不干涉与务实合作：试析中国在非洲的软实力
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摘要
从学者的角度来看,中非关系值得两个方面的关注：比较视角探析30年来中国和非洲不同的发展路径；双边视角关注中国和非洲之间的交流及其对发展的影响。
本文考察中国对非洲的吸引力及其所生成的软实力,同时涉及两个视角。比较视角着眼于不同的制度和政策以及中国的发展成就对非洲的吸引力。本文将在以下章节展开论述：治理合法性一章介绍了处于不同发展阶段的中国和非洲的不同政治体制的特征。随之主要关注体制政策转让性这一问题。本文强调中国对非关系中致力于多极化,而不是一味地论述中国自身的发展经验对非洲的借鉴之处。比较“北京共识”和“华盛顿共识”后表明,二者不但在内容上不同,更为重要的是双方对普遍化的不同主张。
双边合作视角下的吸引力常常涉及中非关系史的发展。中非关系史一章综述了中国对非洲解放运动的支持,及其致力于反殖、反帝和反霸。但正如中非关系并不止于历史,本文继续探讨当今中非关系的最显著的特点：经济合作。除贸易和投资之外,本文解释自然资源与基础设施交易所具有的吸引力。接下来对文化的讨论分为两个部分：其一是公共文化、传统与文化、文化和社会等的吸引力。其二是源于中国对伙伴国家文化的尊重而生成的吸引力。援助一章展示中国和西方对非援助的不同。尤其强调经济发展到社会基本需求的转移,并说明中国如何成功的填补他国留下的缺口。继而讨论西方捐助者对非的有条件援助,相比中国凭其方式而获得的吸引力。
最后,贯穿全文的主旨是中国的不干涉政策的含义和其所衍生的吸引力。舆论一章采用民意作为软实力的指标,并对诸多的非洲民意调查进行了比较。该章以精选的能够充分表明非洲对中国的民意形成过程的案例为结尾。本文的研究旨趣在于近年来中非关系增进的原因,确定中国逐渐增加的软实力扮演了的重要角色。本文提出促生中国吸引力的因素主要是实用主义、不干涉政策和其对多极世界格局的主张。
From a development scholar's perspective, two aspects of China Africa relations have attracted attention:The comparative perspective, which asks about why the African countries and China have developed so differently over the last 30 years, while the bilateral perspective looks at the dynamics between China and Africa and its effects for development. For this paper, which focuses on China's attraction to Africa, and its resulting soft power, both aspects are relevant.
The comparative perspective looks at the different institutions and policies and attraction that successful development in China yields to Africa. This paper deals with this in the following chapters and sections:The Chapter on legitimacy of governance looks at the characteristics of the different political systems between China and most of Africa in the different stages of development. The next part which compares the political systems focuses largely on the questions of transferability. Rather than looking which aspects of China's development experience are relevant for Africa, it analyzes China's commitment to multi-polarity in its relations with Africa. The comparison between the terms Beijing consensus and Washington consensus shows differences not in terms of contents but more importantly, its respective claims for universality. Attraction from bilateral cooperation in many ways relates to the historic development of China Africa relations. The chapter on History looks at China's support for African liberation movements and its commitment to anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-hegemony. But as China-Africa relations don't stop with history, the paper continues with the most defining feature of today's China Africa relations, the economic cooperation. Besides trade and investment, this paper explains the attraction of resources-for-infrastructure deals.
The following discussion on culture splits into two parts. First, the attraction of Chinese culture in terms of public culture, traditions and religion and culture and society and second, the attraction that stems from the respect the China shows for the culture of the partner country. Moving on in the bilateral relationship, the chapter on Aid points at the differences between Western and Chinese aid to Africa. Especially it focuses on the shift from economic development to basic social needs, and how has China successfully stepped in to fill this gap. It goes on to discuss the conditionality that Western donors attach to their aid to Africa and the attraction of China's alternative approach. A final point which leads throughout the paper like a red thread is the Chinese non-interference policy, its implications and attraction.
On the evaluation side, this paper takes public opinion as a proxy for soft power, and compares several opinion surveys on Africa views towards China. This part concludes with a short selection of case studies that illustrate how opinions towards China in Africa are formed.
This paper is interested in the reasons for intensifying China Africa relations in recent years, and identifies the role of China's growing soft power. The factors it proposes for triggering this growing attraction are China's pragmatism, non interference and a commitment to multi polarity.
本文考察中国对非洲的吸引力及其所生成的软实力,同时涉及两个视角。比较视角着眼于不同的制度和政策以及中国的发展成就对非洲的吸引力。本文将在以下章节展开论述：治理合法性一章介绍了处于不同发展阶段的中国和非洲的不同政治体制的特征。随之主要关注体制政策转让性这一问题。本文强调中国对非关系中致力于多极化,而不是一味地论述中国自身的发展经验对非洲的借鉴之处。比较“北京共识”和“华盛顿共识”后表明,二者不但在内容上不同,更为重要的是双方对普遍化的不同主张。
双边合作视角下的吸引力常常涉及中非关系史的发展。中非关系史一章综述了中国对非洲解放运动的支持,及其致力于反殖、反帝和反霸。但正如中非关系并不止于历史,本文继续探讨当今中非关系的最显著的特点：经济合作。除贸易和投资之外,本文解释自然资源与基础设施交易所具有的吸引力。接下来对文化的讨论分为两个部分：其一是公共文化、传统与文化、文化和社会等的吸引力。其二是源于中国对伙伴国家文化的尊重而生成的吸引力。援助一章展示中国和西方对非援助的不同。尤其强调经济发展到社会基本需求的转移,并说明中国如何成功的填补他国留下的缺口。继而讨论西方捐助者对非的有条件援助,相比中国凭其方式而获得的吸引力。
最后,贯穿全文的主旨是中国的不干涉政策的含义和其所衍生的吸引力。舆论一章采用民意作为软实力的指标,并对诸多的非洲民意调查进行了比较。该章以精选的能够充分表明非洲对中国的民意形成过程的案例为结尾。本文的研究旨趣在于近年来中非关系增进的原因,确定中国逐渐增加的软实力扮演了的重要角色。本文提出促生中国吸引力的因素主要是实用主义、不干涉政策和其对多极世界格局的主张。
From a development scholar's perspective, two aspects of China Africa relations have attracted attention:The comparative perspective, which asks about why the African countries and China have developed so differently over the last 30 years, while the bilateral perspective looks at the dynamics between China and Africa and its effects for development. For this paper, which focuses on China's attraction to Africa, and its resulting soft power, both aspects are relevant.
The comparative perspective looks at the different institutions and policies and attraction that successful development in China yields to Africa. This paper deals with this in the following chapters and sections:The Chapter on legitimacy of governance looks at the characteristics of the different political systems between China and most of Africa in the different stages of development. The next part which compares the political systems focuses largely on the questions of transferability. Rather than looking which aspects of China's development experience are relevant for Africa, it analyzes China's commitment to multi-polarity in its relations with Africa. The comparison between the terms Beijing consensus and Washington consensus shows differences not in terms of contents but more importantly, its respective claims for universality. Attraction from bilateral cooperation in many ways relates to the historic development of China Africa relations. The chapter on History looks at China's support for African liberation movements and its commitment to anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-hegemony. But as China-Africa relations don't stop with history, the paper continues with the most defining feature of today's China Africa relations, the economic cooperation. Besides trade and investment, this paper explains the attraction of resources-for-infrastructure deals.
The following discussion on culture splits into two parts. First, the attraction of Chinese culture in terms of public culture, traditions and religion and culture and society and second, the attraction that stems from the respect the China shows for the culture of the partner country. Moving on in the bilateral relationship, the chapter on Aid points at the differences between Western and Chinese aid to Africa. Especially it focuses on the shift from economic development to basic social needs, and how has China successfully stepped in to fill this gap. It goes on to discuss the conditionality that Western donors attach to their aid to Africa and the attraction of China's alternative approach. A final point which leads throughout the paper like a red thread is the Chinese non-interference policy, its implications and attraction.
On the evaluation side, this paper takes public opinion as a proxy for soft power, and compares several opinion surveys on Africa views towards China. This part concludes with a short selection of case studies that illustrate how opinions towards China in Africa are formed.
This paper is interested in the reasons for intensifying China Africa relations in recent years, and identifies the role of China's growing soft power. The factors it proposes for triggering this growing attraction are China's pragmatism, non interference and a commitment to multi polarity.
引文
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225 William Easterly (2002) What Did Structural Adjustment Adjust? The Association of Policies and Growth with Repeated IMF and World Bank Adjustment Loans, Center for Global Development, Working Paper 11 October
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231 Michael M. Phillips (2006) G-7 to Warn China Over Costly Loans to Poor Countries, Wall Street Journal,15 September
232为案例参考Chinese thrown out of Africa http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=11266 Craig Trimberg (2006) In Africa China's trade brings growth and unease, Washington Post,13 June; Ofeibea Quist-Acton (2008) Army of shopkeepers paved China's way in Africa; http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93143915 Serge Michel (2008) When China met Africa, Foreign Policy,1 May, pp.38-46; Johnson R.W. (2006) China's empire-builders sweep up African riches, Sunday Times, London,16 July
233 To the question "My View of Chinese Small Businesses in My Country is that they..." the majority of respondents answer "Help, but are also a source of problems for local people" survey published in:Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong (2009) African Perspectives on China-Africa Links, The China Quarterly, page 739
234 All figures taken from:BBC World service poll (2009) PIPA, Globescan, Feb 6
235 Megali Rheault (2006) Chadians view US and China more favorably than France,18 February http://www.gallup.com/poll/104404/Chadians-view-US-China-More-Favorably-Than-France.aspx.
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12 Tylor Ian (2006) China and African:Engagement and compromises. Routledge, London and New York
13 Ibid.
14 Meredith M (1984) The first dance of freedom:Black Africa in the post war era, Hamilton Ltd, London, p177
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17 Foreign Misnistry of the PRC http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18001.htm23.8.2009
18 Ibid
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21 Marcum, J. (1967) Three Revolutions, Africa Report, November
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23 Sunday Times (1968) March 24. London
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27 Prinsloo D. (1976) China's Foreign Policy and Southern Africa 1949-1973, Unpublished DPhil thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg
28 Sunday News (1971) February 21, Dares Salaam
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30 Mutukwa K. (1972) Imperial Dream Becomes Pan-African Reality, Africa Report, vol.17,no. I.
31 UPI.com (1971) Red China Admitted to UN http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1 Year in Review
32 El-Khawas, M. (1973) Africa, China and the United Nations, Africa Review, vol.2, no.2
33 New China News Agency (1971) November 3
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37新华社.1974年01月8日
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39邓小平.邓小平出席联合国大会第六届特别会议.在大会一般性辩论中发言1974年
40 Yahuda M. (1974) Chinese Conceptions of their Role in the World, Political Quarterly vol.45
41新华社.1974年12月30日
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51北京周报.1983年1月24日
52参见：Rodrick Dani (2002) In search of prosperity. Analytical narratives on economic growth, Princeton University press.
53新华社.1985年4月15日
54 Hsiung, J. (1988) New Strategic Environment and Domestic Linkages in Peking's Foreign Policy, Issues and Studies, vol.24, no.10, October. Page 30
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58 Thompson Drew (2005) China's Soil Power in Africa:From the Beijing Consensus'to Health Diplomacy, Jamestown Foundation China Brief. Vol.5. No.21. October 13
59 Deng Xiaoping (1994) Selected Works 1982-1992, vol. Ⅲ. Beijing:Foreign Languages, pp 344
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61 Deng Xiaoping (1994) Selected Works 1982-1992, vol. Ⅲ. Beijing:Foreign Languages,318
62新华社.1989年8月21日
63新华社.1990年10月8日
64北京周报.1989年12月4日
65北京周报.1989年9月28日
66 Tull M. Dennis (2006) China's engagement in Africa, Sope, significance and consequences, Cambridge University Press pp 461
67 Wiseman John (1995) Democracy and political change in Sub Saharan Africa, Routledge, page 16
68 Collier, Paul (2009) Wars, guns and votes:Democracies in Dangerous places. Harper Collins. Page 4
69 Ibid. p5
70北京周报.1992年7月27日
71 Dani Rodrick (2003) In Search of Prosperity:Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton Books
72 Erich Weede (2007) The Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth:Some Evidence from Cross-National Analysis. Blackwell Publishing
73 Przeworski, Cheibub, Papaterra, Limongi, Neto and Alvarez (1996) What makes Democracies endure? Journal of Democracy, pp39-55
74新华社.1991年9月4日
75 Easterly Willian (2006) The White Man's Burden:Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ⅲ and So Little Good, Penguin Press
76新华社.1992年7月1日
77 ibid
78新华社.1994年12月22日
79新华社.1989年11月21日
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83 Acemoglu, D.& Robinson, J. (2005) Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge University press
54 See for exampe the cross country study. Kohli, A. (2004) State-directed development:political power and industrialization in the global periphery, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
85新华社.1991年9月4日
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88 Przeworski, Cheibub, Papaterra, Limongi, Neto and Alvarez (1996) What makes Democracies endure? Journal of Democracy, pp39-55
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91 Zhu Rongji (2000) Strengthen Solidarity, Enhance Co-operation and Pursue Common Development by Zhu Rongji, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Zimbabwe
92人民日报.2000年10月12日
93 Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Zimbabwe (2000) Beijing Declaration of the Forum on China-Africa Co-operation
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103世界货币组织.引用于Ofon Abah (2006) South South Co-operation:Can Africa thrifte with Chinese investment? In:Wild, Leni and Mepham, David (2006) The New Sinosphere:China in Africa. London:IPPR
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105 Alden Chris (2007) China in Africa. London:Zed Books, p49
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108 Kaplinsky Raphael (2006) Winners and losers, China's trade threats and opportunities for Africa, In:Wild, Leni and Mepham, David. (2006) The New Sinosphere:China in Africa. London:IPPR
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110黄泽全.记用语言构筑中非友好的工程师.新华网.2006年12月14日
111 Politzer Malia (2008) Africa's Passage to China, Foreign Policy, Issue 164, Jan-Feb
112 Michel Serge (2008) When China met Africa, Foreign Policy, Issue 116, May/June
113 Wilhelm Janet (2006) The Chinese communities in South Africa. In Buhlungu et. Al., State of the Nation
114 Sautman Barry and Hairong Yan. (2007) Friends and Interests:China's distinct links with Africa, African Studies Review 50, September
115 ibid
116 Alden Chris (2007) China in Africa, London:Zed Books
117 Ibid, p52
118 Michel Serge (2008) When China met Africa. Foreign Policy, Issue 116 p41, May/June
119邓小平.邓小平文选.第三期.北京：人民出版社.359-61页.1993年
120邓小平.邓小平文选.第三期.北京：人民出版社.96-97页.1993年
121 Xiaolin Guo (2008) Repackaging Confucius PRC Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Soft Power, Asia Paper, Institute for Security and Development Policy, January
122 ibid, p40
123 Kirby (1994) Traditions of Centrality, Authority, and Management in Modern China's Foreign Relations, In: David Shambaugh and Thomas W. Robinson (eds.), Chinese Foreign Policy:Theory and Practice, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp.13-29.35
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125 Wang Jisi (1994) International Relations Theory and the Study of Chinese Foreign Policy:A Chinese Perspective, In:David Shambaugh and Thomas W. Robinson (eds.), Chinese Foreign Policy:Theory and Practice, Oxford:Clarendon Press, pp.481-505.
126 See for example:Mijke Boedeltje (2004) Input and output legitimacy in interactive governance, Erasmus University Netherlands.
127内生型指政府合法性来源于选举程序,而外生型指政府合法性来自于治理成效,如经济发展程度。
128 Collier Paul (2009) Wars, Guns, and Votes:Democracy in Dangerous Places, HarperCollins
129“不管黑猫白猫.抓住老鼠就是好猫”邓小平文选第三册.北京：人民出版社.1993年
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222 OECD (2005) Paris declaration on aid effectiveness
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225 William Easterly (2002) What Did Structural Adjustment Adjust? The Association of Policies and Growth with Repeated IMF and World Bank Adjustment Loans, Center for Global Development, Working Paper 11 October
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228 www.usaid.com
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231 Michael M. Phillips (2006) G-7 to Warn China Over Costly Loans to Poor Countries, Wall Street Journal,15 September
232为案例参考Chinese thrown out of Africa http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=11266 Craig Trimberg (2006) In Africa China's trade brings growth and unease, Washington Post,13 June; Ofeibea Quist-Acton (2008) Army of shopkeepers paved China's way in Africa; http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93143915 Serge Michel (2008) When China met Africa, Foreign Policy,1 May, pp.38-46; Johnson R.W. (2006) China's empire-builders sweep up African riches, Sunday Times, London,16 July
233 To the question "My View of Chinese Small Businesses in My Country is that they..." the majority of respondents answer "Help, but are also a source of problems for local people" survey published in:Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong (2009) African Perspectives on China-Africa Links, The China Quarterly, page 739
234 All figures taken from:BBC World service poll (2009) PIPA, Globescan, Feb 6
235 Megali Rheault (2006) Chadians view US and China more favorably than France,18 February http://www.gallup.com/poll/104404/Chadians-view-US-China-More-Favorably-Than-France.aspx.
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