港口服务供应链的协调机制研究
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摘要
随着经济与贸易的全球化,港口已经成为各种运输方式交汇的高效集散中心和功能强大的综合性物流枢纽。港口的功能已从运输枢纽、货物装卸与存储拓展为全球的资源配置枢纽,其决定因素由劳动力和资本转变为技术、信息、服务、人才和环境等综合因素决定。当前,围绕港口系统发展形成港口服务供应链,是世界海运业发展的总趋势。未来港口之间的竞争,不是单个港口与港口之间的竞争,而是港口所在的港口服务供应链之间的竞争。
然而在港口服务供应链中,由于供应链成员之间的服务能力配置不合理、服务质量的缺乏有效监督、利润分配不合理等原因会造成港口服务供应链的失调,从而导致港口服务供应链整体绩效低下,港口竞争力下降。
本文采用博弈论、契约理论、系统建模与仿真、ANP等理论方法与工具,对港口服务供应链的协调机制进行研究,一方面可以丰富港口服务供应链的理论研究,为港口服务供应链的协调提供理论支持,同时也为降低港口服务供应链的总成本,增强港口企业在市场中的竞争力提供可供参考的决策依据。
本文的主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1)港口服务供应链的协调机制理论分析。首先对港口服务供应链的内涵进行界定,构建了港口服务供应链的结构模型,分析了港口服务供应链与传统供应链的区别；然后阐述了港口服务供应链的形式,分析了港口服务供应链失调的原因。通过问卷调查、主成分分析法进行协调要素的因子分析,通过实证分析得出港口服务供应链协调的三个协调因子和六个要素；然后构建了港口服务供应链的协调框架,设计了港口服务供应链的协调机制模型,该模型由动力机制、传导机制、保障机制构成,并分别对动力机制、传导机制、保障机制进行了阐述。
(2)两级港口服务供应链的协调机制。在两级港口服务供应链中,分别讨论了港口服务供应链的服务能力、服务质量的协调。服务能力的协调中,考虑了包含一个港口企业和一个物流服务商的两级服务供应链系统,提出了基于期权契约协调策略的物流服务能力订购与投资的协调机制。服务质量的协调中,阐述了港口服务供应链的质量协调内涵,协调内容主要包括节点层面的质量协调和整体层面的质量协调；然后构建了港口服务供应链质量行为的进化博弈模型,模拟供应链中节点企业质量协调策略上的博弈过程,并探讨质量协调的稳定性问题；其次探讨了港口服务供应链整体层面的质量协调与监督,运用博弈理论对港口企业质量监督和物流服务商的欺骗概率进行了推演,并将模型扩展到引入竞争机制时的服务质量监督与协调问题。
(3)三级港口服务供应链的协调机制。在服务能力协调的模型中,考虑了包含港口企业、物流服务商、物流分包商组成的三级服务供应链系统,分别采用主从协调、集中协调、协作联盟等协调方式进行协调,并进行了比较分析。在服务质量的协调模型中,探讨了在客户惩罚下的服务质量监督与协调问题。最后根据服务质量的协调博弈分析,从物流服务商的选择与评价、服务质量管理体系、引入竞争机制、信息共享、签订质量契约等方面提出了港口服务供应链的服务质量协调的措施。
(4)港口服务供应链的合理利润分配的协调。论文从利润分配的原则、模式,利润分配的博弈及分配方法进行了研究。首先阐述了港口服务供应链的利润分配原则和模式：然后分析了港口服务供应链利润分配的影响因素。影响因素包括：能力的投入、风险承担、努力水平、额外贡献和客户满意度：其次推理了港口服务供应链的利润分配博弈：最后运用ANP与改进的Shapley值法对港口服务供应链的利润进行分配,并通过数值分析进行验证。
本文的创新之处体现在以下几个方面：
(1)通过因子分析法提取了港口服务供应链协调的主要要素,通过港口服务供应链的协调要素,构建了港口服务供应链的协调框架模型。
(2)利用期权契约理论研究了港口服务供应链的服务能力的协调问题,探讨了三级港口服务供应链的服务能力的协调问题。
(3)运用进化博弈的方法探讨了港口服务供应链的服务质量协调策略的博弈演化过程。讨论了港口服务供应链两级合作的服务质量监督模型,然后将模型扩展到引入竞争机制和客户惩罚下的服务质量监督与协调问题。
(4)结合影响利润分配的影响因素和分配模式,通过改进Shapley值法与ANP法相结合的方法,构建了港口服务供应链的利润分配框架。
With the globalization of economy and trade, ports have become efficient distribution centers for various transportation and powerful comprehensive logistics hubs. Their functions have expanded from the transport hub, cargo handling and storage to the global hub for allocation of resources. And their determinants have changed from labor and capital to a combination of technology, information, service, talents and environment. At present, service supply chains based on ports'development, are doomed to be the general trend of world's shipping industries. In the future, competitions between ports will be not just a competition between individual port, but competitions between service supply chains.
However, such reasons as the unreasonable configuration of service capability between members of supply chain, lack of supervision on the service quality and unequal distribution of profits would result to disorders of port service logistics, also result to the overall low performance of port supply chain and the decline in competitiveness of our port.
In this paper, theoretical methods and tools such as game theory, contract theory, system modeling and simulation, and ANP are employed to research coordination mechanism of port service supply chain. On one hand, this research can enrich the theoretical study of the supply chain of port services, and provides coordinating theoretical support for port services supply chain. On the other hand, this paper can reduce the total cost of the supply chain of port services, and enhance port competitiveness of enterprises in the market to provide the basis for decision making for reference.
The main contents of this paper are as follows:
1. Theoretical analysis of coordination mechanism of port service supply chains. First the paper defines the connotation of the supply chain of port services, and builds a model of the structure of the supply chain of port services, as well as difference between port services supply chain and traditional supply chain; then the paper proposes the dynamic formation factors of port services supply chain and builds the formative causation model of the supply chain of port services. Finally, the paper illustrates the development status of the port services and supply chain and gives an analysis of the supply chain of port services disorders. Based on related literature the paper sorts out the basic elements of coordination of the port services supply chain, and then the paper takes a factor analysis of the coordination elements through the questionnaire, principal component analysis; and then by empirical analysis the paper get three coordination factors and six elements of the supply chain coordination of port services. Then the paper builds a framework for coordination of the supply chain of port services, and designs a coordination mechanism of port services and supply chain. The model is composed of dynamic mechanism, conduction mechanism and security mechanism. Meanwhile, power mechanism, transmission mechanism and security mechanism are elaborately described.
2. Coordination mechanism of two-level port service supply chains. In two-level port service supply chains, the coordination of the service capabilities and service quality in port service supply chain have been discussed. In the coordination of the service capabilities models, the paper first considers two-level service supply chain system consisting of a port enterprise and a logistics service provider, and proposes a coordination mechanism of logistics service capability order and investment based on option contract coordination strategy. In the coordination of the service quality models, the paper describes the connotation of quality of port services supply chain coordination, including the quality coordination at the node level and the overall level; then the paper constructs evolutionary game model of the behavior of port services and the quality of the supply chain, and simulates the game theory of quality coordination strategy in an enterprise in the supply chain node and its stability problem of the quality of coordination. Second the paper explores the coordination and supervision of the overall level of quality of port services and supply chain, using game theory to the deduce quality supervision and the deception probability of port enterprises and logistics service providers.
3. Coordination mechanism of three-level port service supply chains. In the coordination of the service capabilities models, the paper considers a three-level service supply chain systems including port enterprises, logistics service providers and logistics subcontractors, and makes a comparative analysis by using the major-minor coordination, centrally coordination, collaborative alliances and other coordinated manners. In the coordination of the service quality models, the paper makes an expansion of the model to introduce competition mechanism and customers punishment under the supervision and coordination of the quality of service. Finally, based on the conclusions of the previous analysis, the paper proposes the coordination measures of the quality of port services and supply chain services. Measures such as the selection and evaluation of logistics service providers, service quality management system, the introduction of competition mechanism, information sharing, and signature of a quality contract are proposed.
4. Distribution of profits of the port service supply chain. The paper researches on the pattern of distribution of profits, influencing factors, gaming of the distribution of profits and the distribution method. First the paper illustrates the principle and mode of distribution of profits of the supply chain of port services; then it analyzes the influencing factors of port services supply chain profit distribution. Such factors include:the investment ability, the risk taking, level of effort, an additional contribution, and customer satisfaction. Secondly the paper gives reasoning of profit distribution gaming of port services supply chain. Finally, the paper redistributes profits of the supply chain of the port services by using ANP and improved Shapley Value and validates it by numerical analysis.
The innovations of this paper are reflected in the following aspects:
1. Extracting the main elements of the supply chain coordination of port services by factor analysis, and building a framework for coordination of the supply chain of port services model through coordination elements of port service and supply chain.
2. Using option contract theory to study the problem of coordination of port services and supply chain service capabilities and to explore the problem of coordination of the three-level port supply chain service capabilities.
3. Using evolutionary game theory methods to investigate the evolution of port services and the quality of service of the supply chain coordination strategy game; discussing the supervision model of port service supply chain cooperation at two levels; then the model is extended to introduce competition mechanism and customer punishment under the supervision and coordination of the quality of service.
4. Constructing the framework of port service supply chain combined the impact factors of distribution of profits and distribution patterns, and combined the improved method of the Shapley Value and ANP.
然而在港口服务供应链中,由于供应链成员之间的服务能力配置不合理、服务质量的缺乏有效监督、利润分配不合理等原因会造成港口服务供应链的失调,从而导致港口服务供应链整体绩效低下,港口竞争力下降。
本文采用博弈论、契约理论、系统建模与仿真、ANP等理论方法与工具,对港口服务供应链的协调机制进行研究,一方面可以丰富港口服务供应链的理论研究,为港口服务供应链的协调提供理论支持,同时也为降低港口服务供应链的总成本,增强港口企业在市场中的竞争力提供可供参考的决策依据。
本文的主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1)港口服务供应链的协调机制理论分析。首先对港口服务供应链的内涵进行界定,构建了港口服务供应链的结构模型,分析了港口服务供应链与传统供应链的区别；然后阐述了港口服务供应链的形式,分析了港口服务供应链失调的原因。通过问卷调查、主成分分析法进行协调要素的因子分析,通过实证分析得出港口服务供应链协调的三个协调因子和六个要素；然后构建了港口服务供应链的协调框架,设计了港口服务供应链的协调机制模型,该模型由动力机制、传导机制、保障机制构成,并分别对动力机制、传导机制、保障机制进行了阐述。
(2)两级港口服务供应链的协调机制。在两级港口服务供应链中,分别讨论了港口服务供应链的服务能力、服务质量的协调。服务能力的协调中,考虑了包含一个港口企业和一个物流服务商的两级服务供应链系统,提出了基于期权契约协调策略的物流服务能力订购与投资的协调机制。服务质量的协调中,阐述了港口服务供应链的质量协调内涵,协调内容主要包括节点层面的质量协调和整体层面的质量协调；然后构建了港口服务供应链质量行为的进化博弈模型,模拟供应链中节点企业质量协调策略上的博弈过程,并探讨质量协调的稳定性问题；其次探讨了港口服务供应链整体层面的质量协调与监督,运用博弈理论对港口企业质量监督和物流服务商的欺骗概率进行了推演,并将模型扩展到引入竞争机制时的服务质量监督与协调问题。
(3)三级港口服务供应链的协调机制。在服务能力协调的模型中,考虑了包含港口企业、物流服务商、物流分包商组成的三级服务供应链系统,分别采用主从协调、集中协调、协作联盟等协调方式进行协调,并进行了比较分析。在服务质量的协调模型中,探讨了在客户惩罚下的服务质量监督与协调问题。最后根据服务质量的协调博弈分析,从物流服务商的选择与评价、服务质量管理体系、引入竞争机制、信息共享、签订质量契约等方面提出了港口服务供应链的服务质量协调的措施。
(4)港口服务供应链的合理利润分配的协调。论文从利润分配的原则、模式,利润分配的博弈及分配方法进行了研究。首先阐述了港口服务供应链的利润分配原则和模式：然后分析了港口服务供应链利润分配的影响因素。影响因素包括：能力的投入、风险承担、努力水平、额外贡献和客户满意度：其次推理了港口服务供应链的利润分配博弈：最后运用ANP与改进的Shapley值法对港口服务供应链的利润进行分配,并通过数值分析进行验证。
本文的创新之处体现在以下几个方面：
(1)通过因子分析法提取了港口服务供应链协调的主要要素,通过港口服务供应链的协调要素,构建了港口服务供应链的协调框架模型。
(2)利用期权契约理论研究了港口服务供应链的服务能力的协调问题,探讨了三级港口服务供应链的服务能力的协调问题。
(3)运用进化博弈的方法探讨了港口服务供应链的服务质量协调策略的博弈演化过程。讨论了港口服务供应链两级合作的服务质量监督模型,然后将模型扩展到引入竞争机制和客户惩罚下的服务质量监督与协调问题。
(4)结合影响利润分配的影响因素和分配模式,通过改进Shapley值法与ANP法相结合的方法,构建了港口服务供应链的利润分配框架。
With the globalization of economy and trade, ports have become efficient distribution centers for various transportation and powerful comprehensive logistics hubs. Their functions have expanded from the transport hub, cargo handling and storage to the global hub for allocation of resources. And their determinants have changed from labor and capital to a combination of technology, information, service, talents and environment. At present, service supply chains based on ports'development, are doomed to be the general trend of world's shipping industries. In the future, competitions between ports will be not just a competition between individual port, but competitions between service supply chains.
However, such reasons as the unreasonable configuration of service capability between members of supply chain, lack of supervision on the service quality and unequal distribution of profits would result to disorders of port service logistics, also result to the overall low performance of port supply chain and the decline in competitiveness of our port.
In this paper, theoretical methods and tools such as game theory, contract theory, system modeling and simulation, and ANP are employed to research coordination mechanism of port service supply chain. On one hand, this research can enrich the theoretical study of the supply chain of port services, and provides coordinating theoretical support for port services supply chain. On the other hand, this paper can reduce the total cost of the supply chain of port services, and enhance port competitiveness of enterprises in the market to provide the basis for decision making for reference.
The main contents of this paper are as follows:
1. Theoretical analysis of coordination mechanism of port service supply chains. First the paper defines the connotation of the supply chain of port services, and builds a model of the structure of the supply chain of port services, as well as difference between port services supply chain and traditional supply chain; then the paper proposes the dynamic formation factors of port services supply chain and builds the formative causation model of the supply chain of port services. Finally, the paper illustrates the development status of the port services and supply chain and gives an analysis of the supply chain of port services disorders. Based on related literature the paper sorts out the basic elements of coordination of the port services supply chain, and then the paper takes a factor analysis of the coordination elements through the questionnaire, principal component analysis; and then by empirical analysis the paper get three coordination factors and six elements of the supply chain coordination of port services. Then the paper builds a framework for coordination of the supply chain of port services, and designs a coordination mechanism of port services and supply chain. The model is composed of dynamic mechanism, conduction mechanism and security mechanism. Meanwhile, power mechanism, transmission mechanism and security mechanism are elaborately described.
2. Coordination mechanism of two-level port service supply chains. In two-level port service supply chains, the coordination of the service capabilities and service quality in port service supply chain have been discussed. In the coordination of the service capabilities models, the paper first considers two-level service supply chain system consisting of a port enterprise and a logistics service provider, and proposes a coordination mechanism of logistics service capability order and investment based on option contract coordination strategy. In the coordination of the service quality models, the paper describes the connotation of quality of port services supply chain coordination, including the quality coordination at the node level and the overall level; then the paper constructs evolutionary game model of the behavior of port services and the quality of the supply chain, and simulates the game theory of quality coordination strategy in an enterprise in the supply chain node and its stability problem of the quality of coordination. Second the paper explores the coordination and supervision of the overall level of quality of port services and supply chain, using game theory to the deduce quality supervision and the deception probability of port enterprises and logistics service providers.
3. Coordination mechanism of three-level port service supply chains. In the coordination of the service capabilities models, the paper considers a three-level service supply chain systems including port enterprises, logistics service providers and logistics subcontractors, and makes a comparative analysis by using the major-minor coordination, centrally coordination, collaborative alliances and other coordinated manners. In the coordination of the service quality models, the paper makes an expansion of the model to introduce competition mechanism and customers punishment under the supervision and coordination of the quality of service. Finally, based on the conclusions of the previous analysis, the paper proposes the coordination measures of the quality of port services and supply chain services. Measures such as the selection and evaluation of logistics service providers, service quality management system, the introduction of competition mechanism, information sharing, and signature of a quality contract are proposed.
4. Distribution of profits of the port service supply chain. The paper researches on the pattern of distribution of profits, influencing factors, gaming of the distribution of profits and the distribution method. First the paper illustrates the principle and mode of distribution of profits of the supply chain of port services; then it analyzes the influencing factors of port services supply chain profit distribution. Such factors include:the investment ability, the risk taking, level of effort, an additional contribution, and customer satisfaction. Secondly the paper gives reasoning of profit distribution gaming of port services supply chain. Finally, the paper redistributes profits of the supply chain of the port services by using ANP and improved Shapley Value and validates it by numerical analysis.
The innovations of this paper are reflected in the following aspects:
1. Extracting the main elements of the supply chain coordination of port services by factor analysis, and building a framework for coordination of the supply chain of port services model through coordination elements of port service and supply chain.
2. Using option contract theory to study the problem of coordination of port services and supply chain service capabilities and to explore the problem of coordination of the three-level port supply chain service capabilities.
3. Using evolutionary game theory methods to investigate the evolution of port services and the quality of service of the supply chain coordination strategy game; discussing the supervision model of port service supply chain cooperation at two levels; then the model is extended to introduce competition mechanism and customer punishment under the supervision and coordination of the quality of service.
4. Constructing the framework of port service supply chain combined the impact factors of distribution of profits and distribution patterns, and combined the improved method of the Shapley Value and ANP.
引文
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