating sensor and several main problems which need solving in actual application. Furthermore, the text studied five aspects, such as the frequency reflection, signal demodulation, multiplexing addressing, the power design and the temperature compensation in the fiber grating sensing net.
Firstly, beginning with the theory model of the distributed fiber grating sensing net, the text analyzed the fiber Bragg grating's sensing mechanism and founded the fiber grating sensing model. Then based on analyzing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of several multiplexing technology and signal demodulation technology, it applied the mixed divided multiplexing technology which combined the optical frequency domain reflection multiplexing technology and wavelength divided multiplexing technology to solve the addressing problem of the fiber grating sensing net, used the tunable tape light source which is made of the broadband light source and the tunable optical filter to demodulate multiplexing signal, and made sure the feasibility of the system through the theory analysis and experiment research.
Secondly the emphases of the text were the design of the signal demodulation, used the ARM smart chip LPC2214 to design the hardware demodulation circuit and realized it.
Thirdly the text analyzed the principles and designed the devices of the distributed fiber grating sensing net's composed modules. Then based on the temperature response characteristic of the fiber grating, it proposed a kind of design scheme of using the reference grating to make the temperature compensation of the fiber grating sensing array, described the compensation principle and proved the feasibility of the method. Meanwhile we could conclude that the method not only realized the temperature compensation but also decreased the repeatability error of the fiber F-P tunable filter and the error which was made by the light source power fluctuate, detector noise and circuit noise.
Lastly, the characteristic testing experiments of the fiber Bragg grating temperature and strain were done and the necessity and the feasibility applying the fiber grating sensing net into the geotechnical engineering safety monitoring were analyzed. The actual experiment research of using the grating array addressing demodulation into the geotechnical engineering safety monitoring was done, and all kinds of factors which influence the system measure precision and their solutions were described.
首先，论文从分布式光纤光栅传感网络的理论模型入手，分析了光纤布拉格光栅的传感机理，建立了光纤光栅传感模型；在分析比较了几种常见的复用技术和信号解调技术的优缺点基础上，提出应用光频域反射复用技术和波分复用技术相结合的混合复用方法来解决光纤光栅传感网络的寻址问题，采用由宽带光源和可调谐光滤波器组成的可调谐窄带光源来解调复用信号，通过理论分析和实验研究证实了系统方案的可行性。
其次，重点进行了信号解调部分的设计，利用ARM智能芯片LPC2214设计了硬件解调电路，并予以实现。
再次，对分布式光纤光栅传感网络的各个组成模块分别进行了原理分析和器件设计。基于光纤光栅的温度响应特性，提出了用一个参考光栅来进行光纤光栅传感阵列温度补偿的设计方案，并论述了其补偿原理，证明了该方法的可行性；同时可以看出，该方法不仅可以实现温度补偿，也可以减小光纤F-P可调谐滤波器的重复性误差以及光源功率波动、探测器噪声和电路噪声等引起的误差。
最后，进行了光纤布拉格光栅的温度和应变特性测试实验，分析了光纤光栅传感网络在岩土工程安全监测中应用的必要性和可行性，针对光栅阵列的寻址解调技术在岩土工程安全检测的应用进行了实验研究，并阐述了影响系统测量精度的各种因素以及相应的解决方法。
The text mainly researched a distributed fiber grating sensing net demodulator. Based on analyzing deeply the research's status quo at home and abroad, the text concluded the developing trend of the fiber grating sensor and several main problems which need solving in actual application. Furthermore, the text studied five aspects, such as the frequency reflection, signal demodulation, multiplexing addressing, the power design and the temperature compensation in the fiber grating sensing net.
Firstly, beginning with the theory model of the distributed fiber grating sensing net, the text analyzed the fiber Bragg grating's sensing mechanism and founded the fiber grating sensing model. Then based on analyzing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of several multiplexing technology and signal demodulation technology, it applied the mixed divided multiplexing technology which combined the optical frequency domain reflection multiplexing technology and wavelength divided multiplexing technology to solve the addressing problem of the fiber grating sensing net, used the tunable tape light source which is made of the broadband light source and the tunable optical filter to demodulate multiplexing signal, and made sure the feasibility of the system through the theory analysis and experiment research.
Secondly the emphases of the text were the design of the signal demodulation, used the ARM smart chip LPC2214 to design the hardware demodulation circuit and realized it.
Thirdly the text analyzed the principles and designed the devices of the distributed fiber grating sensing net's composed modules. Then based on the temperature response characteristic of the fiber grating, it proposed a kind of design scheme of using the reference grating to make the temperature compensation of the fiber grating sensing array, described the compensation principle and proved the feasibility of the method. Meanwhile we could conclude that the method not only realized the temperature compensation but also decreased the repeatability error of the fiber F-P tunable filter and the error which was made by the light source power fluctuate, detector noise and circuit noise.
Lastly, the characteristic testing experiments of the fiber Bragg grating temperature and strain were done and the necessity and the feasibility applying the fiber grating sensing net into the geotechnical engineering safety monitoring were analyzed. The actual experiment research of using the grating array addressing demodulation into the geotechnical engineering safety monitoring was done, and all kinds of factors which influence the system measure precision and their solutions were described.
引文
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[6] 王丹生，吴宁，朱宏平．光纤光栅传感器在桥梁工程中的应用与研究现状．公路交通科技．2004，21(2)：57～61．
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[21] Y.J. Rao, A. B. L. Ribeiro, D. A. Jackson, L. Zhang and 1. Bennion. Combined spatial-and time-division-multiplexing scheme for fibre grating sensors with drift-compensated phase-sensitive detection. Opt. Lett. 1995, 20: 2149-2151.
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[24] Ferreira L. A, Santos J L. Pseudoheterdyne Demodulation Technique for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Using Matched Gratings. IEEE Photon.Techn.Lett. 1997,9(4):487-489.
[25] M.A.Davis, A.D.Kersey. Matched-filter interrogation technique for fiber Bragg grating arrays. Electronics Letters. 1995, 31(10): 822～823.
[26] Ferreira LA,Santos J L, Farahi F. Pseudo heterodyne demodulation technique for fiber Bragg grating sensors using two matched gratings. IEEE Photonics Technology. Letters. 1997, 9(4):487～489.
[27] H.Y.Seok,D.J.Richardson,Byoung Yoon Kim. Interrogation of fiber grating sensor arrays with a wavelength-swept fiber laser. Optics Letters. 1998,23(11):843～845.
[28] M.A.Davis, D.G.Bellemore, M.A. Putnam et al. Interrogation of 60 fiber Bragg grating sensors with micro-strain resolution capability. Electronics Letters. 1996,32(15): 1393～1394.
[29] 刘瑞复，史锦珊．光纤传感器及其应用．机械工业出版社．1987．
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[31] 王伟．光纤光栅调谐滤波技术及其研究应用．南开大学硕士毕业论文 2001．
[32] 贸宏志，李育林，胡满利．用可调谐法布里--珀罗腔测光纤光栅波长．激光杂志．2000，21(2)：58～61．
[33] 张洪波，基于DSP的光纤Bragg光栅解调．武汉理工大学，硕士毕业论文．2004．
[34] M.G.Xu, H.Geiger, J.P.Dakin. Modeling and performance analysis of a fiber Bragg grating interrogation system using an acousto-optic tunable filter. Light wave Technology, 1996,14(3): 391～395.
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[52] 程良奎，范景伦等．岩土锚固．中国建筑工业出版社．2003．
[2] 廖延彪．光纤光学．清华大学出版社，2000年．
[3] 张记龙，曾光宇．光纤光栅(FBG)传感技术及其应用．华北工学院测试技术学报．2001，4：215～220．
[4] 姜德生，何伟．光纤光栅传感器的应用概况．光电子·激光．2002．13(4)：20～24．
[5] K.O.Hill, B.Malo, F.Bilodeau, et al. Bragg grating fabricated in mono-mode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask. Applied Physics Letters, 1993,62:1035～1038.
[6] 王丹生，吴宁，朱宏平．光纤光栅传感器在桥梁工程中的应用与研究现状．公路交通科技．2004，21(2)：57～61．
[7] Yoshiyuki Kaji, Yoshinori Matsui, Satoshi Kita, et al. Application of a fiber optic grating strain sensor for the measurement of strain under irradiation environment. Nuclear Engineering and Design.2002, 217:283～288.
[8] Hjelme D R. Application of Bragg grating sensors in the characterization of scaled marine vehicle models, Applied Optics.1997, 36(5): 328-326.
[9] 罗铁亮．基于DSP系统的光纤光栅解调器的研究．武汉理工大学，硕士毕业论文．2004．
[10] 黄章勇．光纤通信用新型光无源器件．北京：北京邮电大学出版社．2003：18～60．
[11] 靳伟，廖延彪，张志鹏等．导波光学传感器：原理与技术．北京：科学出版社．1998．
[12] A.Othonos, K.Kalli. Fiber Bragg Gratings: Fundamentals and Applications in Telecommunications and Sensing. Artech House Press, Norwood. 1999:339～344.
[13] 孙安，乔学光等．光纤光栅温度和应力同时区分测量传感技术．光电 子·激光．2003，14(2)：210～214．
[14] 张听明．光纤光栅传感信号解调技术．黑龙江大学硕士论文．2002．
[15] B.O.Guan,H.Y.Tam,X.M.Tao,et al. Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Measurement Using a Superstructure Fiber Bragg Grating. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.2000,12:675-677.
[16] Tenny R.P.Sandell N.R. Optical Data Fusion in Multiple Sensor Detection Systems IEEE Trans on AES-17.1981,4:501-509.
[17] Pietro Ferraro, Giuseppe De Natale. On the possible use of optical fiber Bragg gratings as strain sensors for geodynamical monitoring. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2002,37:115～130.
[18] Sandeep Vohra, etal. Distributed Strain Monitoring with Arrays of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors on an In-Construction Steel Box-Girder Bridge[C].IEICE Trans.Electron.2000,E83-C(3).
[19] 赵东辉，吕可诚，董孝义．光纤激光器的光纤光栅调谐方法[J] 中国科学基金．1998，(3)：182～186．
[20] Youlong Yu,Luenfu Lui,Hwayaw Tametal. Fiber - laser-based wavelength division multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor system. Photonics Technology Letters.2001,13(7):702-704.
[21] Y.J. Rao, A. B. L. Ribeiro, D. A. Jackson, L. Zhang and 1. Bennion. Combined spatial-and time-division-multiplexing scheme for fibre grating sensors with drift-compensated phase-sensitive detection. Opt. Lett. 1995, 20: 2149-2151.
[22] 徐予生译．光纤传感器技术手册．电子工业出版社．1987，10．
[23] P.Oberson, B.Huttner, O.Guinnard, et al. Optical frequency domain reflectometry with a narrow linewidth fiber laser. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 2000,12(7): 867～869.
[24] Ferreira L. A, Santos J L. Pseudoheterdyne Demodulation Technique for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Using Matched Gratings. IEEE Photon.Techn.Lett. 1997,9(4):487-489.
[25] M.A.Davis, A.D.Kersey. Matched-filter interrogation technique for fiber Bragg grating arrays. Electronics Letters. 1995, 31(10): 822～823.
[26] Ferreira LA,Santos J L, Farahi F. Pseudo heterodyne demodulation technique for fiber Bragg grating sensors using two matched gratings. IEEE Photonics Technology. Letters. 1997, 9(4):487～489.
[27] H.Y.Seok,D.J.Richardson,Byoung Yoon Kim. Interrogation of fiber grating sensor arrays with a wavelength-swept fiber laser. Optics Letters. 1998,23(11):843～845.
[28] M.A.Davis, D.G.Bellemore, M.A. Putnam et al. Interrogation of 60 fiber Bragg grating sensors with micro-strain resolution capability. Electronics Letters. 1996,32(15): 1393～1394.
[29] 刘瑞复，史锦珊．光纤传感器及其应用．机械工业出版社．1987．
[30] H.Y.Seok,D.J.Richardson,Byoung Yoon Kim. Interrogation of fiber grating sensor arrays with a wavelength-swept fiber laser. Optics Letters. 1998,23(11):843～845.
[31] 王伟．光纤光栅调谐滤波技术及其研究应用．南开大学硕士毕业论文 2001．
[32] 贸宏志，李育林，胡满利．用可调谐法布里--珀罗腔测光纤光栅波长．激光杂志．2000，21(2)：58～61．
[33] 张洪波，基于DSP的光纤Bragg光栅解调．武汉理工大学，硕士毕业论文．2004．
[34] M.G.Xu, H.Geiger, J.P.Dakin. Modeling and performance analysis of a fiber Bragg grating interrogation system using an acousto-optic tunable filter. Light wave Technology, 1996,14(3): 391～395.
[35] 哀薇，基于匹配光栅线性调谐的光纤光栅多路解调方法研究．武汉理工大学优秀硕士论文．2003，6．
[36] K.Z.Hotate, X.L.Song, Z.Y.He. Stress-location measurement along an optieal fiber by synthesis of triangle-shaped optical coherence function. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 2001,13(3): 233～235.
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