氨基酸与稀碱金属（铷、铯）离子在水溶液中相互作用的热力学研究
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摘要
水溶液中电解质与氨基酸之间的相互作用的研究对于探索蛋白质在生物体液中的水化、变性、折叠、伸展等行为，尤其是认识其稳定性规律具有重要意义。
本文首先通过对不同温度下氯化铷、氯化铯在盐酸溶液中的相平衡关系的研究，提出了一种利用氯化氢盐析效应制备高纯氯化铷、氯化铯的方法及相应的工艺流程，并建立了一个以火焰原子吸收法检测纯化产品中碱金属杂质含量的分析体系。
以制得的高纯氯化铷、氯化铯，探讨了铷、铯离子与氨基酸分子在水溶液中相互作用的热力学性质：
(1)用微量量热计测定了298.15～313.15K时不同浓度的氯化铷、氯化铯溶液与不同浓度的氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丁氨酸)溶液的混合焓(Δ_(mix)H_m)，氯化铷、氯化铯以及氨基酸溶液在纯水中的稀释焓[Δ_(dil)H_m(E)、Δ_(dil)H_m(A)]，从而计算获得了氯化铷、氯化铯从纯水到氨基酸水溶液的迁移焓(A_(tr)H_m)。利用以上实验数据，根据McMillian-Mayer理论可以得到电解质(RbCl/CsCl)-氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丁氨酸)在水溶液中的焓相互作用参数h_(EA)，并拟合出电解质-丙氨酸-水体系的h_(EA)随温度变化的关系式及偏摩尔热容的表达式。
(2)设计了一个用两支离子选择性电极构成的无液体接界电池应用于电解质-水二元体系及电解质-氨基酸-水三元体系的电动势的测定。利用电动势数据分别获得了氨基酸和电解质在三元溶液中的活度系数，以及氯化铷、氯化铯与氨基酸分子在水溶液中相互作用的Gibbs自由能参数(g_(ES))和盐效应常数(K_s)；并结合已获得的焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))得到熵相互作用参数(Ts_(EA))。
(3)结果表明水溶液中氯化铷、氯化铯与氨基酸相互作用的焓参数(h_(EA))和盐效应常数(k_s)与氨基酸分子的碳原子数密切相关。对于相同电解质，焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))随碳原子数的增加而负值减小；对于相同的氨基酸，Gibbs自由能参数(g_(ES))、焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))及熵相互作用参数(Ts_(EA))都随电解质阳离子半径的增大呈现出一定的规律。本文运用Savage-Wood基团加合原理及静电相互作用和结构相互作用模型对这些规律进行了分析。
(4)通过研究发现电解质(RbCl/CsCl)-丙氨酸-水体系的h_(EA)值随温度变
化出现一个极值，而这个值所对应的温度接近人体的基础体温。
Studies on the interaction of Rb+/Cs+ with amino acid in aqueous solution is of importance to explore the folding, denaturation, hydration and stretch, especially the stabilization of protein in body fluid.
In this paper, the phase equilibrium of RbCl/CsCl-HCl-H2O ternary solution was studied at different temperatures, and based on the results, a method for the preparation of high purity RbCl/CsCl was proposed, as well as the technics procedure. In the mean time, an analysis system for the determination of the alkali metal impurities in products by flame atomic absorption spectrometry was set up so as to monitor the quality of products. .
Then these high purity Rb/Cs compounds were used to investigate the interaction between Rb+/Cs+ and the a-amino acid in water in this work.
(1) Calorimetric technique was employed to determine the molar mixing enthalpies(mixHm) of aqueous electrolyte (RbCl/CsCl) solution with aqueous amino acid (glycine, alanine and aminobutyric acid) solution at different concentration from 298.15K to 313.15K, and the molar dilution enthalpies of electrolyte and amino acid in pure water [dilHm(E) and dilHm(A)]. Then the molar transfer enthalpies (trHm) of electrolyte from pure water to aqueous amino acid solutions can be calculated based on these experimental data. The enthalpic interaction parameters (hEA) between electrolyte and amino acid in water are evaluated in term of McMillan-Mayer theory, as well as the expression of dependence of isobaric capacity parameters (CP,EA.) on temperature in RbCl/CsCl-alanine acid-water system.
(2) A non-liquid-junction electrochemical cell composed by two ion selectivity electrodes was designed to measure the electromotive force of electrolyte-water duality system and electrolyte-amino acid-water ternary system. Both the activity coefficient of electrolyte in amino acid aqueous solutions and those of amino acid in electrolyte aqueous solutions, Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (gES) and salting constant (kS) were obtained, and the entropic interaction parameters (TsEA) were calculated using hEA and gEs.
(3) The experimental results show that the enthalpic parameters (hEA) and salting constant (ks) of RbCl/CsCl with amino acid in water have close relationship with the numbers of carbon atom in amino acid. As the same electrolyte concerned, the values of hEA become less negative with the numbers of carbon atom increasing, and as the same amino acid concerned, the values of gES ,hEA and TsEA indicate some regulation with the cation radii becoming bigger. These conclusions can be interpreted by Savage-Wood group additivity principle, electrostatic and structural interaction model.
(4) The enthalpic interaction parameters of RbCl/CsCl-alanine acid-water system
have an extremum at 298.15K. It is interesting that this temperature point is close to basic body temperature.
本文首先通过对不同温度下氯化铷、氯化铯在盐酸溶液中的相平衡关系的研究，提出了一种利用氯化氢盐析效应制备高纯氯化铷、氯化铯的方法及相应的工艺流程，并建立了一个以火焰原子吸收法检测纯化产品中碱金属杂质含量的分析体系。
以制得的高纯氯化铷、氯化铯，探讨了铷、铯离子与氨基酸分子在水溶液中相互作用的热力学性质：
(1)用微量量热计测定了298.15～313.15K时不同浓度的氯化铷、氯化铯溶液与不同浓度的氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丁氨酸)溶液的混合焓(Δ_(mix)H_m)，氯化铷、氯化铯以及氨基酸溶液在纯水中的稀释焓[Δ_(dil)H_m(E)、Δ_(dil)H_m(A)]，从而计算获得了氯化铷、氯化铯从纯水到氨基酸水溶液的迁移焓(A_(tr)H_m)。利用以上实验数据，根据McMillian-Mayer理论可以得到电解质(RbCl/CsCl)-氨基酸(甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丁氨酸)在水溶液中的焓相互作用参数h_(EA)，并拟合出电解质-丙氨酸-水体系的h_(EA)随温度变化的关系式及偏摩尔热容的表达式。
(2)设计了一个用两支离子选择性电极构成的无液体接界电池应用于电解质-水二元体系及电解质-氨基酸-水三元体系的电动势的测定。利用电动势数据分别获得了氨基酸和电解质在三元溶液中的活度系数，以及氯化铷、氯化铯与氨基酸分子在水溶液中相互作用的Gibbs自由能参数(g_(ES))和盐效应常数(K_s)；并结合已获得的焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))得到熵相互作用参数(Ts_(EA))。
(3)结果表明水溶液中氯化铷、氯化铯与氨基酸相互作用的焓参数(h_(EA))和盐效应常数(k_s)与氨基酸分子的碳原子数密切相关。对于相同电解质，焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))随碳原子数的增加而负值减小；对于相同的氨基酸，Gibbs自由能参数(g_(ES))、焓相互作用参数(h_(EA))及熵相互作用参数(Ts_(EA))都随电解质阳离子半径的增大呈现出一定的规律。本文运用Savage-Wood基团加合原理及静电相互作用和结构相互作用模型对这些规律进行了分析。
(4)通过研究发现电解质(RbCl/CsCl)-丙氨酸-水体系的h_(EA)值随温度变
化出现一个极值，而这个值所对应的温度接近人体的基础体温。
Studies on the interaction of Rb+/Cs+ with amino acid in aqueous solution is of importance to explore the folding, denaturation, hydration and stretch, especially the stabilization of protein in body fluid.
In this paper, the phase equilibrium of RbCl/CsCl-HCl-H2O ternary solution was studied at different temperatures, and based on the results, a method for the preparation of high purity RbCl/CsCl was proposed, as well as the technics procedure. In the mean time, an analysis system for the determination of the alkali metal impurities in products by flame atomic absorption spectrometry was set up so as to monitor the quality of products. .
Then these high purity Rb/Cs compounds were used to investigate the interaction between Rb+/Cs+ and the a-amino acid in water in this work.
(1) Calorimetric technique was employed to determine the molar mixing enthalpies(mixHm) of aqueous electrolyte (RbCl/CsCl) solution with aqueous amino acid (glycine, alanine and aminobutyric acid) solution at different concentration from 298.15K to 313.15K, and the molar dilution enthalpies of electrolyte and amino acid in pure water [dilHm(E) and dilHm(A)]. Then the molar transfer enthalpies (trHm) of electrolyte from pure water to aqueous amino acid solutions can be calculated based on these experimental data. The enthalpic interaction parameters (hEA) between electrolyte and amino acid in water are evaluated in term of McMillan-Mayer theory, as well as the expression of dependence of isobaric capacity parameters (CP,EA.) on temperature in RbCl/CsCl-alanine acid-water system.
(2) A non-liquid-junction electrochemical cell composed by two ion selectivity electrodes was designed to measure the electromotive force of electrolyte-water duality system and electrolyte-amino acid-water ternary system. Both the activity coefficient of electrolyte in amino acid aqueous solutions and those of amino acid in electrolyte aqueous solutions, Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (gES) and salting constant (kS) were obtained, and the entropic interaction parameters (TsEA) were calculated using hEA and gEs.
(3) The experimental results show that the enthalpic parameters (hEA) and salting constant (ks) of RbCl/CsCl with amino acid in water have close relationship with the numbers of carbon atom in amino acid. As the same electrolyte concerned, the values of hEA become less negative with the numbers of carbon atom increasing, and as the same amino acid concerned, the values of gES ,hEA and TsEA indicate some regulation with the cation radii becoming bigger. These conclusions can be interpreted by Savage-Wood group additivity principle, electrostatic and structural interaction model.
(4) The enthalpic interaction parameters of RbCl/CsCl-alanine acid-water system
have an extremum at 298.15K. It is interesting that this temperature point is close to basic body temperature.
引文
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