统筹城乡背景下村镇银行存在的问题及对策研究
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摘要
本文是在政府连续7次中央一号文件聚焦“三农”,把建设社会主义新农村,统筹城乡发展,构建和谐社会作为政府工作的重中之重的背景下,为破解农村金融难题,解决“三农”问题,而对我国的新型农村金融机构——村镇银行的研究。本文对我国村镇银行目前发展现状做了简要概述,并通过与其他金融机构的比较,分析其目前存在的比较优势和劣势。然后以重庆是大足汇丰村镇银行为案例对目前村镇银行发展面临的问题进行了实证分析。首先,村镇银行存在定位不清,重企业轻农户问题；第二,村镇银行存在业务品种单一问题；第三,村镇银行吸收储蓄困难；第四,村镇银行的风险控制有待加强；第五,村镇银行具有制度设计上的缺陷,并基于对我国村镇银行目前存在问题的原因进行了深层次的剖析。通过对国外乡村银行孟加拉格莱珉银行、印度尼西亚村行以及美国社区银行的发展模式经验借鉴,对我国村镇银行的发展模式进行了探讨,提出了在统筹城乡大背景下,我国应该放宽村镇银行设立限制,允许小额贷款公司直接转制为村镇银行,和允许有实力的民营企业直接设立村镇银行,以打破主发起人资格限制对村镇银行发展的束缚,促进我国农村金融改革和金融深化改革,加快统筹城乡发展,实现城乡经济一体化。并在借鉴格莱珉银行风险控制模式基础上对我国村镇银行的风险控制模式进行了研究,为我国村镇银行的发展提供理论指导。最后针对我国村镇银行目前存在的问题,提出政府应完善村镇银行相应的制度安排和制度设立,加强监管,建立村镇银行信用保障机制,同时制定相应的政策法规鼓励村镇银行服务“三农”,和产品创新,促进村镇银行加力度扶持“三农”,加快统筹城乡经济发展。
This article is based on there were successively 7 times that the central government focused on the "SanNong" problems in the number one document,and on the backgroud of constructing new socialist countryside,balancing the urban and rural development, as also as building the harmonious society as the government's most important work.Aim at resulting of the rural financial problems and solveing the problem of "SanNong ",we studied the new financial institutions ---the Rural Banks.
We first to analysis our Rural Bank's opportunities、threats、strengths and weakness which faced. Then we use the Chongqing Dazu HSBC Rural Bank as the example to analysis the problems which our rural banks facing.
Fist,the rural banks have no clearly location,they were all heavy the enterprise and light the farmers;second, the rural banks's business was singly; third, the rural banks have difficult to absorb savings; fourth, risk control of the rural banks need to be strengthened; fifth, the rural banks have a system design defects. Based on the problems our rural banks faced and we analysis the deep reases.Through anlehung the GB、the BRI and American Conmmunite Bank's development modle experinces.we reseached our rural bank's development model.Based on balancing the urben and city,we should relax the restrictions of established rural bank,allow the small loan companies switch to the rural banks directly,as also as the individually-run enterprises for breaking the qualifications for the promoters to the rural banks.Promote China's rural finacial reform and finacial deepning reform.Speed up the urban and rural development and implementation of urban and rural economic integration. For the development of our rural bank made a market niche, our financial market in rural towns and villages of the risk control model and design, To the village of the bank of theories.
At last,aim at resulting the problems,we need to made a differentiation principles to promote the financial innovation;Accelerate the rate of the reform process of commercialization and built the agricultural insurance system;we also need to strengthen supervision, perfection relevant laws and regulations of the rural banks,and a series of policy measures to promote our village of the bank to achieve sustainable development and strengthen support for "SanNong" and reach the expected target of balaceing urban and rural economic development.
This article is based on there were successively 7 times that the central government focused on the "SanNong" problems in the number one document,and on the backgroud of constructing new socialist countryside,balancing the urban and rural development, as also as building the harmonious society as the government's most important work.Aim at resulting of the rural financial problems and solveing the problem of "SanNong ",we studied the new financial institutions ---the Rural Banks.
We first to analysis our Rural Bank's opportunities、threats、strengths and weakness which faced. Then we use the Chongqing Dazu HSBC Rural Bank as the example to analysis the problems which our rural banks facing.
Fist,the rural banks have no clearly location,they were all heavy the enterprise and light the farmers;second, the rural banks's business was singly; third, the rural banks have difficult to absorb savings; fourth, risk control of the rural banks need to be strengthened; fifth, the rural banks have a system design defects. Based on the problems our rural banks faced and we analysis the deep reases.Through anlehung the GB、the BRI and American Conmmunite Bank's development modle experinces.we reseached our rural bank's development model.Based on balancing the urben and city,we should relax the restrictions of established rural bank,allow the small loan companies switch to the rural banks directly,as also as the individually-run enterprises for breaking the qualifications for the promoters to the rural banks.Promote China's rural finacial reform and finacial deepning reform.Speed up the urban and rural development and implementation of urban and rural economic integration. For the development of our rural bank made a market niche, our financial market in rural towns and villages of the risk control model and design, To the village of the bank of theories.
At last,aim at resulting the problems,we need to made a differentiation principles to promote the financial innovation;Accelerate the rate of the reform process of commercialization and built the agricultural insurance system;we also need to strengthen supervision, perfection relevant laws and regulations of the rural banks,and a series of policy measures to promote our village of the bank to achieve sustainable development and strengthen support for "SanNong" and reach the expected target of balaceing urban and rural economic development.
引文
[1]刘玲玲,杨思群,赵冬青：《中国农村金融发展研究》[M],清华大学出版社.2008年5月
[2]韩俊：《中国农村金融调查》[M],上海远东出版社,2009年5月版
[3]中国人民银行小额信贷组《2008／2009小额信贷通讯通讯合集》[M],经济科学出版社,2009年11月
[4]李树生,何广文：《中国农村金融创新研究》[M],中国金融出版社,2008年12月
[5]穆罕默德.尤努斯：《穷人的银行家》[M],三联书店出版,2006年6月
[6]阿西夫.道拉(Asif Dowla),迪帕尔.巴鲁阿(Dipal Barua)《第二代格莱珉银行》[M],中信出版社,2007(8)
[7]黄庆华：《三农贷款难与村镇银行的构建》[D],福建师范大学,2007年12月
[8]仇焕广：《中国不发达地区农村金融机构风险研究》[D],中国农业科学研,2001年6月
[9]张琦：《我国社区银行发展模式研究》[D],青岛大学,2008年6月
[10]李孝：《金融机构市场退出研究》[D],首都经济贸易大学,2004年3月
[11]高思：《中国村镇银行总体现状与发展建议》[J],商场现代化,2008(9)
[12]石丹林：《村镇银行：农村金融服务体系的重要补充与完善》[J].湖北农村金融研究,2007(3)
[13]曾学文,王辰华,吕忠伟《农户的金融需求与中国农村的可持续发展——基于问卷调查的实证研究》[D],北京师范大学社会科学版,2009(2)
[14]楚尔鸣,周嫦琦：《中国社区银行发展的理论研究》[J],中南林业科技大学学报,2008(9)
[15]田剑英；《乡村银行及其对发展我国新型农村金融组织的启示》[J],浙江万里学院学报,2009(1)
[16]王曙光：《产权和治理结构约束、隐性担保与村镇银行信贷行为》[J],经济体制改革,2009(3)
[17]贾学琳；《从构建农村和谐金融的角度谈村镇银行的设立》[J],农村金融,2008(5)
[18]熊玉军：《从美国社区银行看我国村镇银行的市场定位》[J],金融电子化,2008(5)
[19]张维迎。《博弈论与信息经济学》[M],上海人民出版社,1997
[20]曹艺,才凤玲,苗闫《关于我国村镇银行经营模式的现实思考》[J],中国集体经济,2009(3)
[21]胡金焱,张乐：《非正规金融与小额信贷一个理论评述》[J],金融研究,2004(7)
[22]李莉莉：《关于村镇银行的制度设计与思考》[J],金融改革,2007(7)
[23]殷树荣,李新颜：《农村民营金融的制度分析》[J],青海金融,2006(10)
[24]茅于轼：《为什么小额贷款必须是高利率》[J],农村金融研究,2007(3)
[25]刘锡良,齐稚平：《城乡统筹建设中金融发展的三个视角》[J],金融发展研究,2009(3)
[26]李伟军：《基于实际运行基础上的我国村镇银行发展研究》[J],黑龙江金融,2008(12)
[27]张杰.《中国农村金融制度：结构、变迁与政策》[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[28]高伟：《对我国农村金融的风险分析》[J],中国集体经济,2009(7)
[29]高凌云,刘钟钦：《对村镇银行信用风险防范的思考》[J],农业经济,2008(5)
[30]顾晓安,李彬彬：《差异化农村金融体系构建——基于需求和供给的角度》[J],上海金融,2009(1)
[31]俞建雄,林振东：《我国农村金融需求的有效性和层次性分析》[J],闽西职业技术学院学报,2006(3)
[32]马伯龙：《我国村镇银行的现存问题及对策——基于孟加拉乡村银行的成功经验》[J],华商,2009(6)
[34]黄韩星：《我国村镇银行可持续发展问题研究》[J],福建金融,2008(12)
[35]邹力宏,姚滢：《我国村镇银行的市场定位分析》[J],金融与经济,2008(4)
[36]刘莹：《村镇银行发展的内外部制约因素研究》[D],兰州大学,2009(5)
[37]许桂红,肖亮：《社区银行发展的模式分析》[J],商场现代,2008(4)
[38]邓耀明,刘燕云《关于南康市赣商村镇银行发展的调查与思考》[J],江西金融职工大学学报,2008(6)
[39]郭素贞：《关于村镇银行运行状况的几点思考》[J],经济纵横,2008(6)
[40]熊学萍：《农户联保贷款制度的博弈机制及其完善》[J],理论月刊,2005(11)
[41]王亮,雷立钧：《村镇银行建立对我国农村金融的影响分析》[J],内蒙古金融研究,2008(7)
[42]阮勇,《村镇银行在我国农村金融市场中的定位问题研究》[J],安徽农学通报,2008(10)
[43]陈坚,李天柱,曹海涛《格莱珉模式与中国村镇银行的发展之路》[J],西安石油大学学报,2007(5)
[44]徐联帮,靳关敬《论村镇银行在农村金融体系的作用》[J],现代商贸工业,2008(8)
[45]杨华《中国村镇银行研究》[D],复旦大学,2009(5)
[46]李树生,何广文：《农村金融学》[M],中国金融出版社,2008
[46]Hauswald R, M arquez, R."Relat ionsh ip bank ing, loan specialization and compet ition"[J]. Indiana U niversityWo rk ing Paper,2002.
[47]Berger A N, U dell G F."The econom ics of small business f inance:The ro les of p rivate equity and debtmarkets in the f inancial grow th cycle. "[J]. Journal of Bank ing and Finance,1998,
[48]A N Berger, L F Klapper, G F U dell. The A bility of Bank s to Lend to Info rmat ionally Opaque SmallBusinesses[J]. Journal of Bank ing and Finance,2001
[49]Berger, A llen N, G F U dell. "Small Business Credit A vaila bility and Relat ionsh ip L ending:The Impo rtance of Bank Organizat ional St ructure "[J]. The Econom ic Journal,2002,(112)
[50]BergerA N, Udell G F. Relationship Lending and L ines of Credit in Small Firm Finance [J]. Journal of Business,1995,
[51]Keeton W, Harvey J, Willis P. The Role of Community Banks in the U. S. Economy[R]. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review,2003.
[52]Hossai Mahabub.Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty:The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh.Washington, D.C.:International Food Poliey Research Institute,1998
[53]Eric Van Tassel, " Group Lending under Asymmetric Information " Journal of Developent Economics,1999,Vol.60
[54]Thierry Van Bastelaer,Howard Leathers," Trust in Lengding Social Capital and Joint Liability Seed Loans in Southern Zambia ", Journal of World Development,2006, Vol.34
[2]韩俊：《中国农村金融调查》[M],上海远东出版社,2009年5月版
[3]中国人民银行小额信贷组《2008／2009小额信贷通讯通讯合集》[M],经济科学出版社,2009年11月
[4]李树生,何广文：《中国农村金融创新研究》[M],中国金融出版社,2008年12月
[5]穆罕默德.尤努斯：《穷人的银行家》[M],三联书店出版,2006年6月
[6]阿西夫.道拉(Asif Dowla),迪帕尔.巴鲁阿(Dipal Barua)《第二代格莱珉银行》[M],中信出版社,2007(8)
[7]黄庆华：《三农贷款难与村镇银行的构建》[D],福建师范大学,2007年12月
[8]仇焕广：《中国不发达地区农村金融机构风险研究》[D],中国农业科学研,2001年6月
[9]张琦：《我国社区银行发展模式研究》[D],青岛大学,2008年6月
[10]李孝：《金融机构市场退出研究》[D],首都经济贸易大学,2004年3月
[11]高思：《中国村镇银行总体现状与发展建议》[J],商场现代化,2008(9)
[12]石丹林：《村镇银行：农村金融服务体系的重要补充与完善》[J].湖北农村金融研究,2007(3)
[13]曾学文,王辰华,吕忠伟《农户的金融需求与中国农村的可持续发展——基于问卷调查的实证研究》[D],北京师范大学社会科学版,2009(2)
[14]楚尔鸣,周嫦琦：《中国社区银行发展的理论研究》[J],中南林业科技大学学报,2008(9)
[15]田剑英；《乡村银行及其对发展我国新型农村金融组织的启示》[J],浙江万里学院学报,2009(1)
[16]王曙光：《产权和治理结构约束、隐性担保与村镇银行信贷行为》[J],经济体制改革,2009(3)
[17]贾学琳；《从构建农村和谐金融的角度谈村镇银行的设立》[J],农村金融,2008(5)
[18]熊玉军：《从美国社区银行看我国村镇银行的市场定位》[J],金融电子化,2008(5)
[19]张维迎。《博弈论与信息经济学》[M],上海人民出版社,1997
[20]曹艺,才凤玲,苗闫《关于我国村镇银行经营模式的现实思考》[J],中国集体经济,2009(3)
[21]胡金焱,张乐：《非正规金融与小额信贷一个理论评述》[J],金融研究,2004(7)
[22]李莉莉：《关于村镇银行的制度设计与思考》[J],金融改革,2007(7)
[23]殷树荣,李新颜：《农村民营金融的制度分析》[J],青海金融,2006(10)
[24]茅于轼：《为什么小额贷款必须是高利率》[J],农村金融研究,2007(3)
[25]刘锡良,齐稚平：《城乡统筹建设中金融发展的三个视角》[J],金融发展研究,2009(3)
[26]李伟军：《基于实际运行基础上的我国村镇银行发展研究》[J],黑龙江金融,2008(12)
[27]张杰.《中国农村金融制度：结构、变迁与政策》[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[28]高伟：《对我国农村金融的风险分析》[J],中国集体经济,2009(7)
[29]高凌云,刘钟钦：《对村镇银行信用风险防范的思考》[J],农业经济,2008(5)
[30]顾晓安,李彬彬：《差异化农村金融体系构建——基于需求和供给的角度》[J],上海金融,2009(1)
[31]俞建雄,林振东：《我国农村金融需求的有效性和层次性分析》[J],闽西职业技术学院学报,2006(3)
[32]马伯龙：《我国村镇银行的现存问题及对策——基于孟加拉乡村银行的成功经验》[J],华商,2009(6)
[34]黄韩星：《我国村镇银行可持续发展问题研究》[J],福建金融,2008(12)
[35]邹力宏,姚滢：《我国村镇银行的市场定位分析》[J],金融与经济,2008(4)
[36]刘莹：《村镇银行发展的内外部制约因素研究》[D],兰州大学,2009(5)
[37]许桂红,肖亮：《社区银行发展的模式分析》[J],商场现代,2008(4)
[38]邓耀明,刘燕云《关于南康市赣商村镇银行发展的调查与思考》[J],江西金融职工大学学报,2008(6)
[39]郭素贞：《关于村镇银行运行状况的几点思考》[J],经济纵横,2008(6)
[40]熊学萍：《农户联保贷款制度的博弈机制及其完善》[J],理论月刊,2005(11)
[41]王亮,雷立钧：《村镇银行建立对我国农村金融的影响分析》[J],内蒙古金融研究,2008(7)
[42]阮勇,《村镇银行在我国农村金融市场中的定位问题研究》[J],安徽农学通报,2008(10)
[43]陈坚,李天柱,曹海涛《格莱珉模式与中国村镇银行的发展之路》[J],西安石油大学学报,2007(5)
[44]徐联帮,靳关敬《论村镇银行在农村金融体系的作用》[J],现代商贸工业,2008(8)
[45]杨华《中国村镇银行研究》[D],复旦大学,2009(5)
[46]李树生,何广文：《农村金融学》[M],中国金融出版社,2008
[46]Hauswald R, M arquez, R."Relat ionsh ip bank ing, loan specialization and compet ition"[J]. Indiana U niversityWo rk ing Paper,2002.
[47]Berger A N, U dell G F."The econom ics of small business f inance:The ro les of p rivate equity and debtmarkets in the f inancial grow th cycle. "[J]. Journal of Bank ing and Finance,1998,
[48]A N Berger, L F Klapper, G F U dell. The A bility of Bank s to Lend to Info rmat ionally Opaque SmallBusinesses[J]. Journal of Bank ing and Finance,2001
[49]Berger, A llen N, G F U dell. "Small Business Credit A vaila bility and Relat ionsh ip L ending:The Impo rtance of Bank Organizat ional St ructure "[J]. The Econom ic Journal,2002,(112)
[50]BergerA N, Udell G F. Relationship Lending and L ines of Credit in Small Firm Finance [J]. Journal of Business,1995,
[51]Keeton W, Harvey J, Willis P. The Role of Community Banks in the U. S. Economy[R]. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review,2003.
[52]Hossai Mahabub.Credit for Alleviation of Rural Poverty:The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh.Washington, D.C.:International Food Poliey Research Institute,1998
[53]Eric Van Tassel, " Group Lending under Asymmetric Information " Journal of Developent Economics,1999,Vol.60
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