城市森林保健功能指数评价研究
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摘要
城市森林作为绿色基础设施,是城市系统的重要组成部分,对居民健康有着积极的保护和促进作用。建设城市森林,改善城市环境,是实现城市可持续发展的重要保证。科学评价城市森林的保健功能有助于城市森林的政策制定和有效地监测管理,对促进城市森林更好地服务于大众具有重要意义。
本文通过对城市森林保健功能内涵的分析,系统探讨城市森林保健功能评价的基本理论与方法,建立城市森林保健功能评价指数,并以北宫国家森林公园为例开展实证研究,分析城市森林保健功能发挥的规律和特点。目的是提供一种评价城市森林保健功能的方法,并充分认识城市森林保健功能的现状与规律。
在明确界定城市森林保健功能的定义基础上,对国内外城市森林保健功能评价研究的主要内容、研究的尺度以及研究手段进行综述,并对目前城市森林生态保健功能研究的存在问题和发展趋势进行了探讨,分析城市森林保健功能机理,认为城市森林对居民的保健功能主要体现在消除污染物、释放有益物质和提供舒适环境等方面,具体包括城市森林降温增湿、固碳释氧、改善负离子浓度、降低颗粒物浓度、减少其他空气污染物、减少空气微生物、减少噪音以及休闲功能等。从城市森林降温增湿、固碳释氧、改善负离子含量等八个方面对城市森林的保健功能机理进行了深入研究,回答了城市森林可以向人们提供哪些保健功能和如何提供这些保健功能的问题。对保健功能评价的研究应当
以生态指标为基础进行多指标综合评价。
在总结现有城市森林保健功能评价的基本研究方法及明确城市森林保健功能评价与监测体系构建的目的、指导思想的基础上,依据科学性、系统性、独立性、可比性、实用性原则,综合人体舒适度指数、空气富氧度指数、空气清洁度指数,建立城市森林保健功能综合评价指数(UFHI)。人舒适度指数从气象角度评价了人体在不同气候条件下的舒适感,是根据人体与大气环境之间的热交换而制定的生物气象指标;空气富氧度指数是根据实地观测点的空气氧气含量,并结合环境因子、地形因子(海拔)等对空气富氧度进行时空变化规律评价分析;空气清洁度指数是采用空气负离子的浓度高低来进行的评价。所构建的综合评价指数中,人体舒适度指数、空气富氧度指数、空气清洁度指数的权重分别为0.5、0.42、0.08,综合评价指数包括五级,临界值分别为1、0.8、0.6、0.4、0.2、0。
通过北宫国家森林公园的实地调查,运用综合评价指数方法评价其森林保健功能。在人体舒适度方面,北宫国家森林公园的人体舒适度指数季节变化趋势分异明显,人体感觉舒适的时间秋季最长,其次为夏季,春季最短。春季人体舒适度指数与空气温度变化呈正相关,一天中最高的舒适度时段出现在14:00-15:00,夏季人体舒适度变化与空气温度变化呈负相关性,夏季一天中最高的舒适度时段出现在上午10:00之前,秋季人体舒适度指数值在一天中总体呈现“W”形态势。在空气富氧度方面,北宫国家森林公园总体空气平均氧浓度为21.068%,高于普通空气氧气浓度0.118%,氧气浓度的空间分布呈现自海拔低的景点向海拔高的景点降序排列,森林增加氧气浓度效果明显。在空气清洁度方面,根据安倍评级法对空气质量进行评级,北宫国家森林公园的空气负离子浓度经测定全年平均达到3422个/cm3,远高于室内和北京市区,也显著高于市区公园及郊区的平均分布值。夏季空气负离子浓度的日变化幅度较大,而春、秋两季的日变化幅度较小,总体呈现谷地高于山地的态势。总体来看,北宫国家森林公园城市森林保健功能指数(UFHI)夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低,春季与秋季指数值差别不明显。本文对北宫国家森林公园保健功能指数的评价将为该公园开发森林休闲产品和服务提供理论依据,并进一步加强了城市居民对城市森林功能的认识,提升了城市森林的价值空间。
本文的创新之处表现为在全面认识了城市森林保健功能的概念及机理基础上构建了由人体舒适度、空气富氧度、空气清洁度三个指标组成的城市森林保健功能综合评价指数UFHI,这为城市森林的保健功能评价与监测提供了基本的理论和方法。未来需要进一步挖掘城市森林保健功能的评价与监测指标,深入研究各项保健因子的关系,完善城市森林保健功能的综合评价指数;开展对人体直接测试及问卷调查,逐步构建城市森林保健功能监测与发布系统,对评价结果进行有针对性的预报。
As green infrastructure and an important part of urban systems, urban forest has a positive role in the protection and promotion of the health of urban residents. Urban forest construction and urban environment improvement is an important guarantee of urban sustainable development. Scientific evaluation of the health effects of urban forests can contribute to the policy development, effective monitoring and management of urban forest, also is of great significance to the promotion of urban forests to serve the public better.
Based on the analysis of the connotation of urban forest health effects, the basic theory and method of urban forest health effects evaluation have been systematic discussed, the urban forest health effects evaluation index was established, and then the empirical research were carried out in Beigong National Forest Park to analyze the law and characteristics of the generation of urban forest health effects.. The main purpose is to provide an evaluation method of urban forest health effects and fully understand the status and laws of urban forest health effects.
Based on the definition of urban forest health effects clearly defined, the main research content, research scales and research methods of the urban forest health effects evaluation at home and abroad were generally summarized. Main existence problems and some suggestions as well as development directions for the further research of urban forest health effects evaluation were put forward. The mechanism of urban forest health effects was analyzed, and the main urban forest health effects served to urban residents reflected in three aspects such as pollutants removal, beneficial compounds release and comfortable environment supply. Specific including cooling and humidification, carbon sequestration and oxygen releasing, anion concentration improvement, particulate matter concentration reduction, other air pollutants reduction, reduction of airborne microbes, noise reduction and leisure functions supplied by urban forest. The ecological indicators should be the basis for comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators in the study of urban forest health effects evaluation.
Based on the summarize of the existing basic research methods of urban forest health effects evaluation and the definitude of the purpose and guiding ideology of urban forest health effects evaluation and monitoring system construction, according to the scientific, systematic, independent, comparability and usability principles, the human comfort index, air oxygen index and air cleanliness index was combined, and the comprehensive evaluation index of urban forest health effects (UFHI) was established. The weight of human comfort index, air oxygen index and air cleanliness index are 0.5, 0.42 and 0.08. Five grades is included in the comprehensive evaluation index, the critical values are 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.
Based on the field survey of Beigong National Forest Park, the comprehensive evaluation index method was used to evaluate its urban forest health effects. In the aspect of Human comfort index, the Human comfort index seasonal change trend of Beigong National Forest Park have obvious differentiation. The time of human body feeling comfortable is the longest in autumn; the second is in summer, the time of human body feeling comfortable in spring is the worst. Human body feel comfortable within one day of specific time made by microclimate in various attractions have differences for seasonal change, each observation reflects the similar changing trend in spring, the highest comfort time appear at 14:00-15:00, consistent with the highest temperature appear time one day; The highest human comfort index in the summer day is before 10:00 in the morning, the human comfort index number showed a strong consistency with the magnitude of air temperature change in the summer; the human comfort values change trend of each observation became complicated in autumn, the overall trend appears "W" shape. In the aspect of air oxygen index, the average concentration of oxygen in Beigong National Forest Park is 21.068 percent and is 0.118 percent more than the average air oxygen concentrations, oxygen concentrations spatial distribution of each observation shows a strong negative correlation with the altitude. Due to the high quality forest in the valley, the benefit of oxygen concentrations is much better and the increase effect of oxygen concentration is obvious in the valley observation points. In the aspect of air cleanliness index, the annual average air anion concentrations are 3422 per cubic centimeter, far above the indoor and Beijing downtown, also significantly higher than the urban parks and suburbs average distribution values. The air anion concentrations has significant difference with other district especially in the summer, it’s proved that Beigong National Forest Park has obvious tourist environmental advantage in summer. Air quality rating of each key scenic spots was conducted according to Abe rating method; the air quality is good in Beigong National Forest Park and achieved the cleanest level. The diurnal change of the air anion concentration of Beigong National Forest Park has a larger change extent in summer, compared small change extent in spring and autumn day. Air anion concentrations are significantly higher in summer than in spring and autumn. Some of the seasonal difference of air anion concentrations was showed between the mountain and valley areas, and the overall situation present that mountain higher than valley. On the whole, the urban forest health effects index (UFHI) is highest in summer, next in spring, the lowest is in autumn, there is no obvious difference between the urban forest health effects index (UFHI) value of spring and autumn.
The innovation in this paper is the construction of urban forest health effects evaluation index (UFHI) by combining three indicators such as the human comfort index, air-oxygen index and air cleanliness index based on the comprehensive understanding of the concept of urban forest health effects and its mechanism, so the basic theory and methods of urban forest health effects evaluation and monitoring was provided. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions and development directions for the further research of urban forest health effects evaluation. Further perfecting the urban forest health effects assessment and monitoring index, to in-depth study the relationship of various health effects and perfecting the comprehensive index of urban forest effects; Carry out more direct test research on human body, only a handful studies were through the questionnaire survey to reflected people's subjective psychological feelings currently, and Is almost no study that directly test human body and mind index with instruments, therefore more direct test research on human body sense is need to develop the health effects scope of urban forest in the future; The urban forest health effects evaluation needs develop to guide practice from only theoretical research, it’s also should adopt the practice of air quality index forecast to the public through various media by the American environmental protection bureau, based on the construction of urban forest health effects monitoring system to targeted forecast the urban forest effects evaluation results.
本文通过对城市森林保健功能内涵的分析,系统探讨城市森林保健功能评价的基本理论与方法,建立城市森林保健功能评价指数,并以北宫国家森林公园为例开展实证研究,分析城市森林保健功能发挥的规律和特点。目的是提供一种评价城市森林保健功能的方法,并充分认识城市森林保健功能的现状与规律。
在明确界定城市森林保健功能的定义基础上,对国内外城市森林保健功能评价研究的主要内容、研究的尺度以及研究手段进行综述,并对目前城市森林生态保健功能研究的存在问题和发展趋势进行了探讨,分析城市森林保健功能机理,认为城市森林对居民的保健功能主要体现在消除污染物、释放有益物质和提供舒适环境等方面,具体包括城市森林降温增湿、固碳释氧、改善负离子浓度、降低颗粒物浓度、减少其他空气污染物、减少空气微生物、减少噪音以及休闲功能等。从城市森林降温增湿、固碳释氧、改善负离子含量等八个方面对城市森林的保健功能机理进行了深入研究,回答了城市森林可以向人们提供哪些保健功能和如何提供这些保健功能的问题。对保健功能评价的研究应当
以生态指标为基础进行多指标综合评价。
在总结现有城市森林保健功能评价的基本研究方法及明确城市森林保健功能评价与监测体系构建的目的、指导思想的基础上,依据科学性、系统性、独立性、可比性、实用性原则,综合人体舒适度指数、空气富氧度指数、空气清洁度指数,建立城市森林保健功能综合评价指数(UFHI)。人舒适度指数从气象角度评价了人体在不同气候条件下的舒适感,是根据人体与大气环境之间的热交换而制定的生物气象指标;空气富氧度指数是根据实地观测点的空气氧气含量,并结合环境因子、地形因子(海拔)等对空气富氧度进行时空变化规律评价分析;空气清洁度指数是采用空气负离子的浓度高低来进行的评价。所构建的综合评价指数中,人体舒适度指数、空气富氧度指数、空气清洁度指数的权重分别为0.5、0.42、0.08,综合评价指数包括五级,临界值分别为1、0.8、0.6、0.4、0.2、0。
通过北宫国家森林公园的实地调查,运用综合评价指数方法评价其森林保健功能。在人体舒适度方面,北宫国家森林公园的人体舒适度指数季节变化趋势分异明显,人体感觉舒适的时间秋季最长,其次为夏季,春季最短。春季人体舒适度指数与空气温度变化呈正相关,一天中最高的舒适度时段出现在14:00-15:00,夏季人体舒适度变化与空气温度变化呈负相关性,夏季一天中最高的舒适度时段出现在上午10:00之前,秋季人体舒适度指数值在一天中总体呈现“W”形态势。在空气富氧度方面,北宫国家森林公园总体空气平均氧浓度为21.068%,高于普通空气氧气浓度0.118%,氧气浓度的空间分布呈现自海拔低的景点向海拔高的景点降序排列,森林增加氧气浓度效果明显。在空气清洁度方面,根据安倍评级法对空气质量进行评级,北宫国家森林公园的空气负离子浓度经测定全年平均达到3422个/cm3,远高于室内和北京市区,也显著高于市区公园及郊区的平均分布值。夏季空气负离子浓度的日变化幅度较大,而春、秋两季的日变化幅度较小,总体呈现谷地高于山地的态势。总体来看,北宫国家森林公园城市森林保健功能指数(UFHI)夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低,春季与秋季指数值差别不明显。本文对北宫国家森林公园保健功能指数的评价将为该公园开发森林休闲产品和服务提供理论依据,并进一步加强了城市居民对城市森林功能的认识,提升了城市森林的价值空间。
本文的创新之处表现为在全面认识了城市森林保健功能的概念及机理基础上构建了由人体舒适度、空气富氧度、空气清洁度三个指标组成的城市森林保健功能综合评价指数UFHI,这为城市森林的保健功能评价与监测提供了基本的理论和方法。未来需要进一步挖掘城市森林保健功能的评价与监测指标,深入研究各项保健因子的关系,完善城市森林保健功能的综合评价指数;开展对人体直接测试及问卷调查,逐步构建城市森林保健功能监测与发布系统,对评价结果进行有针对性的预报。
As green infrastructure and an important part of urban systems, urban forest has a positive role in the protection and promotion of the health of urban residents. Urban forest construction and urban environment improvement is an important guarantee of urban sustainable development. Scientific evaluation of the health effects of urban forests can contribute to the policy development, effective monitoring and management of urban forest, also is of great significance to the promotion of urban forests to serve the public better.
Based on the analysis of the connotation of urban forest health effects, the basic theory and method of urban forest health effects evaluation have been systematic discussed, the urban forest health effects evaluation index was established, and then the empirical research were carried out in Beigong National Forest Park to analyze the law and characteristics of the generation of urban forest health effects.. The main purpose is to provide an evaluation method of urban forest health effects and fully understand the status and laws of urban forest health effects.
Based on the definition of urban forest health effects clearly defined, the main research content, research scales and research methods of the urban forest health effects evaluation at home and abroad were generally summarized. Main existence problems and some suggestions as well as development directions for the further research of urban forest health effects evaluation were put forward. The mechanism of urban forest health effects was analyzed, and the main urban forest health effects served to urban residents reflected in three aspects such as pollutants removal, beneficial compounds release and comfortable environment supply. Specific including cooling and humidification, carbon sequestration and oxygen releasing, anion concentration improvement, particulate matter concentration reduction, other air pollutants reduction, reduction of airborne microbes, noise reduction and leisure functions supplied by urban forest. The ecological indicators should be the basis for comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators in the study of urban forest health effects evaluation.
Based on the summarize of the existing basic research methods of urban forest health effects evaluation and the definitude of the purpose and guiding ideology of urban forest health effects evaluation and monitoring system construction, according to the scientific, systematic, independent, comparability and usability principles, the human comfort index, air oxygen index and air cleanliness index was combined, and the comprehensive evaluation index of urban forest health effects (UFHI) was established. The weight of human comfort index, air oxygen index and air cleanliness index are 0.5, 0.42 and 0.08. Five grades is included in the comprehensive evaluation index, the critical values are 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.
Based on the field survey of Beigong National Forest Park, the comprehensive evaluation index method was used to evaluate its urban forest health effects. In the aspect of Human comfort index, the Human comfort index seasonal change trend of Beigong National Forest Park have obvious differentiation. The time of human body feeling comfortable is the longest in autumn; the second is in summer, the time of human body feeling comfortable in spring is the worst. Human body feel comfortable within one day of specific time made by microclimate in various attractions have differences for seasonal change, each observation reflects the similar changing trend in spring, the highest comfort time appear at 14:00-15:00, consistent with the highest temperature appear time one day; The highest human comfort index in the summer day is before 10:00 in the morning, the human comfort index number showed a strong consistency with the magnitude of air temperature change in the summer; the human comfort values change trend of each observation became complicated in autumn, the overall trend appears "W" shape. In the aspect of air oxygen index, the average concentration of oxygen in Beigong National Forest Park is 21.068 percent and is 0.118 percent more than the average air oxygen concentrations, oxygen concentrations spatial distribution of each observation shows a strong negative correlation with the altitude. Due to the high quality forest in the valley, the benefit of oxygen concentrations is much better and the increase effect of oxygen concentration is obvious in the valley observation points. In the aspect of air cleanliness index, the annual average air anion concentrations are 3422 per cubic centimeter, far above the indoor and Beijing downtown, also significantly higher than the urban parks and suburbs average distribution values. The air anion concentrations has significant difference with other district especially in the summer, it’s proved that Beigong National Forest Park has obvious tourist environmental advantage in summer. Air quality rating of each key scenic spots was conducted according to Abe rating method; the air quality is good in Beigong National Forest Park and achieved the cleanest level. The diurnal change of the air anion concentration of Beigong National Forest Park has a larger change extent in summer, compared small change extent in spring and autumn day. Air anion concentrations are significantly higher in summer than in spring and autumn. Some of the seasonal difference of air anion concentrations was showed between the mountain and valley areas, and the overall situation present that mountain higher than valley. On the whole, the urban forest health effects index (UFHI) is highest in summer, next in spring, the lowest is in autumn, there is no obvious difference between the urban forest health effects index (UFHI) value of spring and autumn.
The innovation in this paper is the construction of urban forest health effects evaluation index (UFHI) by combining three indicators such as the human comfort index, air-oxygen index and air cleanliness index based on the comprehensive understanding of the concept of urban forest health effects and its mechanism, so the basic theory and methods of urban forest health effects evaluation and monitoring was provided. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions and development directions for the further research of urban forest health effects evaluation. Further perfecting the urban forest health effects assessment and monitoring index, to in-depth study the relationship of various health effects and perfecting the comprehensive index of urban forest effects; Carry out more direct test research on human body, only a handful studies were through the questionnaire survey to reflected people's subjective psychological feelings currently, and Is almost no study that directly test human body and mind index with instruments, therefore more direct test research on human body sense is need to develop the health effects scope of urban forest in the future; The urban forest health effects evaluation needs develop to guide practice from only theoretical research, it’s also should adopt the practice of air quality index forecast to the public through various media by the American environmental protection bureau, based on the construction of urban forest health effects monitoring system to targeted forecast the urban forest effects evaluation results.
引文
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