河流沉积物中重金属与有机物的复合污染研究
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摘要
天然水环境存在的各种人为排放的污染物中,农药由于其毒性大、环境释放率高、影响面广而成为水环境中一类常见的重要污染物。近20年来,农药的使用种类和施用量不断增大。在我国东北地区,阿特拉津和马拉硫磷是目前被广泛施用的玉米田除草剂和蔬菜杀虫剂。施用于土壤中的农药随降雨径流等途径可进入河流、湖泊等水体,造成地表水的污染。重金属也是一类广泛存在于天然水体沉积物中的污染物,其存在将影响农药在沉积物中的吸附、解吸和降解等行为,并与农药产生复合污染现象。研究重金属和农药在沉积物中的吸附、解吸和降解等环境行为对了解复合污染物在天然水环境中的迁移转化规律、毒性以及对污染沉积物的生态修复有着十分重要的意义。
本文以有毒重金属(以铅、镉、铜、锌等为代表)存在下,农药(以阿特拉津、马拉硫磷等为代表)在河流沉积物-水体系中的吸附、解吸和生物毒性等环境行为为主要研究内容,从多角度对两类污染物的复合污染效应进行研究,主要研究内容包括：(1)采集多种类型的沉积物样品,考察不同种类农药在不同沉积物上的热力学吸附特征,分析沉积物中活性组分及其理化性质对农药吸附行为的影响,建立了六种农药与沉积物主要影响因子之间的回归模型；(2)选择典型的农药和重金属,考察不同类型不同浓度农药共存、重金属共存以及农药和重金属共存的复合体系中,污染物在沉积物上的吸附规律,考察不同复合体系中污染物的吸附能力及污染物间交互作用的类型；(3)选择发光菌为典型水生微生物,考察农药与重金属对发光菌的联合毒性效应,并应用方差分析和多元线性回归建立联合毒性与污染物浓度之间的相互关系,并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨；(4)借助人工神经网络、析因实验设计和多元线性回归等数学手段,对沉积物单独吸附阿特拉津、同时吸附阿特拉津及重金属Cu2+、Cd2+的过程进行模拟,建立了具有一定预测功能的吸附机理模型,并利用所建模型对阿特拉津在不同复合体系中的吸附机理进行了初步探讨,明确了不同共存重金属对阿特拉津吸附的影响程度及作用类型。
A variety of anthropogenic emissions of pollutants are present in natural water environment. Pesticides become a common class of important pollutants in water environment because of their heavy toxicity, high environmental release rate, and wide influence range. In the past20years, the types and use of pesticides are increasing. In northeast China, atrazine and malathion are widely applied pesticides for corns and vegetables. Pesticides applied to soil could enter rivers, lakes and other water bodies through rainfall, runoff and other means, causing surface water pollution. Heavy metals are also a kind of pollutants which are widely present in natural water and surficial sediments. They will combine with pesticides and affect the adsorption, desorption and degradation behaviors of pesticides in sediments. Therefore, it is important to study the adsorption, desorption and degradation behaviors of heavy metals and pesticides in sediments. This study will be benefit for understanding the transport and transformation, toxicity, and ecological restoration of complex pollutants in natural water environment.
In this paper, various environmental behaviors of pesticides (atrazine, malathion etc), including adsorption, desorption and toxicity, were investigated in the presence of toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc etc) in river sediments-water system. Combined effects of two types of pollutants were studied from different angles, including:(1) various types of sediment samples were collected to study the thermodynamic adsorption characteristics of different types of pesticides on them. Influence of the active components and physical and chemical properties of sediments samples on pesticides adsorption process were analyzed, and the regression models of the six pesticides and main factors in sediments were also established;(2) typical pesticides and heavy metals were selected, and then adsorption of pullutans in sediments were investigated in different complex systems, including differents heavy metals, pesticides or heavy metals and pesticides co-exsited. The strengh of the adsorption capacity of each pollutant and types of interaction among pollutants are obtained in the different complex systems;(3) we selected luminescent bacteria as a typical aquatic micro-organisms, joint toxic effects of luminescence bacteria from pesticides and heavy metals were observed and the mechanism of the roles was discussed to obtain the relationship between the combined toxicity and pollutants concentrations via analysis of variance and multiple linear regression;(4) artificial neural networks, factorial experimental design and multiple linear regression and other mathematical means were used to simulate the process that the single adsorption of atrazine on the sediments, the adsorption of atrazine in the presence of heavy metals Cu2+and Cd2+. A certain models of the adsorption mechanism were established for forecasting, and we have also used the establied model of atrazine under different conditions to discuss the adsorption mechanism in the different complex systems, in order to clear the strength and types of effect on adsorption of atrazine from different coexisting heavy metals.
本文以有毒重金属(以铅、镉、铜、锌等为代表)存在下,农药(以阿特拉津、马拉硫磷等为代表)在河流沉积物-水体系中的吸附、解吸和生物毒性等环境行为为主要研究内容,从多角度对两类污染物的复合污染效应进行研究,主要研究内容包括：(1)采集多种类型的沉积物样品,考察不同种类农药在不同沉积物上的热力学吸附特征,分析沉积物中活性组分及其理化性质对农药吸附行为的影响,建立了六种农药与沉积物主要影响因子之间的回归模型；(2)选择典型的农药和重金属,考察不同类型不同浓度农药共存、重金属共存以及农药和重金属共存的复合体系中,污染物在沉积物上的吸附规律,考察不同复合体系中污染物的吸附能力及污染物间交互作用的类型；(3)选择发光菌为典型水生微生物,考察农药与重金属对发光菌的联合毒性效应,并应用方差分析和多元线性回归建立联合毒性与污染物浓度之间的相互关系,并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨；(4)借助人工神经网络、析因实验设计和多元线性回归等数学手段,对沉积物单独吸附阿特拉津、同时吸附阿特拉津及重金属Cu2+、Cd2+的过程进行模拟,建立了具有一定预测功能的吸附机理模型,并利用所建模型对阿特拉津在不同复合体系中的吸附机理进行了初步探讨,明确了不同共存重金属对阿特拉津吸附的影响程度及作用类型。
A variety of anthropogenic emissions of pollutants are present in natural water environment. Pesticides become a common class of important pollutants in water environment because of their heavy toxicity, high environmental release rate, and wide influence range. In the past20years, the types and use of pesticides are increasing. In northeast China, atrazine and malathion are widely applied pesticides for corns and vegetables. Pesticides applied to soil could enter rivers, lakes and other water bodies through rainfall, runoff and other means, causing surface water pollution. Heavy metals are also a kind of pollutants which are widely present in natural water and surficial sediments. They will combine with pesticides and affect the adsorption, desorption and degradation behaviors of pesticides in sediments. Therefore, it is important to study the adsorption, desorption and degradation behaviors of heavy metals and pesticides in sediments. This study will be benefit for understanding the transport and transformation, toxicity, and ecological restoration of complex pollutants in natural water environment.
In this paper, various environmental behaviors of pesticides (atrazine, malathion etc), including adsorption, desorption and toxicity, were investigated in the presence of toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc etc) in river sediments-water system. Combined effects of two types of pollutants were studied from different angles, including:(1) various types of sediment samples were collected to study the thermodynamic adsorption characteristics of different types of pesticides on them. Influence of the active components and physical and chemical properties of sediments samples on pesticides adsorption process were analyzed, and the regression models of the six pesticides and main factors in sediments were also established;(2) typical pesticides and heavy metals were selected, and then adsorption of pullutans in sediments were investigated in different complex systems, including differents heavy metals, pesticides or heavy metals and pesticides co-exsited. The strengh of the adsorption capacity of each pollutant and types of interaction among pollutants are obtained in the different complex systems;(3) we selected luminescent bacteria as a typical aquatic micro-organisms, joint toxic effects of luminescence bacteria from pesticides and heavy metals were observed and the mechanism of the roles was discussed to obtain the relationship between the combined toxicity and pollutants concentrations via analysis of variance and multiple linear regression;(4) artificial neural networks, factorial experimental design and multiple linear regression and other mathematical means were used to simulate the process that the single adsorption of atrazine on the sediments, the adsorption of atrazine in the presence of heavy metals Cu2+and Cd2+. A certain models of the adsorption mechanism were established for forecasting, and we have also used the establied model of atrazine under different conditions to discuss the adsorption mechanism in the different complex systems, in order to clear the strength and types of effect on adsorption of atrazine from different coexisting heavy metals.
引文
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