我国城乡经济关系的历史变迁研究
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摘要
近年来,我国城乡经济社会发展尽管整体上成绩卓著,但受经济规律自身作用以及体制改革滞后的影响,其中仍存在着许多困难、问题与不和谐之处。当前,城乡经济社会发展所面临的主要问题在于,城乡二元经济结构所造成的深层次结构矛盾依然突出,具体表现为：农业基础仍然薄弱；农村发展仍然滞后；农民增收仍然困难。为了破解我国城乡二元经济结构难题,顺利实现城乡经济一体化的宏伟目标,理论界有责任在新的形势下探索城乡二元经济结构演进的内在规律及其转化途径的新思路,以便在深化认识的基础上,为相关主体制定、实施政策提供理论依据。
本文以城乡经济之间的结构关系,即城乡二元经济的演进为基本研究对象。首先,从分工组织演进的视角出发,在理论上揭示了城市化进程与城乡二元经济演进的经济动因及其内在机理,并形成新的城乡二元经济分析框架。其次,在相关理论指导下,运用新的分析框架具体考察我国各个历史时期城乡经济关系的特点及其演进规律,并以此为基础对理论的适用性进行了经验检验。最后,结合理论分析和历史经验考察,对我国城乡二元经济的转化趋势做出判断。
通过理论分析和对我国城乡二元经济历史变迁的经验考察,本文得出了下述基本结论：第一,交易效率的提升促进了社会分工的拓展,推动了专业化生产者在地域层面的聚集,从而使城乡经济发生分离,城市得以兴起和发展。一般而言,城市集聚经济所具有的高交易效率特质,决定了其分工水平相对较高,城乡经济之间的这种交易效率和分工发展水平的不平衡性,是导致城乡二元经济结构形成与强化的根本原因。第二,在城乡交易效率和分工水平不同演进轨迹的影响下,我国城乡收入分配差距乃至城乡二元经济对立程度,将会呈现出先扩大,后收敛的演变趋势,亦即随着交易效率的上升,城市化水平将不断得以提升,同时城乡二元经济对立程度在长期将呈现出“倒U型”的变动趋势。第三,发展中国家为了消除二元经济反差,需要推动交易效率,特别是乡村交易效率不断提高,以此来加快乡村经济的分工演进速度,缩小城乡经济在分工水平上的差距,最终通过实现城乡之间完全且平衡的分工来达到城乡经济一体化的目标。
本文的创新之处为：首先,构建新的理论框架探析了我国城乡二元经济的演进历程及其内在规律。以往学者对于城乡二元经济的考察,多是根据传统二元经济理论,从既定的二元经济结构入手所进行的现状研究与转化途径分析,普遍缺乏对城乡二元结构成因、演进历程及其内在机理的全面理解。针对这一缺陷,本文突破时代限定,全面地探析了城乡经济关系的历史变迁,它不仅局限于探讨当前乃至建国以来我国城乡二元经济关系问题,而是借助新的理论框架将其放在一个更为广阔的历史背景下进行系统地考察,重点在于探寻城乡经济关系的长期变动规律及其影响因素等重要问题,内容涉及范围之广,考察时期跨度之长,在目前所见相关研究中尚属首创。
其次,根据分工和交易效率这一逻辑主线对我国城乡二元经济的演进历程进行分析后,本文提出了,计划经济体制尽管能够在一定程度和范围内促进分工发展,但与市场经济体制相比,其内在固有的体制性缺陷决定了它难以持续有效地推动社会分工向着更高的层次演进的判断。事实上,计划经济体制一方面的确可以节约某些交易费用,提高交易效率,比如它就能够有效降低搜寻成本和履约成本,从而促进分工扩展；但另一方面,随着分工水平的提升,该体制自身又会不断催生出更大的内生交易费用,这使得整个社会的交易效率难以得到进一步提升,最终则将会极大地阻碍社会分工的持续演进。
最后,本文从分工的视角出发,提出并验证了新的关于我国城乡二元经济转化趋势的假说。在城乡交易效率和分工水平不同演进轨迹的影响下,我国城乡收入分配差距乃至城乡二元经济对立程度,将会呈现出先扩大,后收敛的演变趋势,亦即随着交易效率的上升,城市化水平将不断得以提升,同时城乡二元经济对立程度在长期将呈现出“倒U型”的变动趋势。
In recent years, China's urban and rural economic and social development while the overall outstanding achievements, but by the economic laws of their own role and the impact of lagging reforms, of which there are still many difficulties, problems and disharmony between. At present, the urban and rural economic and social development is the main problems facing the urban-rural dual economic structure caused by the deep structural contradictions are still prominent, specific performance: agricultural base is still weak; rural development is still lagging behind; peasants increasing income is still difficult. In order to solve problems of urban-rural dual economic structure, the smooth realization of the grand goal of economic integration of urban and rural areas, theorists have the responsibility to explore the new situation, the evolution of urban-rural dual economic structure and transformation of the internal law of the new ways of thinking in order to deepen the on the basis of understanding for the development of relevant subjects, provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of policy.
In this article, the structural relationship between the urban and rural economy which also could be called the urban-rural dual economic evolution, is the basic studying object. First, from the perspective of the evolution of division of labor organizations, in theory, reveal the process of urbanization and urban-rural dual economic evolution of the economic incentives and the internal mechanism and the formation of a new urban-rural dual economic analysis framework. Second, under the guidance of the relevant theory, the use of new analytical framework for the specific study of each historical period of China's urban and rural characteristics and evolution of economic relations, law and based on the theory test the applicability of the experience. Finally, theoretical analysis and historical experience studies on the transformation of China's urban-rural dual economic trends made the judgments.
Through theoretical analysis and historical changes of urban-rural dual economic experience of investigation, we draw the following basic conclusions:first, to enhance trading efficiency facilitated the expansion of social division of labor, and promote the professional level, the aggregation of producers in the region, So that separation occurs urban and rural economy, to the rise and development of the city. In general, urban areas in the economy with high transaction efficiency characteristics, determine its relatively high level of division of labor, between urban and rural economic efficiency of such transactions and the division of the uneven levels of development, leading to the formation of urban-rural dual economic structure And strengthen the underlying causes. Second, in urban and rural areas have different levels of transaction efficiency and the division of The evolution under the influence of urban-rural income gap in China and even the degree of urban-rural dual economic opposition, will show the first expansion after the evolution of the convergence trend, which increases with transaction efficiency The level of urbanization will continue to be enhanced, while the extent of urban and rural dual economic confrontation will appear in the long term "inverted U " changes in trend. Third, developing countries in order to eliminate the dual economic contrast, the need to promote trade efficiency, especially in rural increasing transaction efficiency, in order to accelerate the evolution speed of the division of the rural economy and narrow the urban-rural economic gap between the level of the division of labor, and ultimately through the realization of Balance between urban and rural division of labor to complete and achieve the goal of economic integration of urban and rural.
The innovation of this paper as follows:First, build a new theoretical framework of the evolution of urban and rural dual economic process and its inherent laws. The past, scholars examine urban and rural economy, more traditional dual economy based on the theory of the dual economic structure from the start given the current situation by means of analysis and transformation, the general lack of urban-rural dual structure, origin, evolution and history comprehensive understanding of the internal mechanism. In response to this defect, this breakthrough time limit, a comprehensive analysis of the historical changes the relationship between urban and rural economy, it is not only limited to China since the founding of the current as well as the relationship between urban and rural economy, but with the new in a theoretical framework to broader context of systematic historical study, the focus is to explore the long-term changes in economic relations between urban and rural areas and influencing factors such important issues, covering the wide range to study the long time span, in the present study findings are still relevant is a first.
Secondly, according to the logic of division of labor and transaction efficiency of the main line of the urban and rural dual economic analysis of the evolution process, the paper presents the planned economic system, although to a certain extent and scope to promote the division of labor, but compared with the market economy, and its inherent institutional deficiencies determined that it is difficult to continue to effectively promote the social division of the evolution toward a higher level judgments. In fact, the planned economic system, one can indeed save some transaction costs and improve transaction efficiency, such as it can effectively reduce the search costs and compliance costs, thereby contributing to expansion of the division of labor; but on the other hand, with the division to enhance the level of the system itself will continue to birth a greater endogenous transaction costs, making the whole society is difficult to further improve transaction efficiency, ultimately, would greatly hinder the continuing evolution of social division of labor.
Finally, from the perspective of the division proposed and validated on the new trend of urban-rural economic transformation of the hypothesis. In the urban and rural areas have different levels of transaction efficiency and the division of The evolution under the influence of urban-rural income gap in China and even the degree of urban-rural dual economic opposition, will show the first expansion after the evolution trend of convergence, namely with the increase in transaction efficiency, urbanization level will continue to be enhanced, while the extent of urban and rural dual economic confrontation will appear in the long term "inverted U" changes in trend.
本文以城乡经济之间的结构关系,即城乡二元经济的演进为基本研究对象。首先,从分工组织演进的视角出发,在理论上揭示了城市化进程与城乡二元经济演进的经济动因及其内在机理,并形成新的城乡二元经济分析框架。其次,在相关理论指导下,运用新的分析框架具体考察我国各个历史时期城乡经济关系的特点及其演进规律,并以此为基础对理论的适用性进行了经验检验。最后,结合理论分析和历史经验考察,对我国城乡二元经济的转化趋势做出判断。
通过理论分析和对我国城乡二元经济历史变迁的经验考察,本文得出了下述基本结论：第一,交易效率的提升促进了社会分工的拓展,推动了专业化生产者在地域层面的聚集,从而使城乡经济发生分离,城市得以兴起和发展。一般而言,城市集聚经济所具有的高交易效率特质,决定了其分工水平相对较高,城乡经济之间的这种交易效率和分工发展水平的不平衡性,是导致城乡二元经济结构形成与强化的根本原因。第二,在城乡交易效率和分工水平不同演进轨迹的影响下,我国城乡收入分配差距乃至城乡二元经济对立程度,将会呈现出先扩大,后收敛的演变趋势,亦即随着交易效率的上升,城市化水平将不断得以提升,同时城乡二元经济对立程度在长期将呈现出“倒U型”的变动趋势。第三,发展中国家为了消除二元经济反差,需要推动交易效率,特别是乡村交易效率不断提高,以此来加快乡村经济的分工演进速度,缩小城乡经济在分工水平上的差距,最终通过实现城乡之间完全且平衡的分工来达到城乡经济一体化的目标。
本文的创新之处为：首先,构建新的理论框架探析了我国城乡二元经济的演进历程及其内在规律。以往学者对于城乡二元经济的考察,多是根据传统二元经济理论,从既定的二元经济结构入手所进行的现状研究与转化途径分析,普遍缺乏对城乡二元结构成因、演进历程及其内在机理的全面理解。针对这一缺陷,本文突破时代限定,全面地探析了城乡经济关系的历史变迁,它不仅局限于探讨当前乃至建国以来我国城乡二元经济关系问题,而是借助新的理论框架将其放在一个更为广阔的历史背景下进行系统地考察,重点在于探寻城乡经济关系的长期变动规律及其影响因素等重要问题,内容涉及范围之广,考察时期跨度之长,在目前所见相关研究中尚属首创。
其次,根据分工和交易效率这一逻辑主线对我国城乡二元经济的演进历程进行分析后,本文提出了,计划经济体制尽管能够在一定程度和范围内促进分工发展,但与市场经济体制相比,其内在固有的体制性缺陷决定了它难以持续有效地推动社会分工向着更高的层次演进的判断。事实上,计划经济体制一方面的确可以节约某些交易费用,提高交易效率,比如它就能够有效降低搜寻成本和履约成本,从而促进分工扩展；但另一方面,随着分工水平的提升,该体制自身又会不断催生出更大的内生交易费用,这使得整个社会的交易效率难以得到进一步提升,最终则将会极大地阻碍社会分工的持续演进。
最后,本文从分工的视角出发,提出并验证了新的关于我国城乡二元经济转化趋势的假说。在城乡交易效率和分工水平不同演进轨迹的影响下,我国城乡收入分配差距乃至城乡二元经济对立程度,将会呈现出先扩大,后收敛的演变趋势,亦即随着交易效率的上升,城市化水平将不断得以提升,同时城乡二元经济对立程度在长期将呈现出“倒U型”的变动趋势。
In recent years, China's urban and rural economic and social development while the overall outstanding achievements, but by the economic laws of their own role and the impact of lagging reforms, of which there are still many difficulties, problems and disharmony between. At present, the urban and rural economic and social development is the main problems facing the urban-rural dual economic structure caused by the deep structural contradictions are still prominent, specific performance: agricultural base is still weak; rural development is still lagging behind; peasants increasing income is still difficult. In order to solve problems of urban-rural dual economic structure, the smooth realization of the grand goal of economic integration of urban and rural areas, theorists have the responsibility to explore the new situation, the evolution of urban-rural dual economic structure and transformation of the internal law of the new ways of thinking in order to deepen the on the basis of understanding for the development of relevant subjects, provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of policy.
In this article, the structural relationship between the urban and rural economy which also could be called the urban-rural dual economic evolution, is the basic studying object. First, from the perspective of the evolution of division of labor organizations, in theory, reveal the process of urbanization and urban-rural dual economic evolution of the economic incentives and the internal mechanism and the formation of a new urban-rural dual economic analysis framework. Second, under the guidance of the relevant theory, the use of new analytical framework for the specific study of each historical period of China's urban and rural characteristics and evolution of economic relations, law and based on the theory test the applicability of the experience. Finally, theoretical analysis and historical experience studies on the transformation of China's urban-rural dual economic trends made the judgments.
Through theoretical analysis and historical changes of urban-rural dual economic experience of investigation, we draw the following basic conclusions:first, to enhance trading efficiency facilitated the expansion of social division of labor, and promote the professional level, the aggregation of producers in the region, So that separation occurs urban and rural economy, to the rise and development of the city. In general, urban areas in the economy with high transaction efficiency characteristics, determine its relatively high level of division of labor, between urban and rural economic efficiency of such transactions and the division of the uneven levels of development, leading to the formation of urban-rural dual economic structure And strengthen the underlying causes. Second, in urban and rural areas have different levels of transaction efficiency and the division of The evolution under the influence of urban-rural income gap in China and even the degree of urban-rural dual economic opposition, will show the first expansion after the evolution of the convergence trend, which increases with transaction efficiency The level of urbanization will continue to be enhanced, while the extent of urban and rural dual economic confrontation will appear in the long term "inverted U " changes in trend. Third, developing countries in order to eliminate the dual economic contrast, the need to promote trade efficiency, especially in rural increasing transaction efficiency, in order to accelerate the evolution speed of the division of the rural economy and narrow the urban-rural economic gap between the level of the division of labor, and ultimately through the realization of Balance between urban and rural division of labor to complete and achieve the goal of economic integration of urban and rural.
The innovation of this paper as follows:First, build a new theoretical framework of the evolution of urban and rural dual economic process and its inherent laws. The past, scholars examine urban and rural economy, more traditional dual economy based on the theory of the dual economic structure from the start given the current situation by means of analysis and transformation, the general lack of urban-rural dual structure, origin, evolution and history comprehensive understanding of the internal mechanism. In response to this defect, this breakthrough time limit, a comprehensive analysis of the historical changes the relationship between urban and rural economy, it is not only limited to China since the founding of the current as well as the relationship between urban and rural economy, but with the new in a theoretical framework to broader context of systematic historical study, the focus is to explore the long-term changes in economic relations between urban and rural areas and influencing factors such important issues, covering the wide range to study the long time span, in the present study findings are still relevant is a first.
Secondly, according to the logic of division of labor and transaction efficiency of the main line of the urban and rural dual economic analysis of the evolution process, the paper presents the planned economic system, although to a certain extent and scope to promote the division of labor, but compared with the market economy, and its inherent institutional deficiencies determined that it is difficult to continue to effectively promote the social division of the evolution toward a higher level judgments. In fact, the planned economic system, one can indeed save some transaction costs and improve transaction efficiency, such as it can effectively reduce the search costs and compliance costs, thereby contributing to expansion of the division of labor; but on the other hand, with the division to enhance the level of the system itself will continue to birth a greater endogenous transaction costs, making the whole society is difficult to further improve transaction efficiency, ultimately, would greatly hinder the continuing evolution of social division of labor.
Finally, from the perspective of the division proposed and validated on the new trend of urban-rural economic transformation of the hypothesis. In the urban and rural areas have different levels of transaction efficiency and the division of The evolution under the influence of urban-rural income gap in China and even the degree of urban-rural dual economic opposition, will show the first expansion after the evolution trend of convergence, namely with the increase in transaction efficiency, urbanization level will continue to be enhanced, while the extent of urban and rural dual economic confrontation will appear in the long term "inverted U" changes in trend.
引文
①《吴越春秋》。
①《庄子·杂篇·让王第二十八》。
②《史记·乐毅传》。
③《史记·穰侯传》。
①《天下郡国利病书》,26,闽中分处郡县议。
①唐锦：《弘治上海志》,卷五,公署。
②《洛阳伽蓝记序》。
③《旧唐书·昭宗纪》。
①《汉书·食货志》。
①《尉缭子·治本》。
②金福曾等：《南汇县志》,卷二十,风俗志,风俗。
③家庭内部分工是一种建立在纯生理差别基础上的自然分工,是劳动分工发展的最初级形式。本文所关心并更具意义的劳动分工形式主要是建立在市场发展基础之上,并突破家庭规模局限的社会分工。
④《定州志》,卷七,市集。
①《唐会要》,卷八六。
①《嘉庆嘉兴府志》,卷三四。
①《史记·平准书》。
②同上。
③《汉书·高帝纪》。
①《明会典》,士庶巾服。
②《汉书·哀帝纪》。
③《唐律疏议·诈伪》。
①史澄等：《同治番禺县志》,卷七。
②秦锡田等：《南汇县续志》,卷十八,风俗志。
①李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百二十六课,商业续。
②姚文相等纂：《上海县续志》,卷一,疆域,形胜。
③李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百二十五课,商业。
①李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百三十七课,女工。
②王德乾辑：嘉定县《真如志》,卷三,实业志,工业。
③方鸿铠等修：《川沙县志》,卷首,导言。
①于定增修：《青浦县续志》,卷二,疆域下,风俗。
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①《庄子·杂篇·让王第二十八》。
②《史记·乐毅传》。
③《史记·穰侯传》。
①《天下郡国利病书》,26,闽中分处郡县议。
①唐锦：《弘治上海志》,卷五,公署。
②《洛阳伽蓝记序》。
③《旧唐书·昭宗纪》。
①《汉书·食货志》。
①《尉缭子·治本》。
②金福曾等：《南汇县志》,卷二十,风俗志,风俗。
③家庭内部分工是一种建立在纯生理差别基础上的自然分工,是劳动分工发展的最初级形式。本文所关心并更具意义的劳动分工形式主要是建立在市场发展基础之上,并突破家庭规模局限的社会分工。
④《定州志》,卷七,市集。
①《唐会要》,卷八六。
①《嘉庆嘉兴府志》,卷三四。
①《史记·平准书》。
②同上。
③《汉书·高帝纪》。
①《明会典》,士庶巾服。
②《汉书·哀帝纪》。
③《唐律疏议·诈伪》。
①史澄等：《同治番禺县志》,卷七。
②秦锡田等：《南汇县续志》,卷十八,风俗志。
①李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百二十六课,商业续。
②姚文相等纂：《上海县续志》,卷一,疆域,形胜。
③李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百二十五课,商业。
①李维清编纂：《上海乡土志》,第一百三十七课,女工。
②王德乾辑：嘉定县《真如志》,卷三,实业志,工业。
③方鸿铠等修：《川沙县志》,卷首,导言。
①于定增修：《青浦县续志》,卷二,疆域下,风俗。
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