多孔质气体润滑轴承设计理论与实验方法
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摘要
气体静压轴承由于回转精度高、运转平稳、摩擦小、使用寿命长等优点广泛应用于航空、航天领域的超精密机械、精密量仪和惯性测试设备上。由于多孔质材料的特殊性,可以提供成千上万的微孔作为轴承节流器,因而多孔质气体静压轴承具有很高的承载能力和静态刚度。本文以研制开发适用于气体润滑的多孔质静压轴承为目的,在理论分析和材料实验的基础上,建立了多孔质气体静压轴承的承载能力、静态刚度及质量流量的数学模型和理论计算公式,并利用粉末冶金工艺制备适于多孔质轴承的多孔青铜材料。论文取得了如下研究成果:
基于粘性不可压缩流体的Reynold方程和流体在多孔质内部流动的Darcy定律,系统地论述了多孔质气体润滑轴承不同区域的流动特性,提出了流体在多孔质内部和气膜间隙的压力分布方程,并得到这两个流动区域的压力分布方程是相互耦合的这一重要结论。
阐明涡动失稳是影响多孔质轴承动态稳定性的主要因素,利用线性扰动法对多孔质静压轴承中气体润滑的连续方程求解,得到动态下轴承稳定的临界质量,并以此为稳定性判据,为多孔质轴承设计提供了参数的优化范围。在此基础上,提出了一种新的利用不同渗透率的双层多孔质结构提高轴承的动态稳定性的方法,并通过理论分析证实了这一方法的可行性。
分别采用解析法和数值法研究多孔质气体静压轴承的压力场分布,研究结果表明后者在求解效率和计算精度方面要远优于前者,利用FLUENT软件对止推轴承和径向轴承的压力分布情况进行的仿真研究,进一步证实这一结论。
利用粉末冶金方法制备多孔青铜轴承材料,建立了测试多孔质材料渗透率的测试装置,给出通过实验数据,经最小二乘法拟合曲线得到多孔质材料粘性渗透系数的方法,进而得出多孔材料的粘性渗透系数与孔隙度的关系。
上述研究成果为多孔质材料在气体润滑领域的应用提供了坚实的理论依据,同时多孔质青铜的实验研究对开发其他同类多孔质润滑材料具有重要的参考价值。
Aerostatic bearings have been applied widely on the ultra-precision machinery in the aviation, aerospace and the inertial measuring apparatus, because of its high rotational accuracy, calm operation, low friction and long life-span etc. Porous material can supply millions of micro-hole regarded as countless throttle, therefore porous aerostatic bearings have high load capacity and static stiffness. For the purpose of developing the porous aerostatic bearing that is the same with gas lubricant, on the base of theoretic analysis and material experiment, this paper has presented the mathematic model of carrying capacity, static stiffness and mass flow and theoretic formula of porous aerostatic bearing. A kind of porous bronze has been prepared. The following contributions have been made:
The flowing characteristics of the different areas of the air lubricated porous bearing have been addressed ground on the Reynold Equation of viscidity compressed flow and of Darcy law of the flow transit through porous medium. The pressure distribution equation of the porous medium and the lubricate film are presented. It develops an important conclusion that the two equations are coupled.
The fact that the vortex effects the dynamic stability mostly has been illustrated, the equation of continuity of flow lubrication is solve in porous aerostatic journal bearing under the dynamic stability condition with the linear iterative method, and the threshold mass considered as stability criterion is found. A new method to improve the dynamic stability of bearing by using double layer porous material with different penetrability is developed.
The press distribution field of porous aerostatic bearing has been studied using both analytic and numerical method, compared with that of the former, it shows that the numerical method is much more effective and accurate, and FLUENT simulate is carried out to validate the conclusion.
Powder metallurgy method is utilized to prepare a kind of porous bronze; a set of device to test the penetrability of the porous material is built. A technique that to find the penetrability through the experimental data by using the least squares method is presented,and farther the relationship between the porosity and penetrability is gained.
The outcome of this dissertation has provided a stable basis of the application of the porous material in the field of gas lubrication. As well as the experimental investigation of porous bronze process an important reference to the development of other similar porous materials.
基于粘性不可压缩流体的Reynold方程和流体在多孔质内部流动的Darcy定律,系统地论述了多孔质气体润滑轴承不同区域的流动特性,提出了流体在多孔质内部和气膜间隙的压力分布方程,并得到这两个流动区域的压力分布方程是相互耦合的这一重要结论。
阐明涡动失稳是影响多孔质轴承动态稳定性的主要因素,利用线性扰动法对多孔质静压轴承中气体润滑的连续方程求解,得到动态下轴承稳定的临界质量,并以此为稳定性判据,为多孔质轴承设计提供了参数的优化范围。在此基础上,提出了一种新的利用不同渗透率的双层多孔质结构提高轴承的动态稳定性的方法,并通过理论分析证实了这一方法的可行性。
分别采用解析法和数值法研究多孔质气体静压轴承的压力场分布,研究结果表明后者在求解效率和计算精度方面要远优于前者,利用FLUENT软件对止推轴承和径向轴承的压力分布情况进行的仿真研究,进一步证实这一结论。
利用粉末冶金方法制备多孔青铜轴承材料,建立了测试多孔质材料渗透率的测试装置,给出通过实验数据,经最小二乘法拟合曲线得到多孔质材料粘性渗透系数的方法,进而得出多孔材料的粘性渗透系数与孔隙度的关系。
上述研究成果为多孔质材料在气体润滑领域的应用提供了坚实的理论依据,同时多孔质青铜的实验研究对开发其他同类多孔质润滑材料具有重要的参考价值。
Aerostatic bearings have been applied widely on the ultra-precision machinery in the aviation, aerospace and the inertial measuring apparatus, because of its high rotational accuracy, calm operation, low friction and long life-span etc. Porous material can supply millions of micro-hole regarded as countless throttle, therefore porous aerostatic bearings have high load capacity and static stiffness. For the purpose of developing the porous aerostatic bearing that is the same with gas lubricant, on the base of theoretic analysis and material experiment, this paper has presented the mathematic model of carrying capacity, static stiffness and mass flow and theoretic formula of porous aerostatic bearing. A kind of porous bronze has been prepared. The following contributions have been made:
The flowing characteristics of the different areas of the air lubricated porous bearing have been addressed ground on the Reynold Equation of viscidity compressed flow and of Darcy law of the flow transit through porous medium. The pressure distribution equation of the porous medium and the lubricate film are presented. It develops an important conclusion that the two equations are coupled.
The fact that the vortex effects the dynamic stability mostly has been illustrated, the equation of continuity of flow lubrication is solve in porous aerostatic journal bearing under the dynamic stability condition with the linear iterative method, and the threshold mass considered as stability criterion is found. A new method to improve the dynamic stability of bearing by using double layer porous material with different penetrability is developed.
The press distribution field of porous aerostatic bearing has been studied using both analytic and numerical method, compared with that of the former, it shows that the numerical method is much more effective and accurate, and FLUENT simulate is carried out to validate the conclusion.
Powder metallurgy method is utilized to prepare a kind of porous bronze; a set of device to test the penetrability of the porous material is built. A technique that to find the penetrability through the experimental data by using the least squares method is presented,and farther the relationship between the porosity and penetrability is gained.
The outcome of this dissertation has provided a stable basis of the application of the porous material in the field of gas lubrication. As well as the experimental investigation of porous bronze process an important reference to the development of other similar porous materials.
引文
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