储层裂缝动态变化规律及机理研究
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摘要
随着油气田开发的不断深入,人们对裂缝性油气藏的研究日趋加强。其中,对于储层裂缝动态变化规律的正确把握已成为该类油气藏储层保护和最大限度提高油气采收率的关键。裂缝在油气开采过程中随储层流体压力变化而变化的规律的现有研究主要集中在3个方面:①裂缝孔隙度、渗透率的应力敏感性实验研究;②以裂缝表面的微凸起模型为基础,通过理论计算研究裂缝的闭合规律;③以有限元为工具,弹塑性接触力学模型为基础计算分析裂缝的闭合规律。现有的实验研究宏观易实现,数值计算量化,利于对特定岩石在特定压力环境下闭合规律的研究,但对机理认识不清;微凸起模型便于机理研究,但研究不深入且对不同岩石裂缝表面的微凸起的表征和刻画难度大,理论认识与实际应用存在差距。鉴于此,本论文将裂缝应力敏感性实验与岩石变形规律实验相结合对裂缝渗透性、裂缝开度的变化规律及机理进行了研究。通过实验研究和理论分析获得了以下认识:
(1)裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率受作用压力的变化与基质孔隙度和基质渗透率在相同条件下受作用压力的变化具有相似的规律,即随作用压力的增加,裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率逐渐降低,且在较低作用压力下降低速率较快;随作用压力的继续增加,其降低速率趋缓。
(2)相对基质岩心而言,裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率受作用压力影响的变化表现出的规律性更复杂,主要是因为受到如裂缝面粗糙程度、裂缝初始开度、裂缝面矿物成分等多种因素的共同影响。
(3)试验获得的裂缝岩心应力-变形量曲线的形状具有高度非线性且向上弯曲特征,即在法向作用压力较低时,裂缝岩心变形量较大,曲线的斜率较小;随作用压力的增加,斜率逐渐增大。起初曲线表现出的非线性特征主要是接触面微凸体的破坏,后来是由于裂缝面接触面积随法向载荷增大而增大产生非线性的弹性变形。裂缝渗透率随作用压力变化而变化的规律受裂缝岩心变形量随作用压力变化的规律的影响。
(4)采用半对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程和二项指数方程对裂缝在不同载荷作用下的试验数据进行拟合。拟合结果表明,二项指数方程对所有数据拟合效果最好,拟合得到的相关系数均在0.99以上。因此,二项指数方程能很好的表征裂缝闭合量随作用压力的动态变化规律。
(5)根据裂缝开度与有效应力的耦合模型并结合裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度随裂缝开度变化的耦合模型,采用裂缝开度敏感系数来评价裂缝渗透率和裂缝孔隙度的动态变化敏感性。通过该方法发现裂缝开度、裂缝渗透率和裂缝孔隙度敏感系数均受裂缝初始开度、岩石弹性模量、泊松比和有效应力作用共同影响。
(6)根据裂缝渗透率随有效应力变化的乘幂拟合关系式,考虑乘幂关系的压敏效应开展了对气井产能影响的评价,并推导了考虑压敏效应的高压气井和低压气井产能公式。研究结果表明,压敏效应对裂缝性储层气井产能影响严重,采用低压气井产能公式能较好的评价压敏效应对裂缝性储层气井产能的影响。
With the deepening development of the gas and oil field, people are increasing taking the researches on fractured reservoirs. Among them, correctly grasp the dynamic changes in cracks has already became the key point to protect a kind of oil and gas reservoirs and to maximize the oil and gas recovery. In exploitation process, the law of the existing research of the fracture with reservoir fluid pressure changes focuses on three areas:①experimental study of permeability stress sensitivity in fractures;②researches on closure laws of fractures through theoretical calculation, which based on the convex model of fracture surface;③analysis of closure laws of fracture by means of finite element, which based on the elastic-plastic contact mechanics model.Present experimental study is macro-easy to achieve, numerical calculation to quantify the benefit of a particular rock in the specific circumstances of the closure pressure study law, but there are some uncertainties on clearly understanding of the mechanism; micro-convex model facilitate the mechanism researches, but superficially study and difficult in characterization and description of different types of the protruding surfaces result in the disparity between theoretical knowledge and practical application. In view of this, the paper takes the researches on change law and mechanism of fracture permeability and aperture with a combination of fracture stress sensitivity experiment and rock deformation experiment. Through experiment study and theoretical analysis we can obtain the following results:
(1) The change law of fracture porosity and permeability under pressures is similar to the matrix porosity and permeability under the same stress conditions, that is, with the increase in pressure, fracture porosity and permeability decreased gradually, and at a relatively low pressure the change rate is larger; with the proceeding load, the change rate would slow down.
(2) For matrix core, the change regularity of fracture porosity and permeability is much more complex due to the common effects of surface roughness, the initial opening of fracture, mineral composition of crack plane.
(3) The deformation magnitude of fractured core from experiment behaves highly non-linear and curved upward, it means that fracture deformed larger under a lower normal pressure, the slope of curve is smaller and increases with the proceeding load. The non-linear characteristics at the beginning of the deformation curve mainly due to the damage of convex contact surface, and later as a result of non-linear elastic deformation owing to the increase of contact surface with increasing normal load. The relationship between fracture permeability and pressure is affected by the change law of crack deformations under different pressures.
(4) Matching the data of fracture under different loads with semi-logarithmic equation, power function equations, exponential equations and an improved two indices equations, the matching result tells us that two indices is the best for test, and the correlation coefficient is above 0.99. So, two indices equations can effective characterize the relationship between closure magnitude and pressure.
(5) This paper used sensitive coefficient of fracture opening to evaluate the sensitivity of fracture permeability and porosity according to the couple model of fracture opening and effective stress, and combined with the relationship between fracture permeability, porosity and fracture opening respectively. The result tells us that the sensitive coefficients of fracture opening, permeability and porosity are both controlled by the initial fracture opening, rock elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and effective stress.
(6) This paper conducted the deliverability equation of high-pressure gas wells and low-pressure gas wells which considered the stress sensitivity, according to the power function of fracture permeability and effective stress which take into account the effect of stress sensitivity on reservoir deliverability. The result shows that stress sensitivity seriously effects the deliverability of fractured gas reservoir, and the deliverability equation of low-pressure can better evaluate the effect of stress sensitivity on gas production.
(1)裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率受作用压力的变化与基质孔隙度和基质渗透率在相同条件下受作用压力的变化具有相似的规律,即随作用压力的增加,裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率逐渐降低,且在较低作用压力下降低速率较快;随作用压力的继续增加,其降低速率趋缓。
(2)相对基质岩心而言,裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率受作用压力影响的变化表现出的规律性更复杂,主要是因为受到如裂缝面粗糙程度、裂缝初始开度、裂缝面矿物成分等多种因素的共同影响。
(3)试验获得的裂缝岩心应力-变形量曲线的形状具有高度非线性且向上弯曲特征,即在法向作用压力较低时,裂缝岩心变形量较大,曲线的斜率较小;随作用压力的增加,斜率逐渐增大。起初曲线表现出的非线性特征主要是接触面微凸体的破坏,后来是由于裂缝面接触面积随法向载荷增大而增大产生非线性的弹性变形。裂缝渗透率随作用压力变化而变化的规律受裂缝岩心变形量随作用压力变化的规律的影响。
(4)采用半对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程和二项指数方程对裂缝在不同载荷作用下的试验数据进行拟合。拟合结果表明,二项指数方程对所有数据拟合效果最好,拟合得到的相关系数均在0.99以上。因此,二项指数方程能很好的表征裂缝闭合量随作用压力的动态变化规律。
(5)根据裂缝开度与有效应力的耦合模型并结合裂缝渗透率、裂缝孔隙度随裂缝开度变化的耦合模型,采用裂缝开度敏感系数来评价裂缝渗透率和裂缝孔隙度的动态变化敏感性。通过该方法发现裂缝开度、裂缝渗透率和裂缝孔隙度敏感系数均受裂缝初始开度、岩石弹性模量、泊松比和有效应力作用共同影响。
(6)根据裂缝渗透率随有效应力变化的乘幂拟合关系式,考虑乘幂关系的压敏效应开展了对气井产能影响的评价,并推导了考虑压敏效应的高压气井和低压气井产能公式。研究结果表明,压敏效应对裂缝性储层气井产能影响严重,采用低压气井产能公式能较好的评价压敏效应对裂缝性储层气井产能的影响。
With the deepening development of the gas and oil field, people are increasing taking the researches on fractured reservoirs. Among them, correctly grasp the dynamic changes in cracks has already became the key point to protect a kind of oil and gas reservoirs and to maximize the oil and gas recovery. In exploitation process, the law of the existing research of the fracture with reservoir fluid pressure changes focuses on three areas:①experimental study of permeability stress sensitivity in fractures;②researches on closure laws of fractures through theoretical calculation, which based on the convex model of fracture surface;③analysis of closure laws of fracture by means of finite element, which based on the elastic-plastic contact mechanics model.Present experimental study is macro-easy to achieve, numerical calculation to quantify the benefit of a particular rock in the specific circumstances of the closure pressure study law, but there are some uncertainties on clearly understanding of the mechanism; micro-convex model facilitate the mechanism researches, but superficially study and difficult in characterization and description of different types of the protruding surfaces result in the disparity between theoretical knowledge and practical application. In view of this, the paper takes the researches on change law and mechanism of fracture permeability and aperture with a combination of fracture stress sensitivity experiment and rock deformation experiment. Through experiment study and theoretical analysis we can obtain the following results:
(1) The change law of fracture porosity and permeability under pressures is similar to the matrix porosity and permeability under the same stress conditions, that is, with the increase in pressure, fracture porosity and permeability decreased gradually, and at a relatively low pressure the change rate is larger; with the proceeding load, the change rate would slow down.
(2) For matrix core, the change regularity of fracture porosity and permeability is much more complex due to the common effects of surface roughness, the initial opening of fracture, mineral composition of crack plane.
(3) The deformation magnitude of fractured core from experiment behaves highly non-linear and curved upward, it means that fracture deformed larger under a lower normal pressure, the slope of curve is smaller and increases with the proceeding load. The non-linear characteristics at the beginning of the deformation curve mainly due to the damage of convex contact surface, and later as a result of non-linear elastic deformation owing to the increase of contact surface with increasing normal load. The relationship between fracture permeability and pressure is affected by the change law of crack deformations under different pressures.
(4) Matching the data of fracture under different loads with semi-logarithmic equation, power function equations, exponential equations and an improved two indices equations, the matching result tells us that two indices is the best for test, and the correlation coefficient is above 0.99. So, two indices equations can effective characterize the relationship between closure magnitude and pressure.
(5) This paper used sensitive coefficient of fracture opening to evaluate the sensitivity of fracture permeability and porosity according to the couple model of fracture opening and effective stress, and combined with the relationship between fracture permeability, porosity and fracture opening respectively. The result tells us that the sensitive coefficients of fracture opening, permeability and porosity are both controlled by the initial fracture opening, rock elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and effective stress.
(6) This paper conducted the deliverability equation of high-pressure gas wells and low-pressure gas wells which considered the stress sensitivity, according to the power function of fracture permeability and effective stress which take into account the effect of stress sensitivity on reservoir deliverability. The result shows that stress sensitivity seriously effects the deliverability of fractured gas reservoir, and the deliverability equation of low-pressure can better evaluate the effect of stress sensitivity on gas production.
引文
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