基于GIS的气象雷达因子标定与雨量反演的技术研究
|
摘要
气象雷达作为测量降水的主要工具,在灾害性天气监测和预警方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。为满足社会发展和人民生活对气象服务的需求,国家‘十一五’的总体目标明确指出要加快气象雷达网的建设工作,不断提高气象雷达测量降水的准确率。但是新安装的气象雷达如CTL-713C数字化气象雷达在降水测量过程中使用的是默认的Z ? I关系,以致于不能提供准确的雨量信息。因此,结合地面雨量计的雨量资料,加强Z ? I关系中气象雷达因子A和b的标定工作,实现气象雷达的本地化,将有助于提高气象雷达的应用效率。地理信息系统(GIS)作为一门重要的空间信息技术,以其强大的绘图、数据管理和空间分析等功能在越来越多的信息建设中发挥着不可替代的作用。因此,加强GIS技术在雷达测量降水中的应用研究,提高雷达测量降水的准确率,对我国的气象服务工作具有非常重要的意义。
本文主要研究了在GIS平台下气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演的相关技术与实现,包括气象雷达因子的标定、气象雷达雨量反演和基于GIS的气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演系统的设计与实现等三个方面的内容。
1.气象雷达因子的标定。首先说明了气象雷达因子标定的目的,分析了气象雷达因子标定的原理;其次给出了实现气象雷达因子标定的一些关键技术,包括时间权重平均法、空间定位处理、GIS时空标定和雨量计的雨量校准;最后采用这些关键技术,设计了气象雷达因子标定的技术方案。
2.气象雷达反演雨量。在气象雷达因子标定完成的基础上,对雷达回波数据进行时间权重平均和空间定位处理等预处理,然后结合GIS技术利用图层叠加反演和栅格图像直接反演两种方式,实现了气象雷达雨量的反演。
3.在上述研究的基础上,对基于GIS的气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演系统进行了需求分析与可行性分析、数据库设计及功能设计,并采用MapX作为系统信息处理平台,结合SQL server 2000关系数据库和Viual C++可视化开发环境完成了系统的开发。实现了气象雷达测量的回波数据与地面雨量计的雨量数据存储、检索、地图显示和前期数据的预处理,解决了雷达回波数据与雨量数据在时间和空间上显示一致性、时间序列对降水的影响和迭代标定等问题,实现了气象雷达因子的标定和雨量的反演,提高了气象雷达测量降水的准确率。
As a kind of tool to estimating the precipitation, the weather radar is playing more and more important roles in monitoring and alarming crisis weather. The weather radars should be rapidly constructed in our country to improving the accuracy on estimating the precipitation with weather radar for social development and people’s lives during the11th Five-Year Plan. ,but the radars newly installed use the default Z-I relationship to calculate the rainfall in the process of estimating the precipitation, such as the 713 digital Radar, which can’t offer accurate precipitation,So it will greatly improve the radars’using efficiency that we calibrate radar factors of A and b in Z-I relationship to localize the weather radars.
The Geographic Information System (GIS), a kind of important spatial technology, is earning more importance in the information construction for its function of drawing, data management, and spatial analysis. so it is very important to use GIS technology in the research on estimating the precipitation with radar to increase the accuracy.
The paper mainly focuses on the technology and its implementation of weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval based on GIS, including three aspects, which is weather radar factors calibration, rainfall retrieval, design and implementation of Weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval system based on GIS.
1. Weather radar factors calibration. Firstly, this paper explains the purpose of calibrating weather radar factors, analyses the theory of radar rainfall estimates ,and then gives some key technique of calibrating weather radar factors, including Time Weight Average Method, Space Orientation Manage,Space-time calibration on GIS and Rainfall calibration with ombrometers. At last,the paper designs the blue print of weathe radar factors calibration using these key technique.
2. Rainfall retrieval. Based on completing weather radar factors calibration, the paper pretreats radar echo data with some methods, such as Time Weight Average Method, Space Orientation Manage and so on. then the paper puts forward two methods to retrieving rainfall on GIS which is layer superposed retrieval and raster graphics direct retrieval.
3. Based on what we have done, the paper analyses the feasibility and needs of Weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval system based on GIS, designs the data base, and develops the system based on the MapX by SQL Server 2000 and Visual C++. This paper specially research on fulfilling to integrate the radar echo data and rain data of ombrometers on the ground, displaying maps, and preprocessing original data, the system resolves some problems which include the coherent displaying of the radar echo data and rain data of ombrometers in time and space, the influence of rainfall by time series and interative calibration. the research could improve the accuracy of estimating the precipitation with weather radar through calibrating radar factors and retrieving rainfall .
本文主要研究了在GIS平台下气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演的相关技术与实现,包括气象雷达因子的标定、气象雷达雨量反演和基于GIS的气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演系统的设计与实现等三个方面的内容。
1.气象雷达因子的标定。首先说明了气象雷达因子标定的目的,分析了气象雷达因子标定的原理;其次给出了实现气象雷达因子标定的一些关键技术,包括时间权重平均法、空间定位处理、GIS时空标定和雨量计的雨量校准;最后采用这些关键技术,设计了气象雷达因子标定的技术方案。
2.气象雷达反演雨量。在气象雷达因子标定完成的基础上,对雷达回波数据进行时间权重平均和空间定位处理等预处理,然后结合GIS技术利用图层叠加反演和栅格图像直接反演两种方式,实现了气象雷达雨量的反演。
3.在上述研究的基础上,对基于GIS的气象雷达因子标定和雨量反演系统进行了需求分析与可行性分析、数据库设计及功能设计,并采用MapX作为系统信息处理平台,结合SQL server 2000关系数据库和Viual C++可视化开发环境完成了系统的开发。实现了气象雷达测量的回波数据与地面雨量计的雨量数据存储、检索、地图显示和前期数据的预处理,解决了雷达回波数据与雨量数据在时间和空间上显示一致性、时间序列对降水的影响和迭代标定等问题,实现了气象雷达因子的标定和雨量的反演,提高了气象雷达测量降水的准确率。
As a kind of tool to estimating the precipitation, the weather radar is playing more and more important roles in monitoring and alarming crisis weather. The weather radars should be rapidly constructed in our country to improving the accuracy on estimating the precipitation with weather radar for social development and people’s lives during the11th Five-Year Plan. ,but the radars newly installed use the default Z-I relationship to calculate the rainfall in the process of estimating the precipitation, such as the 713 digital Radar, which can’t offer accurate precipitation,So it will greatly improve the radars’using efficiency that we calibrate radar factors of A and b in Z-I relationship to localize the weather radars.
The Geographic Information System (GIS), a kind of important spatial technology, is earning more importance in the information construction for its function of drawing, data management, and spatial analysis. so it is very important to use GIS technology in the research on estimating the precipitation with radar to increase the accuracy.
The paper mainly focuses on the technology and its implementation of weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval based on GIS, including three aspects, which is weather radar factors calibration, rainfall retrieval, design and implementation of Weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval system based on GIS.
1. Weather radar factors calibration. Firstly, this paper explains the purpose of calibrating weather radar factors, analyses the theory of radar rainfall estimates ,and then gives some key technique of calibrating weather radar factors, including Time Weight Average Method, Space Orientation Manage,Space-time calibration on GIS and Rainfall calibration with ombrometers. At last,the paper designs the blue print of weathe radar factors calibration using these key technique.
2. Rainfall retrieval. Based on completing weather radar factors calibration, the paper pretreats radar echo data with some methods, such as Time Weight Average Method, Space Orientation Manage and so on. then the paper puts forward two methods to retrieving rainfall on GIS which is layer superposed retrieval and raster graphics direct retrieval.
3. Based on what we have done, the paper analyses the feasibility and needs of Weather radar factors calibration and rainfall retrieval system based on GIS, designs the data base, and develops the system based on the MapX by SQL Server 2000 and Visual C++. This paper specially research on fulfilling to integrate the radar echo data and rain data of ombrometers on the ground, displaying maps, and preprocessing original data, the system resolves some problems which include the coherent displaying of the radar echo data and rain data of ombrometers in time and space, the influence of rainfall by time series and interative calibration. the research could improve the accuracy of estimating the precipitation with weather radar through calibrating radar factors and retrieving rainfall .
引文
[1]张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕.雷达气象学[M].北京:气象出版社,2001
[2]吕志平,张建军,乔书波.大地测量学基础[M].北京:解放军出版社,2005
[3]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].北京:解放军出版社. 2000
[4]华一新,王泽根. GIS的设计开发与应用[M].北京:解放军出版社.2004
[5]翟翊,赵夫来.现代测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社, 2008.第149页
[6]地理信息系统协会.中国GIS伟业手册[M].2009.9
[7]向敬成张明友.雷达系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001
[8] TROY,NY.MapInfo MapX 5.0开发人员指南.纽约:Maplnfo公司,2002
[9]费立凡,颜辉武,马晨燕,霍亮.MapInfo基础教程[M].测绘出版社,2005
[10]王庆斋,王春青,赵卫明.黄河流域暴雨监测预报技术[M].中国水利水电出版社,2006
[11]中华人民共和国电子行业标准——713型天气雷达SJ/T10191-91[S].中华人民共和国机械电子工业部,1991
[12]邸强,张伯禹. CTL一713C型天气雷达基本组成、工作原理及研究应用[J].内蒙古气象,2002.3
[13]王振会. TRMM卫星测雨雷达及其应用研究综述[J].气象科学,2001
[14]范磊孙守勋等.我国主要气象灾害及监测预警发展现状[C].中国气象学会2008年年会,2008.10
[15]张培昌,戴铁丕,王登炎等.最优化法Z-I关系及其在测定降水量中的精度.气象科学,1992,12(3):333-338.
[16]李建通,张培昌.最优插值法用于天气雷达测定区域降水量.台湾海峡,1996,15(3):255-259.
[17]李建通,杨维生,郭林等.提高最优插值法测量区域降水量精度的探讨.大气科学,2000,24(3):263-270.
[18]李建通,郭林,杨洪平.雷达雨量计联合估测降水初值场形成方法探讨[J].大气科学,2005.11
[19]邓雪娇,黄浩辉等.变分法在校准雷达定量估测降水中的应用[J].应用气象学报,2000
[20]赵坤,刘国庆,葛文忠.用卡尔曼滤波确定变分方法中的权重系数进行雨量校正[J].气候与环境研究,2001
[21]何宇翔,张亚萍,刘术艳.天气雷达定量估测降水量不同方法效果评估[J].南京气象学院学报,2004
[22]官莉,王振会,裴晓芳.雷达估测降水集成方法及其效果比较[J] .气象科学,2004.3
[23]林柄干,张培昌等.天气雷达测定区域降水量方法的改进与比较[J].南京气象学院学报.1997,
[24]郑军,陈晓颖,王晓蕾.基于GIS平台的气象数据融合方法及应用[J].气象水文装备,2008.1
[25]刘旭林,赵文芳,刘国宏.基于WebGIS的气象信息显示与查询系统[J].应用气象学报,2008.2
[26]何健,王春林,毛夏,孙向明.利用雷达回波与GIS技术反演面雨量研究[J].气象科技,2006.6
[27]朱伟.基于GIS的雷电预警信息综合服务应用平台设计与实现[D].合肥:国防科学技术大学,2007
[28]樊高峰.基于GIS的浙江省气象灾害监测预测系统设计[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007
[29]赵永.基于GIS技术的福建地区降水空间分布模型研究[D].福建:福建师范大学,2008
[30]姚燕飞. Z-I关系对雷达测量流域面雨量和径流模拟影响的研究[D].中国气象科学研究院, 2007
[31]曹雁鸣.基于GIS的西安市旅游信息系统设计与实现[D].西安:长安大学2002
[32]王翠.基于GIS与MIS集成技术的旅游资源管理信息系统研究[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学,2005
[33]刘俊.基于MapX的等雨量线生成算法研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉科技大学2005
[34]刘光远.基于MapX的火力预警平台的设计与实现[D].大连:大连理工大学2007
[35] Byers H.R.The use of radar in determining the amount of rain falling over a small area.Trans.Am.Geophy.Union ,1984,29:187-196.
[36] Doneaud A.A.,NiscovS.I,.Priegnitz D.L.,et al.The area-time integral as an indictorfor convective rain volumes.J.Climate Appl.Meteorol., 1984,23:555-561.
[37] Atlas D,and A.C.Chmela,1957. Physical synoptic variations of dropsize parameters ,Proc.Sixth Weather Radar Conf.,Cambridge ,AMS,21-30.
[38] Chiu L,S,Rain estimation form satellite:Area relations.The conference on satellite meteorology and oceanography.Anaheim ,AMS,1988,363-368.
[39] Atlas D.,RosenfeldD.,Short D.A.The estimation ofconvective rainfall by area intergrals. Part I: The theoretical and empirical basis.J.GeoPhys.Res.,1990,95,D3:2153-2160.
[40] Kendem B.,Chiu L.S.,Karni Z,An analysis of the threshold method for measuring area-average rainfall.J.Appl.Meteorol.,1990,29:3-20.
[41] Kedem B.,Pavlopoulos H.on the thresho1d method for measuring area rainfall estimation choosing the optimal threshold level.j.Amer.Stat.Assoc., 1991,86:626-633.
[42] Rosenfeld D.,Atlas D.,Short D.A.The estimation of convective rainfall by area integrals. Part II:The height-area threshold (Hart) method .J.GeoPhys.Res.,1990,59,D3:2161-2176.
[43] George L.Huebner,Chapter 4, Use of radar for precipition measurements. Edited by M.G.Anderson and T.P.Burt,Hydrology Forecasting,77-100,1985,A Wiley
[44]刘勇,杨峰,梁彦,潘泉.MapX在雷达仿真测评系统中的应用研究[J].计算机仿真,2007.7
[45]朱伟,熊伟,景宁.基于MapX的雷电数据查询处理[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007.10
[46]张斌,陈海燕,顾骏强.基于GIS的台风灾害评估系统设计开发[J].灾害学,2008.3
[47]方程,刘晓静,屈林.基于G I S的战场电磁环境可视化研究[J].指挥控制与仿真,2008.2
[48]王育坚. Visual C++面向对象编程教程(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2007.10
[49]侯其峰,李晓华,李莎. Visual C++数据库通用模块开发与系统移植[M].清华大学出版社,2007.5
[50]武莹,彭文明. Visual C++开发实用编程200例[M].中国铁道出版社,2005.12
[51]王育坚. Visual C++面向对象编程教程(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2007.10
[52]门葆红等.组件技术在MIS与GIS集成中的应用.中国GIS协会2001年年会论文集[C] .成都:2001
[53]刘光,地理信息系统一组件开发篇[M],中国电力出版社,2003
[54]郭仁忠,空间分析[M],武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000
[55] Marshall,J.S,and W.M.Palmer,1948: The distribution of raindrops with size.J.Meteorol.,5,165-166
[56]Joss,J.K.,and E.G.Gori,1978: Shapes of raindrop size distributions.J.Appl.Meteorol, 17,1054-1061.
[57] Wilso J W, Brandes E A. Radar measurement of Rainfall A Summary. BAMS,1979,60(9):1048-1058
[58] Ahnert, P. R., Krajewski, W. F., and Johnson, E. R. Kalman filter estimation of radar-rainfall field bias. In preprints 23rd Conf. on radar Met., 1996, JP 33-37.
[59] Sasaki Y.1970.Some basic formalisms in numerical variational analysis[J].Mon.Wea. Rev. ,98 (12): 875-883.
[60]George L.Huebner,Chapter 4, Use of radar for precipition measurements. Edited by M.G.Anderson and T.P.Burt,Hydrology Forecasting,77-100,1985,A Wiley
[61]Bertrand Vignal and Herve Andrieu , J. Dominique Creutin .Identification of Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity from Volume Scan Radar Data . Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999
[62]Campos, E, and I. Zawadzki.Instrumental uncertainties in Z–R relations. J. Appl. Meteo., 2000
[63] Patterson W .Integrating ArcView and the Spatial Analyst Extension With the PRISM Climate Expert System[J],ESRI 1997 International Users Conference .Environmental Systems Research Institute, San Diego,CA,1997.
[64]Ronald J Sznaider. Operational Uses of Weather Information in GIS Based Decision Support Systems. MxInsight White Paper,2005
[65]Shipley Scott. GIS Applications in Climate and Meteorology. 16th Interactive Information Processing Systems, 2000
[2]吕志平,张建军,乔书波.大地测量学基础[M].北京:解放军出版社,2005
[3]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].北京:解放军出版社. 2000
[4]华一新,王泽根. GIS的设计开发与应用[M].北京:解放军出版社.2004
[5]翟翊,赵夫来.现代测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社, 2008.第149页
[6]地理信息系统协会.中国GIS伟业手册[M].2009.9
[7]向敬成张明友.雷达系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001
[8] TROY,NY.MapInfo MapX 5.0开发人员指南.纽约:Maplnfo公司,2002
[9]费立凡,颜辉武,马晨燕,霍亮.MapInfo基础教程[M].测绘出版社,2005
[10]王庆斋,王春青,赵卫明.黄河流域暴雨监测预报技术[M].中国水利水电出版社,2006
[11]中华人民共和国电子行业标准——713型天气雷达SJ/T10191-91[S].中华人民共和国机械电子工业部,1991
[12]邸强,张伯禹. CTL一713C型天气雷达基本组成、工作原理及研究应用[J].内蒙古气象,2002.3
[13]王振会. TRMM卫星测雨雷达及其应用研究综述[J].气象科学,2001
[14]范磊孙守勋等.我国主要气象灾害及监测预警发展现状[C].中国气象学会2008年年会,2008.10
[15]张培昌,戴铁丕,王登炎等.最优化法Z-I关系及其在测定降水量中的精度.气象科学,1992,12(3):333-338.
[16]李建通,张培昌.最优插值法用于天气雷达测定区域降水量.台湾海峡,1996,15(3):255-259.
[17]李建通,杨维生,郭林等.提高最优插值法测量区域降水量精度的探讨.大气科学,2000,24(3):263-270.
[18]李建通,郭林,杨洪平.雷达雨量计联合估测降水初值场形成方法探讨[J].大气科学,2005.11
[19]邓雪娇,黄浩辉等.变分法在校准雷达定量估测降水中的应用[J].应用气象学报,2000
[20]赵坤,刘国庆,葛文忠.用卡尔曼滤波确定变分方法中的权重系数进行雨量校正[J].气候与环境研究,2001
[21]何宇翔,张亚萍,刘术艳.天气雷达定量估测降水量不同方法效果评估[J].南京气象学院学报,2004
[22]官莉,王振会,裴晓芳.雷达估测降水集成方法及其效果比较[J] .气象科学,2004.3
[23]林柄干,张培昌等.天气雷达测定区域降水量方法的改进与比较[J].南京气象学院学报.1997,
[24]郑军,陈晓颖,王晓蕾.基于GIS平台的气象数据融合方法及应用[J].气象水文装备,2008.1
[25]刘旭林,赵文芳,刘国宏.基于WebGIS的气象信息显示与查询系统[J].应用气象学报,2008.2
[26]何健,王春林,毛夏,孙向明.利用雷达回波与GIS技术反演面雨量研究[J].气象科技,2006.6
[27]朱伟.基于GIS的雷电预警信息综合服务应用平台设计与实现[D].合肥:国防科学技术大学,2007
[28]樊高峰.基于GIS的浙江省气象灾害监测预测系统设计[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007
[29]赵永.基于GIS技术的福建地区降水空间分布模型研究[D].福建:福建师范大学,2008
[30]姚燕飞. Z-I关系对雷达测量流域面雨量和径流模拟影响的研究[D].中国气象科学研究院, 2007
[31]曹雁鸣.基于GIS的西安市旅游信息系统设计与实现[D].西安:长安大学2002
[32]王翠.基于GIS与MIS集成技术的旅游资源管理信息系统研究[D].郑州:解放军信息工程大学,2005
[33]刘俊.基于MapX的等雨量线生成算法研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉科技大学2005
[34]刘光远.基于MapX的火力预警平台的设计与实现[D].大连:大连理工大学2007
[35] Byers H.R.The use of radar in determining the amount of rain falling over a small area.Trans.Am.Geophy.Union ,1984,29:187-196.
[36] Doneaud A.A.,NiscovS.I,.Priegnitz D.L.,et al.The area-time integral as an indictorfor convective rain volumes.J.Climate Appl.Meteorol., 1984,23:555-561.
[37] Atlas D,and A.C.Chmela,1957. Physical synoptic variations of dropsize parameters ,Proc.Sixth Weather Radar Conf.,Cambridge ,AMS,21-30.
[38] Chiu L,S,Rain estimation form satellite:Area relations.The conference on satellite meteorology and oceanography.Anaheim ,AMS,1988,363-368.
[39] Atlas D.,RosenfeldD.,Short D.A.The estimation ofconvective rainfall by area intergrals. Part I: The theoretical and empirical basis.J.GeoPhys.Res.,1990,95,D3:2153-2160.
[40] Kendem B.,Chiu L.S.,Karni Z,An analysis of the threshold method for measuring area-average rainfall.J.Appl.Meteorol.,1990,29:3-20.
[41] Kedem B.,Pavlopoulos H.on the thresho1d method for measuring area rainfall estimation choosing the optimal threshold level.j.Amer.Stat.Assoc., 1991,86:626-633.
[42] Rosenfeld D.,Atlas D.,Short D.A.The estimation of convective rainfall by area integrals. Part II:The height-area threshold (Hart) method .J.GeoPhys.Res.,1990,59,D3:2161-2176.
[43] George L.Huebner,Chapter 4, Use of radar for precipition measurements. Edited by M.G.Anderson and T.P.Burt,Hydrology Forecasting,77-100,1985,A Wiley
[44]刘勇,杨峰,梁彦,潘泉.MapX在雷达仿真测评系统中的应用研究[J].计算机仿真,2007.7
[45]朱伟,熊伟,景宁.基于MapX的雷电数据查询处理[J].重庆工商大学学报,2007.10
[46]张斌,陈海燕,顾骏强.基于GIS的台风灾害评估系统设计开发[J].灾害学,2008.3
[47]方程,刘晓静,屈林.基于G I S的战场电磁环境可视化研究[J].指挥控制与仿真,2008.2
[48]王育坚. Visual C++面向对象编程教程(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2007.10
[49]侯其峰,李晓华,李莎. Visual C++数据库通用模块开发与系统移植[M].清华大学出版社,2007.5
[50]武莹,彭文明. Visual C++开发实用编程200例[M].中国铁道出版社,2005.12
[51]王育坚. Visual C++面向对象编程教程(第2版)[M].清华大学出版社,2007.10
[52]门葆红等.组件技术在MIS与GIS集成中的应用.中国GIS协会2001年年会论文集[C] .成都:2001
[53]刘光,地理信息系统一组件开发篇[M],中国电力出版社,2003
[54]郭仁忠,空间分析[M],武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000
[55] Marshall,J.S,and W.M.Palmer,1948: The distribution of raindrops with size.J.Meteorol.,5,165-166
[56]Joss,J.K.,and E.G.Gori,1978: Shapes of raindrop size distributions.J.Appl.Meteorol, 17,1054-1061.
[57] Wilso J W, Brandes E A. Radar measurement of Rainfall A Summary. BAMS,1979,60(9):1048-1058
[58] Ahnert, P. R., Krajewski, W. F., and Johnson, E. R. Kalman filter estimation of radar-rainfall field bias. In preprints 23rd Conf. on radar Met., 1996, JP 33-37.
[59] Sasaki Y.1970.Some basic formalisms in numerical variational analysis[J].Mon.Wea. Rev. ,98 (12): 875-883.
[60]George L.Huebner,Chapter 4, Use of radar for precipition measurements. Edited by M.G.Anderson and T.P.Burt,Hydrology Forecasting,77-100,1985,A Wiley
[61]Bertrand Vignal and Herve Andrieu , J. Dominique Creutin .Identification of Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity from Volume Scan Radar Data . Journal of Applied Meteorology,1999
[62]Campos, E, and I. Zawadzki.Instrumental uncertainties in Z–R relations. J. Appl. Meteo., 2000
[63] Patterson W .Integrating ArcView and the Spatial Analyst Extension With the PRISM Climate Expert System[J],ESRI 1997 International Users Conference .Environmental Systems Research Institute, San Diego,CA,1997.
[64]Ronald J Sznaider. Operational Uses of Weather Information in GIS Based Decision Support Systems. MxInsight White Paper,2005
[65]Shipley Scott. GIS Applications in Climate and Meteorology. 16th Interactive Information Processing Systems, 2000