基于大角度反射的井间AVA特征及波形校正研究
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摘要
AVA技术是利用地震资料研究储层物性的最佳手段。井间地震原始资料含有丰富的AVA信息,同时井间地震具有高分辨率、高信噪比特点。利用AVA技术可以最大限度地使用井间地震资料解决油气藏勘探开发问题。3D地震资料AVA分析技术比较成熟,但主要用于小角度和中等角度的入射角,井间地震中入射角比较大,属于大角度反射,其AVA属性不同于常规地震。在论文中,以研究井间地震资料AVA特征为基础,提高井间地震资料信噪比和分辨率为目标,根据弹性波动理论,在Zoeppritz方程基础上推导适合井间地震的大角度入射纵波反射系数公式,进行理论模型地震模拟,建立AVA异常与油气藏参数之间的关系。并利用控制变量法模拟不同速度、储层岩性、孔隙度、孔隙流体性质下的AVA响应。利用简化公式在频率域实现了井间共角度道集合成地震记录的制作。为获得高质量的地震剖面,分别利用常相位校正法和波形校正因子校正法对叠前地震记录进行校正,以实现同相叠加。模型试验表明大角度反射系数公式计算结果具有较高的精度,不同储层岩性、孔隙度、孔隙流体组合的储层介质具有不同的AVA响应。利用两种相位校正方法分别对理论模型的合成地震记录以及实际角道集数据进行处理,可以有效的消除波形畸变,改善井间地震剖面叠加效果。
AVA technique is the best technology that uses seismic data to study reservoir quality. Cross-well seismic data contain abundant AVA information, possess high resolution and high S/N, and can be used to solve the problem of reservoir exploration and production.3-D AVA analysis technique is relatively mature, but it is only suitable to small or medium incident angle, which is different in cross-well seismology for bigger incident angle. In this dissertation, on the basis of elastic wave theory and Zoeppritz equation, the simplified reflection coefficient equation for wide incident angle is derived. Control variable method is used to study relationship between wide-angle AVA response and reservoir lithology, velocity, porosity and pore fluid. Simplified equation is used to make synthetic record of cross-well common angle gather in frequency domain. In order to obtain high quality cross-well section, waveform correction methods base on constant phase and waveform correction factor are applied to common angle gather respectively before stack. Model experiments illustrate the validity of simplified equation and reservoir with different lithology, velocity, porosity and pore fluid show different AVA responses. Waveform correction of synthetic data and field data gives excellent results.
AVA technique is the best technology that uses seismic data to study reservoir quality. Cross-well seismic data contain abundant AVA information, possess high resolution and high S/N, and can be used to solve the problem of reservoir exploration and production.3-D AVA analysis technique is relatively mature, but it is only suitable to small or medium incident angle, which is different in cross-well seismology for bigger incident angle. In this dissertation, on the basis of elastic wave theory and Zoeppritz equation, the simplified reflection coefficient equation for wide incident angle is derived. Control variable method is used to study relationship between wide-angle AVA response and reservoir lithology, velocity, porosity and pore fluid. Simplified equation is used to make synthetic record of cross-well common angle gather in frequency domain. In order to obtain high quality cross-well section, waveform correction methods base on constant phase and waveform correction factor are applied to common angle gather respectively before stack. Model experiments illustrate the validity of simplified equation and reservoir with different lithology, velocity, porosity and pore fluid show different AVA responses. Waveform correction of synthetic data and field data gives excellent results.
引文
[1] 殷八斤,曾灏,杨在岩.AVO技术的理论与实践.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:68~76
[2] 底青云,王妙月.地震法直接检测油气的机理及识别标志.石油地球物理勘探,1997;32(1):1~16
[3] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理(下册).山东东营:石油大学出版社,1993:163~173
[4] Koefoed O.On the effect of Poisson’s rations of rock strata on the reflection coefficients of plane waves.Goephysical Prospecting,1955;3:381~387
[5] Bortfeld R.Approximation to the reflection and transmission coefficients of the plane longitudinal and transverse waves.Goephysical Prospecting,1961;9:485~502
[6] Aki K,Richards P. G..Quantitative seismology theory and methods. USA,1980:144~154
[7] Hilteman F.Seismic lithology.SEG-continuing education,1983
[8] Ostrander,W.J.Plane-Wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence.Geophysics,1984:1637~1648
[9] R. T. Shuey. A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations.Geophysics, 1985;50(4):609~614
[10] Smith G C,Gidlow P M.Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas.Geophysical Prospecting,1987;35:993~1014
[11] 郑晓东.Zoeppritz方程的近似及其应用.石油地球物理勘探,1991;26(2):129~144
[12] 杨绍国,周熙蘘.Zoeppritz方程的级数表达式及近似.石油地球物理勘探,1994;29(4):399~412
[13] Mallick.A simple approximation to the P-wave reflection coefficient and its implication in the inversion of amplitude variation with offsetdata.Geophysics,1993;58:544~552
[14] Fatti J L et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis. Geophysics,1994;59:1362~1376
[15] Goodway B Chen T, Downton J. Improved AVO fluid detection and lithology discrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters,“μ”and “ λ fluid stack” , from P and S inversions.CSEG Expanded Abstracts.1997:148~151
[16] Xu Y,Bancroft J C.AVO case study:Extraction of Lame’s parameters from vertical component seismic data.1998
[17] Gray D.Bridging the gap:using AVO to detect changes in fundamental elastic constants.59th Ann Internet Expanded Abstract of 59th SEG Mtg 1999:852~855
[18] Yanghua Wang.Approximations to Zoeppritz equations and their use in AVO analysis.Geophysics,1999;64:1920~1927
[19] 孙鹏远,孙建国,卢秀丽.P-P波AVO近似对比研究:定性分析.石油地球物理勘探,2002;37(增刊):164~171
[20] 宋建国.井间地震技术在油田开发中的应用潜力.石油地球物理勘探,2002;04(37):377~382
[21] Payton,C.A new tool for reservoir management.Geophysics – New Horizons in Exploration & Production,Hart Energy Publication,1999:22~23
[22] R.Gerhard Pratt and Richard M. Shippz. Seismic waveform inversion in the frequency domain,Part 2: Fault delineation in sediments using crosshole data. Geophysics,1999;64(3):902~914
[23] 王世库 刘清林.综合利用井间地震等多种资料确定精细地质模型.石油物探,1995;34(4):10~13
[24] Joe Wong.Crosshole seismic imaging for sulfide orebody delineation near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Geophysics,2000;65(6):1900~ 1907
[25] 王小六,李振春,曹文俊. 广角地震采集综述 .勘探地球物理进展,2004;27(5):321~326
[26] 宋建国.井间地震技术在油田开发中的应用潜力.石油地球物理勘探,2002;37(4):377~381
[27] 陈世军,刘洪,周建宇等.井间地震技术的现状与展望.地球物理学进展,2003;3(18):524~529
[28] 缪林昌.井间地震观测问题初探.石油地球物理勘探.1994;29(5):574~580
[29] Larry R.Lines Edward D.LaFehr.Tomoqraphic modeling of a cross- borehole data set.geophysics,1989;54( 10):1294~1257
[30] 周建宇,李建平,张永辉.井间地震应用效果分析.地球物理学进展.2003;18(3):567~575
[31] 吴律.层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社 1997:237~238
[32] 杜世通.地震波动力学.山东东营:石油大学出版社,1996:136~160
[33] 印兴耀,韩文功,李振春等.地震技术新进展(下) .山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:1~42
[34] 朱广生.地震资料储层预测方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:1~33
[35] 方赟,何善珍,陈家敏等.AVO 地震反演在油气预测中的应用.特种油气藏,2002;9(4):22~25
[36] 渥?伊尔马滋.地震资料分析.刘怀山等译.北京:石油工业出版社,2006:1495~1503
[37] 周锦明,熊翥.地震数据精细处理.北京:石油工业出版社,2003:94~138
[38] 李红梅,韩文功,王兴谋.AVO 技术研究及应用进展.油气地质与采收率,2002;9(6): 5~12
[39] 庄道川,曾庆才,张亚斌等.超大偏移距地震资料处理方法.西南石油学院学报,2003;25(2):11~14
[40] 王志,贺振华,黄得济等.高速屏蔽层下弱反射层地震勘探——广角反射. 勘探地球物理进展,2002;25(5):23～27
[41] 李桂元,石长福.超临界角反射及应用.石油地球物理勘探,1998;33(增刊 1):46~55
[42] Graham Roberts, VeritasDGCLtd.Wide-Angle AVO.SEG Expanded Abstract,2000:1~4
[43] Jonathan E.Downtown ,Veritas DGC and Charles Ursenbach,Crewes, university of Calgary.Linearized AVO inversion with supercritical angles.SEG/Houston Annual Meeting,2005:238~214
[44] Steven R.Rutherford and Robert H.Williams.Amplitude versus offset variations in gas sands.Geophysics,1989;54(6):680~688
[45] 楼一珊.影响纵横波速度的因素及其规律.West-China Exploration Engineering,1998;10(3):34~35
[46] 史謌,杨东全.岩石波速和孔隙度、泥质含量之间的关系研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001;37(3):379~384
[47] M.R.J.WYLLIE,A.R.GREGORY,AND L.W.GARDNER.ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITY IN HETEROGENEOUS AND POROUS MEDIA.GEOPHYSICS,1956;XXI(1):41~70
[48] Fritz Gassmann.Elastic Wave Through A Packing of Spheres, Geophysics,1951:673~685
[49] 张璐,印兴耀,孙成禹.双相介质 AVO 正演模拟.地球物理学进展,2005;20(2):319~322
[50] J.L.Simmons.AVO 模拟和局部转换波.石油物探译丛,1994:52~62
[51] 杨新菊,马建德.AVO 正演模型研究及应用.海洋石油,2006;26(3),14~19
[52] 王学军,马劲风.考虑振幅随炮检距变化的人工合成地震记录制作 方法.石油地球物理勘探,2001;36(1),30~36
[53] G.H.F.GARDNER, L.W.GARDNER, A.R.GREGORY.FORMATION VELOCITY AND DENSITY-THE DIAGNOSTIC BASIC FOR STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS.Geophysics,1974:770~780
[54] 宋建国.井间地震资料数字处理方法流程研究.石油物探,1997;36 (增刊):116~120
[55] 宋宗平,李建军,章黎萍.叠前常相位校正.大庆石油地质与开发,2004;23(2):69~71
[56] 李振春,张军华.地震数据处理方法.山东东营:石油大学出版社,2004:56~76
[2] 底青云,王妙月.地震法直接检测油气的机理及识别标志.石油地球物理勘探,1997;32(1):1~16
[3] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理(下册).山东东营:石油大学出版社,1993:163~173
[4] Koefoed O.On the effect of Poisson’s rations of rock strata on the reflection coefficients of plane waves.Goephysical Prospecting,1955;3:381~387
[5] Bortfeld R.Approximation to the reflection and transmission coefficients of the plane longitudinal and transverse waves.Goephysical Prospecting,1961;9:485~502
[6] Aki K,Richards P. G..Quantitative seismology theory and methods. USA,1980:144~154
[7] Hilteman F.Seismic lithology.SEG-continuing education,1983
[8] Ostrander,W.J.Plane-Wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence.Geophysics,1984:1637~1648
[9] R. T. Shuey. A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations.Geophysics, 1985;50(4):609~614
[10] Smith G C,Gidlow P M.Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas.Geophysical Prospecting,1987;35:993~1014
[11] 郑晓东.Zoeppritz方程的近似及其应用.石油地球物理勘探,1991;26(2):129~144
[12] 杨绍国,周熙蘘.Zoeppritz方程的级数表达式及近似.石油地球物理勘探,1994;29(4):399~412
[13] Mallick.A simple approximation to the P-wave reflection coefficient and its implication in the inversion of amplitude variation with offsetdata.Geophysics,1993;58:544~552
[14] Fatti J L et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis. Geophysics,1994;59:1362~1376
[15] Goodway B Chen T, Downton J. Improved AVO fluid detection and lithology discrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters,“μ”and “ λ fluid stack” , from P and S inversions.CSEG Expanded Abstracts.1997:148~151
[16] Xu Y,Bancroft J C.AVO case study:Extraction of Lame’s parameters from vertical component seismic data.1998
[17] Gray D.Bridging the gap:using AVO to detect changes in fundamental elastic constants.59th Ann Internet Expanded Abstract of 59th SEG Mtg 1999:852~855
[18] Yanghua Wang.Approximations to Zoeppritz equations and their use in AVO analysis.Geophysics,1999;64:1920~1927
[19] 孙鹏远,孙建国,卢秀丽.P-P波AVO近似对比研究:定性分析.石油地球物理勘探,2002;37(增刊):164~171
[20] 宋建国.井间地震技术在油田开发中的应用潜力.石油地球物理勘探,2002;04(37):377~382
[21] Payton,C.A new tool for reservoir management.Geophysics – New Horizons in Exploration & Production,Hart Energy Publication,1999:22~23
[22] R.Gerhard Pratt and Richard M. Shippz. Seismic waveform inversion in the frequency domain,Part 2: Fault delineation in sediments using crosshole data. Geophysics,1999;64(3):902~914
[23] 王世库 刘清林.综合利用井间地震等多种资料确定精细地质模型.石油物探,1995;34(4):10~13
[24] Joe Wong.Crosshole seismic imaging for sulfide orebody delineation near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Geophysics,2000;65(6):1900~ 1907
[25] 王小六,李振春,曹文俊. 广角地震采集综述 .勘探地球物理进展,2004;27(5):321~326
[26] 宋建国.井间地震技术在油田开发中的应用潜力.石油地球物理勘探,2002;37(4):377~381
[27] 陈世军,刘洪,周建宇等.井间地震技术的现状与展望.地球物理学进展,2003;3(18):524~529
[28] 缪林昌.井间地震观测问题初探.石油地球物理勘探.1994;29(5):574~580
[29] Larry R.Lines Edward D.LaFehr.Tomoqraphic modeling of a cross- borehole data set.geophysics,1989;54( 10):1294~1257
[30] 周建宇,李建平,张永辉.井间地震应用效果分析.地球物理学进展.2003;18(3):567~575
[31] 吴律.层析基础及其在井间地震中的应用.北京:石油工业出版社 1997:237~238
[32] 杜世通.地震波动力学.山东东营:石油大学出版社,1996:136~160
[33] 印兴耀,韩文功,李振春等.地震技术新进展(下) .山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:1~42
[34] 朱广生.地震资料储层预测方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1995:1~33
[35] 方赟,何善珍,陈家敏等.AVO 地震反演在油气预测中的应用.特种油气藏,2002;9(4):22~25
[36] 渥?伊尔马滋.地震资料分析.刘怀山等译.北京:石油工业出版社,2006:1495~1503
[37] 周锦明,熊翥.地震数据精细处理.北京:石油工业出版社,2003:94~138
[38] 李红梅,韩文功,王兴谋.AVO 技术研究及应用进展.油气地质与采收率,2002;9(6): 5~12
[39] 庄道川,曾庆才,张亚斌等.超大偏移距地震资料处理方法.西南石油学院学报,2003;25(2):11~14
[40] 王志,贺振华,黄得济等.高速屏蔽层下弱反射层地震勘探——广角反射. 勘探地球物理进展,2002;25(5):23～27
[41] 李桂元,石长福.超临界角反射及应用.石油地球物理勘探,1998;33(增刊 1):46~55
[42] Graham Roberts, VeritasDGCLtd.Wide-Angle AVO.SEG Expanded Abstract,2000:1~4
[43] Jonathan E.Downtown ,Veritas DGC and Charles Ursenbach,Crewes, university of Calgary.Linearized AVO inversion with supercritical angles.SEG/Houston Annual Meeting,2005:238~214
[44] Steven R.Rutherford and Robert H.Williams.Amplitude versus offset variations in gas sands.Geophysics,1989;54(6):680~688
[45] 楼一珊.影响纵横波速度的因素及其规律.West-China Exploration Engineering,1998;10(3):34~35
[46] 史謌,杨东全.岩石波速和孔隙度、泥质含量之间的关系研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001;37(3):379~384
[47] M.R.J.WYLLIE,A.R.GREGORY,AND L.W.GARDNER.ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITY IN HETEROGENEOUS AND POROUS MEDIA.GEOPHYSICS,1956;XXI(1):41~70
[48] Fritz Gassmann.Elastic Wave Through A Packing of Spheres, Geophysics,1951:673~685
[49] 张璐,印兴耀,孙成禹.双相介质 AVO 正演模拟.地球物理学进展,2005;20(2):319~322
[50] J.L.Simmons.AVO 模拟和局部转换波.石油物探译丛,1994:52~62
[51] 杨新菊,马建德.AVO 正演模型研究及应用.海洋石油,2006;26(3),14~19
[52] 王学军,马劲风.考虑振幅随炮检距变化的人工合成地震记录制作 方法.石油地球物理勘探,2001;36(1),30~36
[53] G.H.F.GARDNER, L.W.GARDNER, A.R.GREGORY.FORMATION VELOCITY AND DENSITY-THE DIAGNOSTIC BASIC FOR STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS.Geophysics,1974:770~780
[54] 宋建国.井间地震资料数字处理方法流程研究.石油物探,1997;36 (增刊):116~120
[55] 宋宗平,李建军,章黎萍.叠前常相位校正.大庆石油地质与开发,2004;23(2):69~71
[56] 李振春,张军华.地震数据处理方法.山东东营:石油大学出版社,2004:56~76