设施栽培对茶叶品质和经济效益的影响
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摘要
设施茶树栽培是近几年兴起的一种新的茶树栽培模式,能有效避免霜冻和防止“倒春寒”对茶树萌动新梢造成伤害,并且能够提前茶园开采期,大幅度增加经济效益。
本研究是以春季设施栽培绿茶为研究对象,以露天对照绿茶为对照,对比分析不同栽培模式下绿茶的品质差异和经济效益。通过对2种茶叶主要生化成分、五种主要儿茶素含量的测定,香气物质的分析及其感官的审评,揭示了设施栽培环境下茶叶品质的变化;同时,通过对设施茶园小气候背景值的观测,进一步分析设施栽培环境对茶叶品质的影响。其次,对春季设施茶园和露天对照茶园的开采时期、发芽密度、百芽重和产量进行观测和统计。综合设施茶园的品质效益和经济效益,为设施茶园的生产和推广提供一定的理论依据,具有研究意义和经济价值。研究结果如下:
1. 1~3月份茶园小气候背景值观察结果显示:设施栽培茶园晴天日平均温度和阴雨天日平均温度分别比露天对照茶园高5.9℃和1.8℃,并且能加大昼夜温差;设施栽培茶园日平均相对湿度保持在75~90%,在晴天和阴天分别比露天对照茶园增湿约16.20%和13.21%;设施栽培茶园茶树蓬面的平均光照度是露天对照茶园的68.88%;设施栽培方式也可以提高不同层次的土壤温度。
2.生化成分的测定结果显示:设施栽培环境下茶叶的氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量较露天对照分别增加了8.72%和6.00%、茶多酚和咖啡碱含量分别降低了4.90%和6.50%、酚氨比和粗纤维含量降低了12.52%和10.98%;五种主要儿茶素中,设施栽培茶叶除了EGCG的含量比露天对照茶叶高出2.11%,其它各成分的含量都低于露天对照;设施栽培茶叶儿茶素总量比露天对照降低了9.96%,但其儿茶素品质指数高于露天对照。设施栽培茶叶生化成分的这种变化可提高茶汤的浓度和鲜爽度,降低苦涩味,提高茶叶的持嫩性。
3.采用GC-MS对设施栽培茶叶和露天对照茶叶的香气进行分析,结果显示:共鉴定出57种香气物质,其中大棚茶叶51个组分、露天对照茶叶43个组分, 2种茶叶香气物质的基本组成成分相似,但香气类型、香气类型的组成比例、香气指数、香气总量和大多数香气成分的相对含量差异较大。二者比较,露天对照茶叶的香气指数、香气总量分别是设施栽培的3倍和1.38倍;设施栽培茶叶含有较多的低沸点物质,但其芳香族化合物及萜烯类物质的存在更为丰富和广泛。
4.感观审评结果表明:设施栽培茶叶品质优于露天对照茶叶。
5.统计设施栽培茶园和露天对照茶园的发芽密度、百芽重、产量和经济效益,结果显示:设施栽培环境下茶树的发芽密度和百芽重较对照分别增加了10.08%和28.37%,设施栽培茶园鲜叶产量的增产幅度是17.94%。另外,设施栽培茶叶的折干率较对照增大了13.16%。按当地茶叶的市场价格计算,设施栽培茶园的亩产值较对照增长169.87%,扣除成本,设施茶园的亩净增产幅度达88.01%。
综上所述,设施栽培有利于提高茶叶的品质及茶园的经济效益,值得在北方茶区大面积推广。
Greenhouse cultivation of tea tree is a popular and new model for tea cultivation in recent years, it could help tea tree avoid frost and protect tea shoot from injury of late spring cold. And greenhouse cultivation could promote tea picking in advance, definitely increase economic benefits markedly.
This research targeted spring green tea cultivating in greenhouse, and the tea cultivating out of greenhouse as CK. In order to analyze the influence of greenhouse on tea quality, the content of the main biochemical components and aroma components was determined, and sensory tasting was carried out. Furthermore, the background value of microclimate in greenhouse was observed. The observation and statistical analysis of the date of picking, budding density, indexes of hundred-buds weight and fresh leaf yield were carried out, to study the influence of greenhouse on the economic benefits. This research lay a theoretical foundation is for application and extension of facility cultivation. The results are summarized as follows:
1, The analysis results of observation on the background value of microclimate in tea garden during three months of January to March in 2007 showed that greenhouse cultivation can improve the microclimate of tea garden. The daily mean temperature in greenhouse in sun days was increased by 5.9℃, and an increase of 1.8℃in cloudy or rainy days has been observed, furthermore, the diumal temperature in greenhouse is higher than CK; The daily mean relative humidity in greenhouse changed in range of 75-90% in different weather conditions, an increase of 16.20% in sun days and 13.21% in overcast days on daily mean relative humidity in greenhouse, comparing CK; The average light intensity on tea bush in greenhouse was decreased by 31.12%; and greenhouse cultivation can improve soil temperature at different layers.
2, The biochemical analysis indicated that the content of amino acid and Water Extracts of green tea cultivating in greenhouse increased by 8.72% and 6%, respectively. The content of tea polyphenols and caffeine of tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 4.90% and 6.50%, respectively. The ratio of polyphenols to amino acid and content of fiber in tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 12.52% and 10.98%. The content of EGCG in tea cultivating in greenhouse was 2.01% higher than that of CK, and the contents of all other catechines are lower than CK. The total amount of five kinds of catechines in tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 9.96%, but catechin quality index of tea cultivating in greenhouse was higher than CK. The variation of these biochemical components in tea cultivating in greenhouse could improve the concentration and fresh taste of tea infusion, decrease the bitter and astringent taste.
3, The result of aroma analysis by GC-MS indicated that about 57 differently aromatic compounds are isolated and identified from the two kinds of tea, among which 51 are found in tea in greenhouse and 43 in CK respectively. the basic aromatic components in two kinds of tea were similar on the whole, while striking divergences were found in the aromatic types, ratio of aromatic types, flavour index, total aromatic content and relative contents of the most of aromatic components. Compare the two kinds of tea, The flavour index and total aromatic contents in CK are 3 times and 1.38 times than tea cultivating in greenhouse; more components of low boiling point were found in tea cultivating in greenhouse, but more aromatic compounds and terpenoid components were detected in it.
4, The results of sensory tasting showed that the quality of tea cultivating in greenhouse was higher than CK.
5, The statistical analysis showed that the budding density and hundred-buds weight of tea in greenhouse increased by 10.08% and 28.37%, corresponding fresh leaf yield increased by 17.94%, And there was also an increase of 13.16% for wet-dry conversion rate in tea in greenhouse. Calculation the income of tea cultivating in greenhouse in term of the price of local tea market revealed that the output value per mu tea garden in greenhouse increased by 169.87%, deduct the cost of construction and maintenance of greenhouse, the net increase of the output value per mu was about 88.01%.
In a Conclusion, the microclimate of greenhouse cultivation could improve tea quality, and cultivating in greenhouse could enhance the economic benefits in some extent, and greenhouse was worth to be extended in north tea garden.
本研究是以春季设施栽培绿茶为研究对象,以露天对照绿茶为对照,对比分析不同栽培模式下绿茶的品质差异和经济效益。通过对2种茶叶主要生化成分、五种主要儿茶素含量的测定,香气物质的分析及其感官的审评,揭示了设施栽培环境下茶叶品质的变化;同时,通过对设施茶园小气候背景值的观测,进一步分析设施栽培环境对茶叶品质的影响。其次,对春季设施茶园和露天对照茶园的开采时期、发芽密度、百芽重和产量进行观测和统计。综合设施茶园的品质效益和经济效益,为设施茶园的生产和推广提供一定的理论依据,具有研究意义和经济价值。研究结果如下:
1. 1~3月份茶园小气候背景值观察结果显示:设施栽培茶园晴天日平均温度和阴雨天日平均温度分别比露天对照茶园高5.9℃和1.8℃,并且能加大昼夜温差;设施栽培茶园日平均相对湿度保持在75~90%,在晴天和阴天分别比露天对照茶园增湿约16.20%和13.21%;设施栽培茶园茶树蓬面的平均光照度是露天对照茶园的68.88%;设施栽培方式也可以提高不同层次的土壤温度。
2.生化成分的测定结果显示:设施栽培环境下茶叶的氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量较露天对照分别增加了8.72%和6.00%、茶多酚和咖啡碱含量分别降低了4.90%和6.50%、酚氨比和粗纤维含量降低了12.52%和10.98%;五种主要儿茶素中,设施栽培茶叶除了EGCG的含量比露天对照茶叶高出2.11%,其它各成分的含量都低于露天对照;设施栽培茶叶儿茶素总量比露天对照降低了9.96%,但其儿茶素品质指数高于露天对照。设施栽培茶叶生化成分的这种变化可提高茶汤的浓度和鲜爽度,降低苦涩味,提高茶叶的持嫩性。
3.采用GC-MS对设施栽培茶叶和露天对照茶叶的香气进行分析,结果显示:共鉴定出57种香气物质,其中大棚茶叶51个组分、露天对照茶叶43个组分, 2种茶叶香气物质的基本组成成分相似,但香气类型、香气类型的组成比例、香气指数、香气总量和大多数香气成分的相对含量差异较大。二者比较,露天对照茶叶的香气指数、香气总量分别是设施栽培的3倍和1.38倍;设施栽培茶叶含有较多的低沸点物质,但其芳香族化合物及萜烯类物质的存在更为丰富和广泛。
4.感观审评结果表明:设施栽培茶叶品质优于露天对照茶叶。
5.统计设施栽培茶园和露天对照茶园的发芽密度、百芽重、产量和经济效益,结果显示:设施栽培环境下茶树的发芽密度和百芽重较对照分别增加了10.08%和28.37%,设施栽培茶园鲜叶产量的增产幅度是17.94%。另外,设施栽培茶叶的折干率较对照增大了13.16%。按当地茶叶的市场价格计算,设施栽培茶园的亩产值较对照增长169.87%,扣除成本,设施茶园的亩净增产幅度达88.01%。
综上所述,设施栽培有利于提高茶叶的品质及茶园的经济效益,值得在北方茶区大面积推广。
Greenhouse cultivation of tea tree is a popular and new model for tea cultivation in recent years, it could help tea tree avoid frost and protect tea shoot from injury of late spring cold. And greenhouse cultivation could promote tea picking in advance, definitely increase economic benefits markedly.
This research targeted spring green tea cultivating in greenhouse, and the tea cultivating out of greenhouse as CK. In order to analyze the influence of greenhouse on tea quality, the content of the main biochemical components and aroma components was determined, and sensory tasting was carried out. Furthermore, the background value of microclimate in greenhouse was observed. The observation and statistical analysis of the date of picking, budding density, indexes of hundred-buds weight and fresh leaf yield were carried out, to study the influence of greenhouse on the economic benefits. This research lay a theoretical foundation is for application and extension of facility cultivation. The results are summarized as follows:
1, The analysis results of observation on the background value of microclimate in tea garden during three months of January to March in 2007 showed that greenhouse cultivation can improve the microclimate of tea garden. The daily mean temperature in greenhouse in sun days was increased by 5.9℃, and an increase of 1.8℃in cloudy or rainy days has been observed, furthermore, the diumal temperature in greenhouse is higher than CK; The daily mean relative humidity in greenhouse changed in range of 75-90% in different weather conditions, an increase of 16.20% in sun days and 13.21% in overcast days on daily mean relative humidity in greenhouse, comparing CK; The average light intensity on tea bush in greenhouse was decreased by 31.12%; and greenhouse cultivation can improve soil temperature at different layers.
2, The biochemical analysis indicated that the content of amino acid and Water Extracts of green tea cultivating in greenhouse increased by 8.72% and 6%, respectively. The content of tea polyphenols and caffeine of tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 4.90% and 6.50%, respectively. The ratio of polyphenols to amino acid and content of fiber in tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 12.52% and 10.98%. The content of EGCG in tea cultivating in greenhouse was 2.01% higher than that of CK, and the contents of all other catechines are lower than CK. The total amount of five kinds of catechines in tea cultivating in greenhouse decreased by 9.96%, but catechin quality index of tea cultivating in greenhouse was higher than CK. The variation of these biochemical components in tea cultivating in greenhouse could improve the concentration and fresh taste of tea infusion, decrease the bitter and astringent taste.
3, The result of aroma analysis by GC-MS indicated that about 57 differently aromatic compounds are isolated and identified from the two kinds of tea, among which 51 are found in tea in greenhouse and 43 in CK respectively. the basic aromatic components in two kinds of tea were similar on the whole, while striking divergences were found in the aromatic types, ratio of aromatic types, flavour index, total aromatic content and relative contents of the most of aromatic components. Compare the two kinds of tea, The flavour index and total aromatic contents in CK are 3 times and 1.38 times than tea cultivating in greenhouse; more components of low boiling point were found in tea cultivating in greenhouse, but more aromatic compounds and terpenoid components were detected in it.
4, The results of sensory tasting showed that the quality of tea cultivating in greenhouse was higher than CK.
5, The statistical analysis showed that the budding density and hundred-buds weight of tea in greenhouse increased by 10.08% and 28.37%, corresponding fresh leaf yield increased by 17.94%, And there was also an increase of 13.16% for wet-dry conversion rate in tea in greenhouse. Calculation the income of tea cultivating in greenhouse in term of the price of local tea market revealed that the output value per mu tea garden in greenhouse increased by 169.87%, deduct the cost of construction and maintenance of greenhouse, the net increase of the output value per mu was about 88.01%.
In a Conclusion, the microclimate of greenhouse cultivation could improve tea quality, and cultivating in greenhouse could enhance the economic benefits in some extent, and greenhouse was worth to be extended in north tea garden.
引文
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