高速公路扰动土壤性质的变化规律及其对植被恢复的影响
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摘要
随着近年来高速公路建设的步伐“超常规”加快,扰动土壤的植被重建恢复已经成为路域生态环境保护中一个亟待解决的问题。在建设过程中,由于人为扰动,路域土壤以及植被都受到干扰和破坏,要恢复重建这些被破坏的土壤和植被,首先需要充分了解高速公路扰动土壤的性质,在此基础上,才能根据“因地制宜”和“适地适树”的原则制定出适合高速公路实际需要的植被重建恢复技术方案,充分发挥植物保持生态平衡、稳定边坡、防治水土流失以及美化环境的作用。?本文针对高速公路绿化的实际需要,对宝牛高速公路路域扰动土壤的理化性质及其地表的植被进行分析,评价了扰动土壤的养分等级与植被重建恢复的效果,有针对性地提出了土壤改良和植被重建恢复的合理化建议。?
(1)扰动土壤质地与当地自然土壤质地直接相关,宝牛高速公路沿线自然土壤以壤土为主,所以,除渣场外路域不同位置的扰动土壤仅仅是打乱了原有的土壤结构,并未改变土壤质地,仍以壤土为主。但是渣场则不同,不仅包含有当地土壤还有混有大量的隧道开挖石砾和建筑废料,这些石砾使土壤质地发生了根本变化,根据调查,宝牛高速公路的渣场石砾含量在30%~60%之间。
(2)扰动土壤养分分析结果表明,有机质、全氮基本都属于“很低”或“低”的水平(根据黄土高原土壤养分含量等级划分),偏相关性分析表明,得出土壤全氮、无机氮和有机质成正相关,土壤有机质是土壤氮素的基础,提高土壤有机质含量对改善土壤肥力有重要作用。
(3)统计调查样地出现的物种数量得出,宝牛高速公路路域植被具有一定的物种多样性,不同位置几乎都有自然入侵物种,主要是先锋物种和农田杂草。调查渣场的自然植被盖度基本都偏低,其中原因可能是宝牛高速公路地处秦岭北麓浅山区,沿线自然物种比较丰富,自然物种侵入对改良土壤,人工灌丛形成复层结构,建立稳定群落是有益的。但由于扰动土壤较为贫瘠,这种自然入侵的改良效果是很缓慢和有限的,难以满足人们对植被重建恢复速度的要求。
(4)分析渣场土壤理化性质和地上植被生物量等指标表明,渣场土壤有机质和全氮等养分含量匮乏,覆土与未覆的渣场自然恢复状况差异较大,土壤石砾含量超过30%的渣场覆土之后恢复效果较未覆土更为明显,不仅物种数量前者远高于后者,生物量也高。人工恢复渣场种植苜蓿等豆科植物,有改良土壤且为自然入侵物种提供较好生长环境(提高土壤肥力)的作用。土壤石砾含量超过30%以上的渣场实施覆土,同时结合种植豆科牧草和灌木对提高土壤肥力最为有效。
(5)紫穗槐是本段高速公路边坡防护应用最多的灌木,成活率高、生长良好,各种防护模式均生长较好,其中生长最好的护坡模式是拱形骨架+土工格室护坡形式。在已恢复的紫穗槐灌丛中,有乡土物种侵入,可以形成活地被层,灌草结合群落结构具有比单纯灌木或单纯草本结构更好的水土保持效果,群落结构也更稳定。分析紫穗槐的生长情况得出,紫穗槐密度过大会影响到地上草本物种的侵入,不利于形成活地被层,因此有必要控制紫穗槐的密度,促进草本植物侵入,使其尽快形成复层结构,提高水土保持效能。技术措施就是在栽植紫穗槐的过程中有目的的控制密度,同时混播苜蓿等豆科草本,确保快速提升土壤肥力的同时也能促进草本植物侵入以建立稳定的群落结构。结合调查已有成果,建议紫穗槐的郁闭度控制在0.6左右为宜。
In recent years, with the transnormal development of freeway construction, the vegetation reconstruction and recovery of disturbed soil have become an urgent problem in roadside ecological environmental protection. Due to human disturbances, roadside soil and vegetation were disturbed and damaged in the construction process of freeway. Before the recovery of destroyed soil and vegetation, natural properties of soil disturbed by freeway construction should be fully understand firstly, so that the appropriate scheme of vegetation reconstruction and recovery should be formulated according to principles of "adjusting measures to local conditions" and "selection in line with the principle of trees" .Only in this way, vegetation reconstruction and recovery should play a sufficient role to keeping ecological balance, steadying the slop, preventing and controlling soil erosion, beautifying the environment
In this article , according to the actual needs of freeway greening, the physical and chemical characters of disturbed soil in roadside region of Baoji-Niubei freeway and vegetation on its surface were analyzed ,levels of disturbed soil nutrient and effects on vegetation reconstruction and recovery were estimated.Then some specific advices put forward for soil improvement and vegetation econstruction.
(1) Disturbed soil texture is directly related to the natural soil.The natural soil along Baoji-Niubei freeway is loam. So soil in different location of roadside is aslo loam, where the human disturbances are only disrupted the original soil structure, not change the soil texture, except abandon dreg field. However, there are natural soil and lots of construction waste and gravel from tunnel excavation in abandon dreg fields, so the soil texture changed fundamentally. According the investigation, the gravel content of soil in abandon dreg field of Baoji-Niubei freeway are 30%~60%.
(2) Analysis of soil nutrients showed that, soil organic matter and total nitrogen of nearly most disturbed soil belonged to "very low" or "low" levels according to soil nutrient classification in the Loess Plateau. of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen, the results indicated that there are positive correlation soil total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen and organic matter by partial correlation analysis. Soil organic matter is the basis of soil nitrogen. It is an important role to improve soil organic matter for improving soil fertility.
(3) Statistics of the number of species appeared in sample showed that, vegetation in roadside region of Baoji-Niubei freeway had certain species diversity. Natural invasive species almostly appear in different position, natural invasive species were mainly pioneer species and farmland weeds.The natural vegetation coverage of investigated abandon dreg field was low basically. One reason of natural invasive could be that Baoji-Niubei freeway is located in northern piedmont of QinLing mountain, where natural species are abundant. Natural invasion species are beneficial for forming artificially thickets layer structure, establishing stable community and improving soil conditions. However, the disturbed soil is poor; so the natural invasion is very slow and limited,which is hard to satisfy people on the required rate of vegetation reconstruction and recovery.
(4) Analysis of soil physical and chemical properties and the ground vegetation biomass in abandon dreg fields showed that, the nutrient content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen was scarcity. There were larger differences in recovery status of abandon dreg field between condintion of covering natural soil and no covering natural soil . If the content of gravel in abandon dreg field soil was more than 30%, the impacts of covering natural soil on vegetion recovery were more obvious than not turn the soil. This displays not only the number of species but also the biomass were better than the condition of no covering natural soil. It is necessary to grow Leguminous plant such as Medicago sativa in abandon dreg fields for improving soil conditions and providing well growth environment (improve soil fertility)for natural invasive species. Therefore it is suggested that most when the content of gravel is more than 30% , the abandon dreg field should coveering soil, and planting legumes grass or shrubs to improve soil fertility at the same time.
(5) Amorpha fruticosa is the most widely used shrubs in slope protection of Baoji-Niubei freeway. Amorpha fruticosa is survival and grows well in various protection modes. The best slope protection mode for Amorpha fruticosa growing is vaulted skeleton and geocell form. Native species have invaded in Amorpha fruticosa shrub and form living ground layer. The effect shrub and grass communities structure on soil and water conservation is better than that of simply shrubs or pure herb structure, whose community structure is more stable. Analysis of the growth of Amorpha fruticosa showed that,oversize density could affect the invasion of ground herb species, which is not conducive to the formation of living ground layer, so it is necessary to control the density of Amorpha fruticosa to promote herb invasion and make it as soon as a complex layer structure. The technical measure in the process of planting Amorpha fruticosa with is control density on purpose and sowing legume herbs such as Medicago sativa at the same time, for the purpose of rapid improvement in soil fertility and promoting the invasion of herbs to create a stable community structure. Due to the investigation results, the appropriate canopy density to control is about 0.6.
(1)扰动土壤质地与当地自然土壤质地直接相关,宝牛高速公路沿线自然土壤以壤土为主,所以,除渣场外路域不同位置的扰动土壤仅仅是打乱了原有的土壤结构,并未改变土壤质地,仍以壤土为主。但是渣场则不同,不仅包含有当地土壤还有混有大量的隧道开挖石砾和建筑废料,这些石砾使土壤质地发生了根本变化,根据调查,宝牛高速公路的渣场石砾含量在30%~60%之间。
(2)扰动土壤养分分析结果表明,有机质、全氮基本都属于“很低”或“低”的水平(根据黄土高原土壤养分含量等级划分),偏相关性分析表明,得出土壤全氮、无机氮和有机质成正相关,土壤有机质是土壤氮素的基础,提高土壤有机质含量对改善土壤肥力有重要作用。
(3)统计调查样地出现的物种数量得出,宝牛高速公路路域植被具有一定的物种多样性,不同位置几乎都有自然入侵物种,主要是先锋物种和农田杂草。调查渣场的自然植被盖度基本都偏低,其中原因可能是宝牛高速公路地处秦岭北麓浅山区,沿线自然物种比较丰富,自然物种侵入对改良土壤,人工灌丛形成复层结构,建立稳定群落是有益的。但由于扰动土壤较为贫瘠,这种自然入侵的改良效果是很缓慢和有限的,难以满足人们对植被重建恢复速度的要求。
(4)分析渣场土壤理化性质和地上植被生物量等指标表明,渣场土壤有机质和全氮等养分含量匮乏,覆土与未覆的渣场自然恢复状况差异较大,土壤石砾含量超过30%的渣场覆土之后恢复效果较未覆土更为明显,不仅物种数量前者远高于后者,生物量也高。人工恢复渣场种植苜蓿等豆科植物,有改良土壤且为自然入侵物种提供较好生长环境(提高土壤肥力)的作用。土壤石砾含量超过30%以上的渣场实施覆土,同时结合种植豆科牧草和灌木对提高土壤肥力最为有效。
(5)紫穗槐是本段高速公路边坡防护应用最多的灌木,成活率高、生长良好,各种防护模式均生长较好,其中生长最好的护坡模式是拱形骨架+土工格室护坡形式。在已恢复的紫穗槐灌丛中,有乡土物种侵入,可以形成活地被层,灌草结合群落结构具有比单纯灌木或单纯草本结构更好的水土保持效果,群落结构也更稳定。分析紫穗槐的生长情况得出,紫穗槐密度过大会影响到地上草本物种的侵入,不利于形成活地被层,因此有必要控制紫穗槐的密度,促进草本植物侵入,使其尽快形成复层结构,提高水土保持效能。技术措施就是在栽植紫穗槐的过程中有目的的控制密度,同时混播苜蓿等豆科草本,确保快速提升土壤肥力的同时也能促进草本植物侵入以建立稳定的群落结构。结合调查已有成果,建议紫穗槐的郁闭度控制在0.6左右为宜。
In recent years, with the transnormal development of freeway construction, the vegetation reconstruction and recovery of disturbed soil have become an urgent problem in roadside ecological environmental protection. Due to human disturbances, roadside soil and vegetation were disturbed and damaged in the construction process of freeway. Before the recovery of destroyed soil and vegetation, natural properties of soil disturbed by freeway construction should be fully understand firstly, so that the appropriate scheme of vegetation reconstruction and recovery should be formulated according to principles of "adjusting measures to local conditions" and "selection in line with the principle of trees" .Only in this way, vegetation reconstruction and recovery should play a sufficient role to keeping ecological balance, steadying the slop, preventing and controlling soil erosion, beautifying the environment
In this article , according to the actual needs of freeway greening, the physical and chemical characters of disturbed soil in roadside region of Baoji-Niubei freeway and vegetation on its surface were analyzed ,levels of disturbed soil nutrient and effects on vegetation reconstruction and recovery were estimated.Then some specific advices put forward for soil improvement and vegetation econstruction.
(1) Disturbed soil texture is directly related to the natural soil.The natural soil along Baoji-Niubei freeway is loam. So soil in different location of roadside is aslo loam, where the human disturbances are only disrupted the original soil structure, not change the soil texture, except abandon dreg field. However, there are natural soil and lots of construction waste and gravel from tunnel excavation in abandon dreg fields, so the soil texture changed fundamentally. According the investigation, the gravel content of soil in abandon dreg field of Baoji-Niubei freeway are 30%~60%.
(2) Analysis of soil nutrients showed that, soil organic matter and total nitrogen of nearly most disturbed soil belonged to "very low" or "low" levels according to soil nutrient classification in the Loess Plateau. of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen, the results indicated that there are positive correlation soil total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen and organic matter by partial correlation analysis. Soil organic matter is the basis of soil nitrogen. It is an important role to improve soil organic matter for improving soil fertility.
(3) Statistics of the number of species appeared in sample showed that, vegetation in roadside region of Baoji-Niubei freeway had certain species diversity. Natural invasive species almostly appear in different position, natural invasive species were mainly pioneer species and farmland weeds.The natural vegetation coverage of investigated abandon dreg field was low basically. One reason of natural invasive could be that Baoji-Niubei freeway is located in northern piedmont of QinLing mountain, where natural species are abundant. Natural invasion species are beneficial for forming artificially thickets layer structure, establishing stable community and improving soil conditions. However, the disturbed soil is poor; so the natural invasion is very slow and limited,which is hard to satisfy people on the required rate of vegetation reconstruction and recovery.
(4) Analysis of soil physical and chemical properties and the ground vegetation biomass in abandon dreg fields showed that, the nutrient content of soil organic matter and total nitrogen was scarcity. There were larger differences in recovery status of abandon dreg field between condintion of covering natural soil and no covering natural soil . If the content of gravel in abandon dreg field soil was more than 30%, the impacts of covering natural soil on vegetion recovery were more obvious than not turn the soil. This displays not only the number of species but also the biomass were better than the condition of no covering natural soil. It is necessary to grow Leguminous plant such as Medicago sativa in abandon dreg fields for improving soil conditions and providing well growth environment (improve soil fertility)for natural invasive species. Therefore it is suggested that most when the content of gravel is more than 30% , the abandon dreg field should coveering soil, and planting legumes grass or shrubs to improve soil fertility at the same time.
(5) Amorpha fruticosa is the most widely used shrubs in slope protection of Baoji-Niubei freeway. Amorpha fruticosa is survival and grows well in various protection modes. The best slope protection mode for Amorpha fruticosa growing is vaulted skeleton and geocell form. Native species have invaded in Amorpha fruticosa shrub and form living ground layer. The effect shrub and grass communities structure on soil and water conservation is better than that of simply shrubs or pure herb structure, whose community structure is more stable. Analysis of the growth of Amorpha fruticosa showed that,oversize density could affect the invasion of ground herb species, which is not conducive to the formation of living ground layer, so it is necessary to control the density of Amorpha fruticosa to promote herb invasion and make it as soon as a complex layer structure. The technical measure in the process of planting Amorpha fruticosa with is control density on purpose and sowing legume herbs such as Medicago sativa at the same time, for the purpose of rapid improvement in soil fertility and promoting the invasion of herbs to create a stable community structure. Due to the investigation results, the appropriate canopy density to control is about 0.6.
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