油茶高接换冠技术研究
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摘要
油茶(Camellia oleifera)是我国重要的木本食用油料树种。目前我国现有油茶林5500万亩,但是其中有近4000多万亩为低产林,约占总栽培面积的80%,平均亩产茶油仅5.8公斤,油茶生产中普遍存在的低产现象已成为油茶产业发展的瓶颈问题。而油茶高接换冠是实现油茶品种改良、提高产量的重要措施。本研究针对油茶低产林高接换冠改造中存在的关键技术问题,通过田间对比试验和统计分析,围绕影响油茶高接换冠嫁接成活率及嫁接后枝梢生长的主要因子等开展相关研究,其主要结果如下：
(1)高接换冠成活率影响因子分析。不同嫁接方法、嫁接时期、接穗、接穗保存时间、林分坡位等对油茶高接换冠嫁接成活率的影响,研究表明：不同嫁接方法对高接成活率的影响有明显的差异,皮下嵌腹接嫁接成活率最高为92%,其次是油茶撕皮嵌接法为80%,最低为油茶改良拉皮切接为71%；嫁接时期对高接换冠成活率的影响较大,夏季由于接穗木质化程度较高,嫁接成活率仅为56%,秋季嫁接成活率最高为90%,春季嫁接成活率为87%；不同油茶品种嫁接同样的砧木,其成活率有明显的差异,其中湘林XLC15嫁接平均成活率最高为91%,其次为‘华金’为88%,最低为湘林1号为81%；接穗保存时间越短嫁接成活率越高,接穗当天采当天嫁接效果最好,成活率达90%,接穗保存3天的平均成活率最低,为71%；林分郁闭度增大,嫁接平均成活率提高,嫁接平均成活率最高为郁闭度0.8,成活率达91.0%,其次是郁闭度0.6和0.4,平均成活率分别是86%和80%；不同的林分坡位对油茶高接换冠的成活率影响较为明显,山腰的嫁接平均成活率最高为90%,山脚与山顶的嫁接平均成活率较低,分别是84%、85%；不同的砧木年龄对嫁接成活率有着显著的影响；不同截干时期对高接换冠成活率的影响没有显著的差异。
(2)高接换冠生长量影响因子的分析。不同嫁接方法对高接新梢生长量有显著的差异。1年生和2年生新梢生长量,以皮下嵌腹接方法新梢生长最好,其次为撕皮嵌接法,最小改良拉皮切接。嫁接时期对油茶高接换冠生长量具有一定影响,秋季嫁接新梢生长量明显优于夏季嫁接的新梢生长量。不同油茶品种对高接换冠后新梢生长量的影响没有明显的差异。接穗保存时间对高接后新梢生长量的影响没有明显的差异。不同的林分坡位对油茶高接换冠的生长量影响较为明显,在坡位因素中,平均新梢生长长度山腰>山脚>山顶。不同砧木年龄对高接换冠后生长量有明显的差异。不同截干方法对枝条生长量的影响也较大,多次截干的油茶1年生枝条生长量和2年生枝条生长量均明显低于一次性截干的枝条生长量。
(3)不同品种接穗高接后产量及经济性状测定。选用不同油茶品种为接穗进行高接换冠,选用品种不同,其果实大小、果形指数、平均单果重、平均单株产量、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、出仁率以及含油率都存在差异。‘华硕’果实横径为57.73cm,‘华硕’单果重最大为68.75g,平均单株产鲜果量5.8Kg,而横径最小为湘林1号26.86cm,平均单果重最小为湘林1号19.5g,最小为湘林XLJ14平均单株产鲜果量4.3Kg。鲜出籽率最高为‘华鑫’52.56%；干出籽率最高为‘华鑫’38.0%,其次是‘华金’,最小为湘林XLJ14为25.41%。出仁率最高为‘华鑫’73.57%,其次是华金,最小为湘林1号65.32%。含油率最高为‘华金’46.0%,其次是‘华硕’,最小为湘林XLJ14。
油茶高接换冠后,通过对果实大小、果形指数、平均单果重、平均单株产量、亩产量、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、出仁率以及含油率之间的相关性分析表明,果形指数与果实横径成明显的正相关,相关系数为0.860,与平均单果重成显著的正相关,相关系数为0.970。单株产量与果实横径、纵径以及平均单果重成显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.815,0.884和0.824,同样亩产鲜果量也与果实大小、平均单果重、平均单株产量存在正相关的关系。鲜出籽率与单果重存在负相关关系,相关系数为-0.094。干出籽率与果实纵径、平均单株产量之间存在正相关,相关系数分别为0.864和0.921。出仁率为鲜出籽率存在负相关,相关系数为-0.033。含油率为果实纵径呈正相关,相关系数为0.977；而与鲜出籽率存在负相关的关系,相关系数为-0.466。
Camellia oleifera is an important edible woody oil tree species native to China. There are55million mu oil-tea trees in China, but about40million mu oil-tea trees are low-yielding forests, covering80%total areas, the average oil production of each mu is only5.8kg. The phenomenon of low yields existing in camellia oleifera has become the bottleneck problem of the industrial development. Crown grafting is the main measure of changing the oil-tea's quality and improving the yield of oil-tea trees. This research is aimed at the key technical problems of oil-tea low-yielding forest reconstruction, Through the field contrast test and statistical analysis, the study centered on the factors that impact the grafting survival rate and growing of oil-tea trees. The results of this study are as follows:
(1)Analyse of impact factors about survival rate of high grafting for changing breed.
Different grafting methods, different grafting time, scions, different storage time of scions, Slope position have different effect on grafting survival rate. The study showed:the impact on survival rate of different Grafting methods showed great difference. The method of'Pi xia qian fu jie' has the highest grafting survival rate, it amount to92%, secondly, the grafting survival rate of'Si pi qian jie' is80%,'Gai Hang la pi qie jie'has the lowest survival rate, about71%. The grafting time has a big impact on the high grafting survival rate. Because of the high lignification of scion in summer, the grafting survival rate is only56%. In autumn, the highest survival rate can amount to90%, and about87%in spring. The survival rate is obvious difference when we using different Camellia oleifera cultivars engrafted the same rootstock. Using ordinary Camellia oleifera as rootstock and fine cultivars as scion, the compatibility nearly have no difference, but the average survival rate is different in each kind of cultivars. The'XiangLin XLC15'has the highest average grafting survival rate, it is91%, and'Hua Jin'is88%, the Lowest is'Xiang Lin No.1', only81%. The shorter of scion storage time, the higher of survival rate. The best result is that we pick the scion and graft it the same day, it is90%. The storage time of scion is3days has the lowest average survival rate, it is71%. The larger of the forest canopy density, the higher of survival rate. The highest average grafting survival rate is91.0%when the canopy density is0.8. Secondly, the survival rate is86%and80%when the canopy density is0.6and0.4, respectively. Slope position has distinctive effects on high grafting survival rate. On hillside, the survival rate is the highest, about90%. On foot of mountain and mountaintop, the average grafting survival rate are lower than hillside, is84%and85%, respectively. Different age of root stock have notable influence on grafting survival rate. Different trunk cutting time have indistinctive effect on high grafting survival rate.
(2)Analyse of the impact factor of high grafting growth.
Different grafting methods have notable influence on the growth of new shoot. The best method to the growth of1-year branches and2-year branches is'Pi xia qian fu jie', the next-best is'si pi qian jie', then the'Gai Hang la pi qie jie'. Grafting time has some influence on the growth of high grafting. The growth of new shoot grafted in autumn is much better than grafted in summer. Different oil-tea cultivars have no obvious difference on the growth of new shoot that grows from grafting trees. The scion storage time have no obvious' influence on the growth of new shoots. Different stand slope positions have obvious influence on the yield of oil-tea trees after high grafting. On the factors of slope positions, the longest average length of new shoot is the trees on the hillside, the next is on the foot of the mountain, and the shortest is on the mountaintop. Different age of stock has marked difference on the yield of oil-tea after high grafting. Different ways of trunk cutting have greater influence on the growth of branches; the yield of1-year and2-years branches with many times trunk cutting method is obviously lower than that with one-time trunk cutting.
(3) Determination of yields and economic characters after high grafting from different scion.
Choosing different oile-tea varieties as scion to do high grafting crown, the fruit size, fruit shape index, average weight, average yield per plant, fresh seed rate, dry seed rate, shelling percentage and oil content are different.'Huashuo' fruit diameter of57.73cm,'huashuo' fruit weight maximum of68.75g, the average single fruit the amount of5.8Kg, while the diameter of the smallest26.86cm Xianglin No.1, an average weight minimum Xianglin on the1st19.5g, the minimum amount of average per plant produced fruit Xianglin XLJ144.3Kg. Fresh out of the highest seed rate'Huaxin'52.56%; dry seed rate up to 'Huaxin'38.0%, followed by the 'huajin' minimum Xianglin XLJ1425.41%. The highest shelling percentage 'Huaxin is'73.57%, followed by Joaquin minimum Xianglin65.32%in the1st. The oil content of up to 'Joaquin'46.0%, followed by''huashuo''minimum Xianglin XLJ14.Camellia high grafting crown, fruit size, fruit shape index, the average fruit weight, average yield per plant, yield per mu, fresh seed rate, dry seed rate, shelling percentage and oil content of the correlation analysis between the show that the index of fruit shape and fruit diameter into a significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficient was0.860, with an average weight of significant positive correlation coefficient of0.970. Yield per plant and fruit diameter, longitudinal diameter, and an average weight has a significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficients were0.815,0.884and0.824, the same amount of per-mu yield fruit and fruit size, average weight, average yield per plant is related. Fresh seed rate and fruit weight negatively correlated with a correlation coefficient of-0.094. Dry out the positive correlation between seed rate and fruit longitudinal diameter, the average yield per plant, the correlation coefficient of0.864and0.921, respectively. The shelling was fresh out of the seed rate was negatively correlated, the correlation coefficient was-0.033. The rate of oil-bearing fruit longitudinal diameter was positively correlated, the correlation coefficient was0.977; existence of negative correlation with fresh seed rate, the correlation coefficient is-0.466.
(1)高接换冠成活率影响因子分析。不同嫁接方法、嫁接时期、接穗、接穗保存时间、林分坡位等对油茶高接换冠嫁接成活率的影响,研究表明：不同嫁接方法对高接成活率的影响有明显的差异,皮下嵌腹接嫁接成活率最高为92%,其次是油茶撕皮嵌接法为80%,最低为油茶改良拉皮切接为71%；嫁接时期对高接换冠成活率的影响较大,夏季由于接穗木质化程度较高,嫁接成活率仅为56%,秋季嫁接成活率最高为90%,春季嫁接成活率为87%；不同油茶品种嫁接同样的砧木,其成活率有明显的差异,其中湘林XLC15嫁接平均成活率最高为91%,其次为‘华金’为88%,最低为湘林1号为81%；接穗保存时间越短嫁接成活率越高,接穗当天采当天嫁接效果最好,成活率达90%,接穗保存3天的平均成活率最低,为71%；林分郁闭度增大,嫁接平均成活率提高,嫁接平均成活率最高为郁闭度0.8,成活率达91.0%,其次是郁闭度0.6和0.4,平均成活率分别是86%和80%；不同的林分坡位对油茶高接换冠的成活率影响较为明显,山腰的嫁接平均成活率最高为90%,山脚与山顶的嫁接平均成活率较低,分别是84%、85%；不同的砧木年龄对嫁接成活率有着显著的影响；不同截干时期对高接换冠成活率的影响没有显著的差异。
(2)高接换冠生长量影响因子的分析。不同嫁接方法对高接新梢生长量有显著的差异。1年生和2年生新梢生长量,以皮下嵌腹接方法新梢生长最好,其次为撕皮嵌接法,最小改良拉皮切接。嫁接时期对油茶高接换冠生长量具有一定影响,秋季嫁接新梢生长量明显优于夏季嫁接的新梢生长量。不同油茶品种对高接换冠后新梢生长量的影响没有明显的差异。接穗保存时间对高接后新梢生长量的影响没有明显的差异。不同的林分坡位对油茶高接换冠的生长量影响较为明显,在坡位因素中,平均新梢生长长度山腰>山脚>山顶。不同砧木年龄对高接换冠后生长量有明显的差异。不同截干方法对枝条生长量的影响也较大,多次截干的油茶1年生枝条生长量和2年生枝条生长量均明显低于一次性截干的枝条生长量。
(3)不同品种接穗高接后产量及经济性状测定。选用不同油茶品种为接穗进行高接换冠,选用品种不同,其果实大小、果形指数、平均单果重、平均单株产量、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、出仁率以及含油率都存在差异。‘华硕’果实横径为57.73cm,‘华硕’单果重最大为68.75g,平均单株产鲜果量5.8Kg,而横径最小为湘林1号26.86cm,平均单果重最小为湘林1号19.5g,最小为湘林XLJ14平均单株产鲜果量4.3Kg。鲜出籽率最高为‘华鑫’52.56%；干出籽率最高为‘华鑫’38.0%,其次是‘华金’,最小为湘林XLJ14为25.41%。出仁率最高为‘华鑫’73.57%,其次是华金,最小为湘林1号65.32%。含油率最高为‘华金’46.0%,其次是‘华硕’,最小为湘林XLJ14。
油茶高接换冠后,通过对果实大小、果形指数、平均单果重、平均单株产量、亩产量、鲜出籽率、干出籽率、出仁率以及含油率之间的相关性分析表明,果形指数与果实横径成明显的正相关,相关系数为0.860,与平均单果重成显著的正相关,相关系数为0.970。单株产量与果实横径、纵径以及平均单果重成显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.815,0.884和0.824,同样亩产鲜果量也与果实大小、平均单果重、平均单株产量存在正相关的关系。鲜出籽率与单果重存在负相关关系,相关系数为-0.094。干出籽率与果实纵径、平均单株产量之间存在正相关,相关系数分别为0.864和0.921。出仁率为鲜出籽率存在负相关,相关系数为-0.033。含油率为果实纵径呈正相关,相关系数为0.977；而与鲜出籽率存在负相关的关系,相关系数为-0.466。
Camellia oleifera is an important edible woody oil tree species native to China. There are55million mu oil-tea trees in China, but about40million mu oil-tea trees are low-yielding forests, covering80%total areas, the average oil production of each mu is only5.8kg. The phenomenon of low yields existing in camellia oleifera has become the bottleneck problem of the industrial development. Crown grafting is the main measure of changing the oil-tea's quality and improving the yield of oil-tea trees. This research is aimed at the key technical problems of oil-tea low-yielding forest reconstruction, Through the field contrast test and statistical analysis, the study centered on the factors that impact the grafting survival rate and growing of oil-tea trees. The results of this study are as follows:
(1)Analyse of impact factors about survival rate of high grafting for changing breed.
Different grafting methods, different grafting time, scions, different storage time of scions, Slope position have different effect on grafting survival rate. The study showed:the impact on survival rate of different Grafting methods showed great difference. The method of'Pi xia qian fu jie' has the highest grafting survival rate, it amount to92%, secondly, the grafting survival rate of'Si pi qian jie' is80%,'Gai Hang la pi qie jie'has the lowest survival rate, about71%. The grafting time has a big impact on the high grafting survival rate. Because of the high lignification of scion in summer, the grafting survival rate is only56%. In autumn, the highest survival rate can amount to90%, and about87%in spring. The survival rate is obvious difference when we using different Camellia oleifera cultivars engrafted the same rootstock. Using ordinary Camellia oleifera as rootstock and fine cultivars as scion, the compatibility nearly have no difference, but the average survival rate is different in each kind of cultivars. The'XiangLin XLC15'has the highest average grafting survival rate, it is91%, and'Hua Jin'is88%, the Lowest is'Xiang Lin No.1', only81%. The shorter of scion storage time, the higher of survival rate. The best result is that we pick the scion and graft it the same day, it is90%. The storage time of scion is3days has the lowest average survival rate, it is71%. The larger of the forest canopy density, the higher of survival rate. The highest average grafting survival rate is91.0%when the canopy density is0.8. Secondly, the survival rate is86%and80%when the canopy density is0.6and0.4, respectively. Slope position has distinctive effects on high grafting survival rate. On hillside, the survival rate is the highest, about90%. On foot of mountain and mountaintop, the average grafting survival rate are lower than hillside, is84%and85%, respectively. Different age of root stock have notable influence on grafting survival rate. Different trunk cutting time have indistinctive effect on high grafting survival rate.
(2)Analyse of the impact factor of high grafting growth.
Different grafting methods have notable influence on the growth of new shoot. The best method to the growth of1-year branches and2-year branches is'Pi xia qian fu jie', the next-best is'si pi qian jie', then the'Gai Hang la pi qie jie'. Grafting time has some influence on the growth of high grafting. The growth of new shoot grafted in autumn is much better than grafted in summer. Different oil-tea cultivars have no obvious difference on the growth of new shoot that grows from grafting trees. The scion storage time have no obvious' influence on the growth of new shoots. Different stand slope positions have obvious influence on the yield of oil-tea trees after high grafting. On the factors of slope positions, the longest average length of new shoot is the trees on the hillside, the next is on the foot of the mountain, and the shortest is on the mountaintop. Different age of stock has marked difference on the yield of oil-tea after high grafting. Different ways of trunk cutting have greater influence on the growth of branches; the yield of1-year and2-years branches with many times trunk cutting method is obviously lower than that with one-time trunk cutting.
(3) Determination of yields and economic characters after high grafting from different scion.
Choosing different oile-tea varieties as scion to do high grafting crown, the fruit size, fruit shape index, average weight, average yield per plant, fresh seed rate, dry seed rate, shelling percentage and oil content are different.'Huashuo' fruit diameter of57.73cm,'huashuo' fruit weight maximum of68.75g, the average single fruit the amount of5.8Kg, while the diameter of the smallest26.86cm Xianglin No.1, an average weight minimum Xianglin on the1st19.5g, the minimum amount of average per plant produced fruit Xianglin XLJ144.3Kg. Fresh out of the highest seed rate'Huaxin'52.56%; dry seed rate up to 'Huaxin'38.0%, followed by the 'huajin' minimum Xianglin XLJ1425.41%. The highest shelling percentage 'Huaxin is'73.57%, followed by Joaquin minimum Xianglin65.32%in the1st. The oil content of up to 'Joaquin'46.0%, followed by''huashuo''minimum Xianglin XLJ14.Camellia high grafting crown, fruit size, fruit shape index, the average fruit weight, average yield per plant, yield per mu, fresh seed rate, dry seed rate, shelling percentage and oil content of the correlation analysis between the show that the index of fruit shape and fruit diameter into a significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficient was0.860, with an average weight of significant positive correlation coefficient of0.970. Yield per plant and fruit diameter, longitudinal diameter, and an average weight has a significant positive correlation, the correlation coefficients were0.815,0.884and0.824, the same amount of per-mu yield fruit and fruit size, average weight, average yield per plant is related. Fresh seed rate and fruit weight negatively correlated with a correlation coefficient of-0.094. Dry out the positive correlation between seed rate and fruit longitudinal diameter, the average yield per plant, the correlation coefficient of0.864and0.921, respectively. The shelling was fresh out of the seed rate was negatively correlated, the correlation coefficient was-0.033. The rate of oil-bearing fruit longitudinal diameter was positively correlated, the correlation coefficient was0.977; existence of negative correlation with fresh seed rate, the correlation coefficient is-0.466.
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