大面积现浇楼盖结构裂缝机理及控制技术
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摘要
随着大柱网、大空间结构形式的各种公共建筑和工业厂房的不断涌现，大面积现浇楼盖结构也得到了日益广泛的应用，而其裂缝引起的质量问题更是越来越受到各方面的重视，成为实际工程中急需解决的难题。在规范GB50010—2002中规定无特殊使用和工艺要求的大面积现浇楼盖结构允许带裂缝工作，因此，大面积现浇楼盖结构裂缝控制的原则是限裂，即限制裂缝开展宽度在规范规定的允许最大裂缝宽度范围内。本文作为国家自然科学基金“现代混凝土结构裂缝机理及成套控制技术”(编号：50278031)的子题，全面系统地研究了大面积现浇楼盖结构裂缝控制技术。
主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：(1)探讨了大面积现浇楼盖结构温度裂缝出现的机理，总结归纳了常见裂缝的种类；(2)对大面积现浇楼盖结构施工期温度场进行了仿真分析；(3)对施工期和正常使用期大面积现浇楼盖结构在温度作用下的内力进行了计算分析，总结归纳了各种温度作用下大面积现浇楼盖结构内力分布规律和特点；(4)对影响大面积现浇楼盖结构温度场和温度应力的因素进行了敏感性分析；(5)从结构设计、混凝土材料、施工工艺等几方面总结大面积现浇楼盖结构裂缝控制的方法；(6)用工程实例验证裂缝控制措施的有效性。
通过上述研究工作得出了一些重要的成果：(1)在施工阶段，大面积现浇楼盖结构主次梁的裂缝由温度降幅和内外温差引起，板的裂缝主要由失水收缩引起；(2)在施工期，由水化热引起的应力主要分布在主次梁中，板中应力较小。在使用期，由季节温差作用引起的结构内力主要分布在底层构件上；由内外温差引起的内力主要分布在建筑物外围构件上；由日照温差引起内力主要分布在向阳面的构件上；(3)在施工阶段，可采取使用导热性能较好的模板、合理设计拆模时间、降低浇筑温度等措施来减小水化热引起的结构内力；采用设置后浇带的措施来减小结构在整体降温情况下产生的温度内力。在使用阶段，可以通过在梁、板中施加预应力来减小温度作用引起的结构内力；在梁的箍筋内侧、主拉钢筋和中性轴之间增配梁侧钢筋来抵抗裂缝开展，在板角部位配置小直径、小间距密布筋来抵抗温度作用引起的板角集中应力。这些控制裂缝的措施是极为有效的，可以推广使用。
With the increase of the number of large-span large-area and large-space buildings in cities, temperature cracks of cast-in-place slab with large-area draw more and more public attentions. This problem has become a difficult nut in the engineering practice. The cast-in-place slab with large-area without special requirement can work with cracks, but the largest crack width must be less than that stipulated in the code of GB50010-2002. Hence, the control principle of cast-in-place slab with large-area is to limit the crack, that is, to control the width of crack in the allowable range as stipulated by the code.
As a sub-topic of National Natural science foundation named "cracking mechanism and a whole set of control technique of modern concrete structure" (No: 50278031), this paper roundly study crack controlling technique of cast-in-place slab with large-area.
The main work done in this paper is as follows: (1) The emergence mechanism and kinds of temperature crack have been probed. (2) The temperature field of cast-in-place slab with large-area during the construction has been simulated. (3) Stress field of cast-in-place slab with large-area has been calculated, the stress rule and the stress characteristics of cast-in-place slab with large-area subjected to all kinds of temperature effect have been summarized. (4) Sensibility of the influence of factors of temperature field and stress field has been analyzed. (5) The methods to control crack of cast-in-place slab with large-area in several aspects, such as frame design concrete material and construction techniques are summed up. (6) The validity of control methods of crack has been verified by using engineering instances.
On the basis of the researches mentioned above, some crucial conclusions are acquired as follows: (1) During construction, the cracks in beams and girders were caused by the drop of temperature and by the difference in the inside and outside temperature. The crack in slab was caused by shrinkage due to the loss of water. (2) The stress caused by heat of hydration during construction is mainly distributed in the beams, and girders and stress in slab was smaller; during service process, the stress caused by difference in temperature in different seasons is mainly distributed in bottom components; the stress caused by difference of inside and outside temperature is mainly distributed in peripheral components of building; the stress caused by difference in temperature due to sunlight is mainly distributed in the components exposed to the sun. (3) The control methods brought forward such as setting the reasonable stripping time reducing cast temperature of concrete setting after-treatment joint inflicting prestress arranging steel for construction requirement and so on are effective and their application may be extended.
主要进行了以下几个方面的工作：(1)探讨了大面积现浇楼盖结构温度裂缝出现的机理，总结归纳了常见裂缝的种类；(2)对大面积现浇楼盖结构施工期温度场进行了仿真分析；(3)对施工期和正常使用期大面积现浇楼盖结构在温度作用下的内力进行了计算分析，总结归纳了各种温度作用下大面积现浇楼盖结构内力分布规律和特点；(4)对影响大面积现浇楼盖结构温度场和温度应力的因素进行了敏感性分析；(5)从结构设计、混凝土材料、施工工艺等几方面总结大面积现浇楼盖结构裂缝控制的方法；(6)用工程实例验证裂缝控制措施的有效性。
通过上述研究工作得出了一些重要的成果：(1)在施工阶段，大面积现浇楼盖结构主次梁的裂缝由温度降幅和内外温差引起，板的裂缝主要由失水收缩引起；(2)在施工期，由水化热引起的应力主要分布在主次梁中，板中应力较小。在使用期，由季节温差作用引起的结构内力主要分布在底层构件上；由内外温差引起的内力主要分布在建筑物外围构件上；由日照温差引起内力主要分布在向阳面的构件上；(3)在施工阶段，可采取使用导热性能较好的模板、合理设计拆模时间、降低浇筑温度等措施来减小水化热引起的结构内力；采用设置后浇带的措施来减小结构在整体降温情况下产生的温度内力。在使用阶段，可以通过在梁、板中施加预应力来减小温度作用引起的结构内力；在梁的箍筋内侧、主拉钢筋和中性轴之间增配梁侧钢筋来抵抗裂缝开展，在板角部位配置小直径、小间距密布筋来抵抗温度作用引起的板角集中应力。这些控制裂缝的措施是极为有效的，可以推广使用。
With the increase of the number of large-span large-area and large-space buildings in cities, temperature cracks of cast-in-place slab with large-area draw more and more public attentions. This problem has become a difficult nut in the engineering practice. The cast-in-place slab with large-area without special requirement can work with cracks, but the largest crack width must be less than that stipulated in the code of GB50010-2002. Hence, the control principle of cast-in-place slab with large-area is to limit the crack, that is, to control the width of crack in the allowable range as stipulated by the code.
As a sub-topic of National Natural science foundation named "cracking mechanism and a whole set of control technique of modern concrete structure" (No: 50278031), this paper roundly study crack controlling technique of cast-in-place slab with large-area.
The main work done in this paper is as follows: (1) The emergence mechanism and kinds of temperature crack have been probed. (2) The temperature field of cast-in-place slab with large-area during the construction has been simulated. (3) Stress field of cast-in-place slab with large-area has been calculated, the stress rule and the stress characteristics of cast-in-place slab with large-area subjected to all kinds of temperature effect have been summarized. (4) Sensibility of the influence of factors of temperature field and stress field has been analyzed. (5) The methods to control crack of cast-in-place slab with large-area in several aspects, such as frame design concrete material and construction techniques are summed up. (6) The validity of control methods of crack has been verified by using engineering instances.
On the basis of the researches mentioned above, some crucial conclusions are acquired as follows: (1) During construction, the cracks in beams and girders were caused by the drop of temperature and by the difference in the inside and outside temperature. The crack in slab was caused by shrinkage due to the loss of water. (2) The stress caused by heat of hydration during construction is mainly distributed in the beams, and girders and stress in slab was smaller; during service process, the stress caused by difference in temperature in different seasons is mainly distributed in bottom components; the stress caused by difference of inside and outside temperature is mainly distributed in peripheral components of building; the stress caused by difference in temperature due to sunlight is mainly distributed in the components exposed to the sun. (3) The control methods brought forward such as setting the reasonable stripping time reducing cast temperature of concrete setting after-treatment joint inflicting prestress arranging steel for construction requirement and so on are effective and their application may be extended.
引文
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2．混凝土结构设计规范GB 50010-2002，中国建筑工业出版社，2002
3．罗斌，预应力大面积楼面裂缝控制研究，东南大学硕士学位论文，2000．6
4．陆鹏，大面积混凝土梁板结构中板的温度应力及配筋设计研究，东南大学硕士学位论文，2000．6
5．周履、陈永春，收缩、徐变，中国铁道出版社，1994
6．吴胜兴，混凝土结构温度应力与温度裂缝控制研究，博士研究生毕业论文，1994(6)
7．吴胜兴，任旭华，混凝土结构温度裂缝的特点及其配筋控制，水利水电科技进展，1996(5)
8．韩重庆、冯健、吕志涛，大面积混凝土梁板结构温度应力分析的徐变应力折减系数法，工程力学，2003．2
9．韦宏、周汉香，广州国际会展中心混凝土楼盖温度应力计算与控制，建筑结构，2002．12
10．樊小卿等，武汉国际会展中心的温度作用设计，建筑技术，2002．1
11．樊小卿，温度作用与结构设计，建筑结构学报，1999．2
12．魏宏，超长大面积楼板混凝土无缝施工技术，建筑技术，2003．8
13．漆敬群，超长钢筋混凝土结构无缝施工技术，建筑技术开发，2003．1
14．林伟明，超长结构楼面混凝土无缝施工技术，中山大学学报论从，2001．2
15．王铁梦，工程结构裂缝控制，中国建筑工业出版社，1999
16．王铁梦，建筑物的裂缝控制，上海科学技术
17．韩重庆，孟少平，大面积混凝土梁扳结构温度应力问题的探讨，建筑技术，第31卷12期
18．朱伯芳，大体积混凝土温度应力与温度控制，中国电力出版社，1998
19．江见鲸，混凝土结构，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
20．建筑结构荷载设计规范GB50010—2002，中国建筑工业出版社，2002
21. Wilson E.L., The Determination of Temperatures within Mass Concrete Structures(SESM Report No.68-17), Structures and Materials Research, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Dec. 1968
22. Tatro, Stephen B. and Ernest K., Thermal Considerations for Roller Compacted Concrete, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol.82, March-April, 1985
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