全钢子午线轮胎活络模具花纹块电加工工艺研究及计算机辅助工程
|
摘要
花纹块是子午线轮胎活络模具型腔的主要组成部分,其结构复杂,尺寸精度、表面质量要求都比较高,并且其制造水平直接影响硫化子午线轮胎的使用性能。电火花加工的诸多优势以及轮胎模具专用放电机等专用设备的研制开发使其成为花纹块的主要加工方式,UG NX以其CAD/CAM一体化的优势而被应用于花纹块的辅助设计制造。
在实际生产过程中,与专用设备配套的工艺研究相对落后,UG软件平台上也不具有面向轮胎模具制造领域的专用模块,计算机在花纹块电加工整个流程中的辅助作用仍需进一步深入。针对这一现状,结合在轮胎模具生产企业一年多的实习经历,本文进行了以下几个方面的研究。
(1)从加工精度、加工效率、配套设备等方面,对花纹块电加工和机械精铣两种加工方式进行了分析比较,进一步论证了电加工的广泛适应性。
(2)对花纹块电加工中整个流程中的关键技术进行了分析,详细阐述了花纹块电加工的工序安排、各工序的加工内容和工艺参数的配置情况。
(3)在对实际生产中多种花纹工具电极加工刀路总结的基础上,对应用UG软件生成精铣工具电极刀路时操作类型的选择、操作参数的设置等进行了研究和改进,为精铣工具电极加工模板的创建以及实现自动化编程奠定了基础。
(4)利用GRIP语言对UG软件进行了二次开发,所生成的可执行文件实现了花纹块工具电极毛坯几何体和下料尺寸图的自动生成。实践证明,该程序在40秒时间内完成了过去10分钟的工作量,大大提高了工作效率。
(5)利用Visual Basic语言开发了双节距花纹块电加工分度表自动生成软件。原来手工测量分度表数据需要30分钟而且会有0.3%的出错率,利用该软件现在仅需不到1分钟便可将所需数据准确无误的输出在相应的电加工分度表工艺文档中。
Segments are the main component of the radial tire segmented mould cavity, its structure is complex,the requirements of dimensional accuracy and surface quality are high, furthermore, its manufacturing level directly affect the performance of vulcanized tire.Many advantages of EDM as well as the research and development of special equipment such as tire mold EDM dedicated machine make it the main processing method of segments,UG NX has been used to the assisted design and manufacturing of segments for its CAD / CAM integration advantages.
In the actual production process,technology matched with the special equipment is relatively backward,there is not a tire mold manufacturing-oriented special module in the UG software platform,supplementary role of the computer still further in the whole process of segments EDM.In response to this situation,combining with more than one year’s practical experience in the tire mold manufacturer,this article carried on the research of the following aspects.
(1) From the precision,processing efficiency, ancillary equipment, etc. it analyzed and compared EDM and mechanical milling two kinds of processing methods of segments, further demonstrated the wide adaptability of EDM.
(2) Key technologies in the whole process of segments EDM were analyzed, work arrangements,processing elements of each process and parameters configuration were elaborated.
(3) Based on the summary of processing tool path of a variety of patterns tool electrode in practical production, the choosing of operating type,the set of operating parameters,etc. were studied and improved when generating tool path of milling tool electrode on the application of UG software,it laid the foundation for creating milling tool electrode processing templates and realizing automated programming.
(4) It conducted a secondary development on UG software using the GRIP language,the executable file generated achieved creating blank geometry and cutting dimension automatically.Practice shows that the program in less than 40 seconds can complete the workload needing 10 minutes in the past.
(5) Using Visual Basic language developed double pitch segments EDM indexing table automatic generation software. Practice shows that measuring indexing tables data manually need 30 minutes and there will be 0.3% error rate,this software only need less than 1 minute,but it can put the required data to export in the corresponding EDM indexing tables process document accurately.
在实际生产过程中,与专用设备配套的工艺研究相对落后,UG软件平台上也不具有面向轮胎模具制造领域的专用模块,计算机在花纹块电加工整个流程中的辅助作用仍需进一步深入。针对这一现状,结合在轮胎模具生产企业一年多的实习经历,本文进行了以下几个方面的研究。
(1)从加工精度、加工效率、配套设备等方面,对花纹块电加工和机械精铣两种加工方式进行了分析比较,进一步论证了电加工的广泛适应性。
(2)对花纹块电加工中整个流程中的关键技术进行了分析,详细阐述了花纹块电加工的工序安排、各工序的加工内容和工艺参数的配置情况。
(3)在对实际生产中多种花纹工具电极加工刀路总结的基础上,对应用UG软件生成精铣工具电极刀路时操作类型的选择、操作参数的设置等进行了研究和改进,为精铣工具电极加工模板的创建以及实现自动化编程奠定了基础。
(4)利用GRIP语言对UG软件进行了二次开发,所生成的可执行文件实现了花纹块工具电极毛坯几何体和下料尺寸图的自动生成。实践证明,该程序在40秒时间内完成了过去10分钟的工作量,大大提高了工作效率。
(5)利用Visual Basic语言开发了双节距花纹块电加工分度表自动生成软件。原来手工测量分度表数据需要30分钟而且会有0.3%的出错率,利用该软件现在仅需不到1分钟便可将所需数据准确无误的输出在相应的电加工分度表工艺文档中。
Segments are the main component of the radial tire segmented mould cavity, its structure is complex,the requirements of dimensional accuracy and surface quality are high, furthermore, its manufacturing level directly affect the performance of vulcanized tire.Many advantages of EDM as well as the research and development of special equipment such as tire mold EDM dedicated machine make it the main processing method of segments,UG NX has been used to the assisted design and manufacturing of segments for its CAD / CAM integration advantages.
In the actual production process,technology matched with the special equipment is relatively backward,there is not a tire mold manufacturing-oriented special module in the UG software platform,supplementary role of the computer still further in the whole process of segments EDM.In response to this situation,combining with more than one year’s practical experience in the tire mold manufacturer,this article carried on the research of the following aspects.
(1) From the precision,processing efficiency, ancillary equipment, etc. it analyzed and compared EDM and mechanical milling two kinds of processing methods of segments, further demonstrated the wide adaptability of EDM.
(2) Key technologies in the whole process of segments EDM were analyzed, work arrangements,processing elements of each process and parameters configuration were elaborated.
(3) Based on the summary of processing tool path of a variety of patterns tool electrode in practical production, the choosing of operating type,the set of operating parameters,etc. were studied and improved when generating tool path of milling tool electrode on the application of UG software,it laid the foundation for creating milling tool electrode processing templates and realizing automated programming.
(4) It conducted a secondary development on UG software using the GRIP language,the executable file generated achieved creating blank geometry and cutting dimension automatically.Practice shows that the program in less than 40 seconds can complete the workload needing 10 minutes in the past.
(5) Using Visual Basic language developed double pitch segments EDM indexing table automatic generation software. Practice shows that measuring indexing tables data manually need 30 minutes and there will be 0.3% error rate,this software only need less than 1 minute,but it can put the required data to export in the corresponding EDM indexing tables process document accurately.
引文
[1]陈志宏.我国工程机械子午线轮胎发展浅析[J].轮胎工业,2007,27(11):643-647.
[2]秦义祥.从载重胎子午化率分析中国全钢胎的发展[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(20):24-26.
[3]蔡为民,欧阳洪利.中国轮胎工业改革开放30年回眸[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(19):19-21.
[4]蔡为民.中国轮胎工业的发展及其对世界轮胎工业的影响[J].中国橡胶,2006,22(23):4-6.
[5]肖永清.我国汽车轮胎市场的发展商机[J].橡胶参考资料,2004,34(4):4-7.
[6]姜馨.改革开放30年蓬勃发展的轮胎模具业[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(7):21-24.
[7]姜馨.2008年轮胎模具行业运行情况及2009年展望[J].橡胶科技市场,2009,(3):5-7.
[8] Macedon GANEA, Ioan MIHAILA, Ioan HORGE, et al. About the evolution of the five axes machining in the last 30 years[J]. Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering,2007,VI(XVI):1619-1624.
[9] Sa?a Ran?elovi?, Sa?a ?ivanovi?. CAD-CAM data transfer as a part of product life cycle [J]. Mechanical Engineering,2007,5(1):87-96.
[10]张芝泉.瞄准轮胎发展趋势打造国际知名橡机模具企业[J].中国橡胶,2006,22(16):16-22.
[11]陈强.我国橡胶轮胎模具的现状及发展方向[J].中国橡胶,2004,20(10):4-5.
[12]王斌.我国轮胎模具工业的现状与发展之我见[J].中国橡胶,2007,23(6):11-16.
[13]张海军.UG后处理与程序传输技术在数控加工中的应用[J].模具技术,2008,(3):54-58.
[14]王斌.我国轮胎模具制造和清洗技术概况[J].轮胎工业,2007,27(12):727-730.
[15]黄德中,魏宏玲.数字化技术在轮胎模具设计制造中的应用[J].模具技术,2002,(3):40-42.
[16] Carmen Cristiana,BUCUR. CAD translation traps using different integrated design system in virtual enterprise environment utilizing STEP standard and SADT technique[J]. Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering,2007,VI (XVI):1247-1255.
[17]曾旭钊,郑栩栩.数字化快速制模技术在汽车轮胎模具制造中的发展趋势[J].橡塑技术与装备,2007,33(10):23～26.
[18] W. R. Quadros, B. Gurumoorthy, K. Ramaswami, et al. Skeletons for representation and reasoning in engineering applications[J].Engineering with Computers,2001,(17):186-198.
[19] J. Schuler,J. Ketchel,P. Larochelle. Computer-aided modeling and manufacturing of spherical mechanisms via a novel web tool[J]. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering,2007,7:339-346.
[20]李汉堂.可降低路面噪音的胎面花纹沟形状设计[J].世界橡胶工业,2005,32(3):25-27.
[21]朱兴元.轮胎花纹块撞击路面的噪声研究[J].橡胶工业,2003,50(9):526-528.
[22]韩建保,韩双庆.胎面花纹深度及车速影响滑水现象分析[J].车辆与动力技术,2003,50(4):55-58.
[23]卢智良,吴国兴,朱红敏.轮胎模具电火花加工的研究[J].电加工与模具,2003,(3):26-28.
[24]王乾廷,徐友干.贴花型轮胎模花块精密铸造模具三维建模技术[J].机械工人:冷加工,2005,(7):77-79.
[25]伍瑞华,何冰强,罗小林.轮胎模镶嵌加工工艺的探讨[J].机电工程技术,2005,34(3):98-99.
[26] Jozef NOVáK-MARCIN?IN. Design of milling tool cutting strategy for CNC manufacturing operations[J]. Eng. Rev.,2008,28(1):93-97.
[27]张富春.轮胎模具花纹块的数控加工[J].轮胎工业,2006,26(3):177-179.
[28]李景仲,赵萍.轮胎模具的三维造型与数控加工[J].科技创新导报,2008,9(25):115-116.
[29]王屹.基于UG的轮胎模具钢花纹块CAD/CAM一体化技术应用[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(20):38-39.
[30]范希营,郭永环.基于UG/NX/CAM的复杂型腔的铣削加工[J].机械设计与制造,2008,(9):3-4.
[31]聂爱琴.子午线轮胎活络模的花纹块模具设计与NC加工[J].模具技术,2004,(1):54-56.
[32] A.-P. Xu ,Y.-X. Qu ,D.-W. Zhang, et al. Simulation and experimental investigation of the end milling process considering the cutter flexibility[J]. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2003,(43):283-292.
[33]冯民堂.轮胎模具花纹高效电火花成型机[J].橡塑技术与装备,1999,25(6):28-29.
[34]冯民堂.轮胎模制造技术探讨[J].橡塑技术与装备,2003,29(2):22-23.
[35]林海波,胡哲光,赵文辉,等.轮胎模具三轴数控加工方法研究[J].机电产品开发与创新,2007,20(4):173-174.
[36]卢哲军,林世勇,吕杰武,等.轮胎模具加工干沙检查方法研究[J].机械工人:冷加工,2003,(4):30-32.
[37]聂爱琴.农用轮胎花纹块模具设计[J].合肥工业大学学报:自然科学版,2004,27(8):980-982 .
[38]张富春.多轴数控机床高速加工轮胎模具的研究[J].当代化工,2006.4,35(2):97-99.
[39]王金辉,李金红,郭燕.轮胎模具钢花纹块CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2007,36(6):49-51.
[40] D.K. Aspinwall,S.L. Soo,A.E. Berrisford,et al.Workpiece surface roughness and integrity after WEDM of Ti–6Al–4V and Inconel 718 using minimum damage generator chnology[J]. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology,2008,(57):187-190.
[41] Jae Won Jung, Seok Hoon Ko, Young Hun Jeong, et al.Estimation of material removal volume of a Micro-EDM drilled hole using discharge pulse monitoring[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2007,8(4):45-49.
[42]伍端阳.提高电火花加工效率的工艺探讨[J].模具制造,2008,(7):74-79.
[43]胡玉景,张建华,任升峰,等.不同电规准条件下硬质合金电火花加工性能的研究[J].工具技术,2006,40(1):26-28.
[44] Mohd Amri Lajis,H.C.D. Mohd Radzi,A.K.M. Nurul Amin. The implementation of taguchi method on EDM process of Tungsten Carbide[J]. European Journal of Scientific Research,2009,26(4):609-617.
[45]伍端阳.模具制造电火花加工电极材料的合理选取[J].模具工程,2008,68(7):64-65.
[46]魏引焕,张晓燕.电极材料对电火花加工质量影响的分析[J].制造技术与机床,2006,(1):64-68.
[47] Fred L. Amorim,Walter L. Weingaertner. The behavior of graphite and copper electrodes on the finish die-sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) of AISI P20 tool steel[J]. J. of the Braz. Soc. of Mech. Sci. & Eng.,2007,XXIX(4):366-371.
[48]杨建明,卢龙,李映平.电火花加工工具电极制备技术研究进展[J].机床与液压,2007,35(11):151-154.
[49]卢智良,吴强,倪敏敏,等.轮胎模具电火花加工中石墨材料的应用研究[J].电加工与模具,2009,(3):36-39.
[50] BRAD LEWIS. Burn small, burn deep ,fast-hole EDMs create deep holes in tough-to-machine materials[J]. Cutting Tool Engineering,2003,55(7):1-4.
[51]伍端阳.模具制造中电火花加工应用技术综述[J].模具制造,2008,(10):24-27.
[52]伍端阳.模具企业电火花成型加工误区的分析[J].模具制造,2007,(9):64-67.
[53] JOSEPH L,HAZELTON. Ever developing machines-EDM builders continue to advance their machines tools’capabilities and pay special attention to medical-parts manufacturers[J]. Cutting Tool Engineering,2007,59(5):48-52.
[54]寇元哲.影响电火花成形加工工艺指标的因素分析研究[J].模具技术,2008,(7):59-62.
[55]高梅.电火花脉冲加工及电参数对加工效率和加工精度的影响[J].机械制造与自动化,2006,35 (4):153-155.
[56]徐阳,罗正斌.影响模具电火花加工质量的工艺因素[J].中国科技信息,2005,(13):111.
[57] Jae Won Jung, Seok Hoon Ko,Young Hun Jeong,et al. Real-time gap control for micro-EDM:application in a microfactory [J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2008,9(1):3-6.
[58]胡海明,张浩,张自浩.轮胎活络模具花纹块电火花加工工艺的研究应用[J].模具技术,2010,(1):48-50.
[59]赵伟,张云鹏,王忠惠,等.电火花铣削的应用研究[J].电加工与模具,2006,(6):35-37.
[60] CRISTINA RACOCEA, GEORGETA CIOBANASU,LIVIU. 3-D modeling and the design process [J]. Bul.Inst. Polit. Iasi, t., 2001, XLVII (LI):52-56.
[61]曹岩,刘建养,关铭.UG NX4数控加工实例精解[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:1-2.
[62]卫兵工作室.UG NX4中文版数控编程入门与实例进阶[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:32-34.
[63]朱德泉,朱德文,周杰敏,等.UG二次开发技术在模具CAD系统设计中的应用[J].包装与食品机械,2005,23(2):35-39.
[64]魏润强,龚晓宏.UG软件的二次开发工具[J].制造业自动化,2003,25(Z1):113-114.
[65]周建安,阮锋.UG固定轴曲面铣削加工应用[J].机械制造,2004,42(476):55-56.
[66]李瑞,罗良玲,吴伟,等.采用UGNX进行文字加工自动编程的研究[J].机械制造,2005,43(487):23-25.
[67]蒋晔.在曲面上如何用实现曲线加工[J].机车车辆工艺,2005,(2):27-28.
[68]李金红,陈威,王朝光,等.浅谈UG软件中变轴加工的设置[J].中国橡胶,24(13):40-41.
[69]李舒,李野.UG CAM在轮胎模具花纹块加工中的应用[J].电加工与模具,2009,(3):74-76.
[70] Eung-Ki Lee, Won-Pyo Hong, Jong-Geun Choi. Continuous tool-path generation for high speed machining [J]. International Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering,2002,3(4):31-36.
[71]金霞.基于UG/CAM模块可变轴曲面轮廓数控铣的研究[J].机电产品开发与创新,2008,21(2):179-180.
[72]李舒,王可.基于UG的轮胎模具CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2003,32(3):75-77.
[73] Zhiyang Yao,Satyandra K.Gupta. Cutter path generation for 2.5D milling by combining multiple different cutter path patterns[J]. International Journal of Production Research, 2004,42 (11):2141-2161.
[74]李金红,王金晖,郭燕.UG在轮胎模具电极加工中的应用[J].中国橡胶,2009,24(10):38-39.
[75]李烨,李舒.基于UG的轮胎模具电极加工CAD/CAM技术应用[J].电加工与模具,2009,(4):63-64.
[76]黄志荣,丁仕燕.UG NX在三轴和五轴数控加工中的应用[J].机械工程与自动化,2008,149(4):19-23.
[77] Takeshi UMEHARA,Koji TERAMOTO,Tohru ISHIDA, et al. Tool posture determination for 5-Axis control machining by area division method[J].JSME International Journal,2006,49(1):35-41.
[78]康文利,路世强.UG在等高轮廓铣与固定轴轮廓铣中的综合应用[J].机械工程师,2008,(3):103-105.
[79]谢国明.基于UG铣加工过程的3D跨距及其应用[J].制造技术与机床,2004,(6):69-70.
[80]郭燕,赵明辉,霍洪波.轮胎模具侧板字体CAD/CAM技术应用[J].中国橡胶,2008,25(11):32-33.
[81]李舒,李烨.轮胎模具侧板字体加工的CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2009,38(2):29-31.
[82]李立英,柳和生,饶锡新,等.基于UG二次开发工具的应用研究[J].上饶师范学院学报,2005,25(6):30-33.
[83]夏天,吴立军.UG二次开发技术基础[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.9:1-9.
[84]阳意慧,张建月,阮锋,等.UG二次开发与加工自动化[J].模具技术,2006,(5):51-54.
[85]汤辉,费业泰,黄其圣. UG软件CAE二次开发研究及应用[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005,(1):36-38.
[86]袁蔚,陈拂晓,郭俊卿.二次开发UG中标准件库的建立[J].河南科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,26(5):19-22.
[87]游安弼.利用Java二次开发UG NX[J].数字化设计,2006,(9):58-61.
[88]吕彦明,王庆福.UG二次开发功能在刀具设计中的应用[J].工具技术,2005,39(7):44-46.
[89] Azad Ali,Seever Sulaiman. Adding a new language to VB .NET globalization-making the case for the Kurdish language[J]. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology,2006,(3):23-31.
[90]陈云霞主编.Visual Basic程序设计(第二版)[M].北京:石油大学出版社,2002.7:54-284.
[91]李烨,程钢.UG在轮胎活络模具设计上的应用[J].中国橡胶,2005,21(11):25-26.
[92]林惠音,王熙平.变节距胎面花纹的计算机辅助设计[J].轮胎工业,1995,15(9):
[2]秦义祥.从载重胎子午化率分析中国全钢胎的发展[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(20):24-26.
[3]蔡为民,欧阳洪利.中国轮胎工业改革开放30年回眸[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(19):19-21.
[4]蔡为民.中国轮胎工业的发展及其对世界轮胎工业的影响[J].中国橡胶,2006,22(23):4-6.
[5]肖永清.我国汽车轮胎市场的发展商机[J].橡胶参考资料,2004,34(4):4-7.
[6]姜馨.改革开放30年蓬勃发展的轮胎模具业[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(7):21-24.
[7]姜馨.2008年轮胎模具行业运行情况及2009年展望[J].橡胶科技市场,2009,(3):5-7.
[8] Macedon GANEA, Ioan MIHAILA, Ioan HORGE, et al. About the evolution of the five axes machining in the last 30 years[J]. Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering,2007,VI(XVI):1619-1624.
[9] Sa?a Ran?elovi?, Sa?a ?ivanovi?. CAD-CAM data transfer as a part of product life cycle [J]. Mechanical Engineering,2007,5(1):87-96.
[10]张芝泉.瞄准轮胎发展趋势打造国际知名橡机模具企业[J].中国橡胶,2006,22(16):16-22.
[11]陈强.我国橡胶轮胎模具的现状及发展方向[J].中国橡胶,2004,20(10):4-5.
[12]王斌.我国轮胎模具工业的现状与发展之我见[J].中国橡胶,2007,23(6):11-16.
[13]张海军.UG后处理与程序传输技术在数控加工中的应用[J].模具技术,2008,(3):54-58.
[14]王斌.我国轮胎模具制造和清洗技术概况[J].轮胎工业,2007,27(12):727-730.
[15]黄德中,魏宏玲.数字化技术在轮胎模具设计制造中的应用[J].模具技术,2002,(3):40-42.
[16] Carmen Cristiana,BUCUR. CAD translation traps using different integrated design system in virtual enterprise environment utilizing STEP standard and SADT technique[J]. Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering,2007,VI (XVI):1247-1255.
[17]曾旭钊,郑栩栩.数字化快速制模技术在汽车轮胎模具制造中的发展趋势[J].橡塑技术与装备,2007,33(10):23～26.
[18] W. R. Quadros, B. Gurumoorthy, K. Ramaswami, et al. Skeletons for representation and reasoning in engineering applications[J].Engineering with Computers,2001,(17):186-198.
[19] J. Schuler,J. Ketchel,P. Larochelle. Computer-aided modeling and manufacturing of spherical mechanisms via a novel web tool[J]. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering,2007,7:339-346.
[20]李汉堂.可降低路面噪音的胎面花纹沟形状设计[J].世界橡胶工业,2005,32(3):25-27.
[21]朱兴元.轮胎花纹块撞击路面的噪声研究[J].橡胶工业,2003,50(9):526-528.
[22]韩建保,韩双庆.胎面花纹深度及车速影响滑水现象分析[J].车辆与动力技术,2003,50(4):55-58.
[23]卢智良,吴国兴,朱红敏.轮胎模具电火花加工的研究[J].电加工与模具,2003,(3):26-28.
[24]王乾廷,徐友干.贴花型轮胎模花块精密铸造模具三维建模技术[J].机械工人:冷加工,2005,(7):77-79.
[25]伍瑞华,何冰强,罗小林.轮胎模镶嵌加工工艺的探讨[J].机电工程技术,2005,34(3):98-99.
[26] Jozef NOVáK-MARCIN?IN. Design of milling tool cutting strategy for CNC manufacturing operations[J]. Eng. Rev.,2008,28(1):93-97.
[27]张富春.轮胎模具花纹块的数控加工[J].轮胎工业,2006,26(3):177-179.
[28]李景仲,赵萍.轮胎模具的三维造型与数控加工[J].科技创新导报,2008,9(25):115-116.
[29]王屹.基于UG的轮胎模具钢花纹块CAD/CAM一体化技术应用[J].中国橡胶,2009,25(20):38-39.
[30]范希营,郭永环.基于UG/NX/CAM的复杂型腔的铣削加工[J].机械设计与制造,2008,(9):3-4.
[31]聂爱琴.子午线轮胎活络模的花纹块模具设计与NC加工[J].模具技术,2004,(1):54-56.
[32] A.-P. Xu ,Y.-X. Qu ,D.-W. Zhang, et al. Simulation and experimental investigation of the end milling process considering the cutter flexibility[J]. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2003,(43):283-292.
[33]冯民堂.轮胎模具花纹高效电火花成型机[J].橡塑技术与装备,1999,25(6):28-29.
[34]冯民堂.轮胎模制造技术探讨[J].橡塑技术与装备,2003,29(2):22-23.
[35]林海波,胡哲光,赵文辉,等.轮胎模具三轴数控加工方法研究[J].机电产品开发与创新,2007,20(4):173-174.
[36]卢哲军,林世勇,吕杰武,等.轮胎模具加工干沙检查方法研究[J].机械工人:冷加工,2003,(4):30-32.
[37]聂爱琴.农用轮胎花纹块模具设计[J].合肥工业大学学报:自然科学版,2004,27(8):980-982 .
[38]张富春.多轴数控机床高速加工轮胎模具的研究[J].当代化工,2006.4,35(2):97-99.
[39]王金辉,李金红,郭燕.轮胎模具钢花纹块CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2007,36(6):49-51.
[40] D.K. Aspinwall,S.L. Soo,A.E. Berrisford,et al.Workpiece surface roughness and integrity after WEDM of Ti–6Al–4V and Inconel 718 using minimum damage generator chnology[J]. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology,2008,(57):187-190.
[41] Jae Won Jung, Seok Hoon Ko, Young Hun Jeong, et al.Estimation of material removal volume of a Micro-EDM drilled hole using discharge pulse monitoring[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2007,8(4):45-49.
[42]伍端阳.提高电火花加工效率的工艺探讨[J].模具制造,2008,(7):74-79.
[43]胡玉景,张建华,任升峰,等.不同电规准条件下硬质合金电火花加工性能的研究[J].工具技术,2006,40(1):26-28.
[44] Mohd Amri Lajis,H.C.D. Mohd Radzi,A.K.M. Nurul Amin. The implementation of taguchi method on EDM process of Tungsten Carbide[J]. European Journal of Scientific Research,2009,26(4):609-617.
[45]伍端阳.模具制造电火花加工电极材料的合理选取[J].模具工程,2008,68(7):64-65.
[46]魏引焕,张晓燕.电极材料对电火花加工质量影响的分析[J].制造技术与机床,2006,(1):64-68.
[47] Fred L. Amorim,Walter L. Weingaertner. The behavior of graphite and copper electrodes on the finish die-sinking electrical discharge machining (EDM) of AISI P20 tool steel[J]. J. of the Braz. Soc. of Mech. Sci. & Eng.,2007,XXIX(4):366-371.
[48]杨建明,卢龙,李映平.电火花加工工具电极制备技术研究进展[J].机床与液压,2007,35(11):151-154.
[49]卢智良,吴强,倪敏敏,等.轮胎模具电火花加工中石墨材料的应用研究[J].电加工与模具,2009,(3):36-39.
[50] BRAD LEWIS. Burn small, burn deep ,fast-hole EDMs create deep holes in tough-to-machine materials[J]. Cutting Tool Engineering,2003,55(7):1-4.
[51]伍端阳.模具制造中电火花加工应用技术综述[J].模具制造,2008,(10):24-27.
[52]伍端阳.模具企业电火花成型加工误区的分析[J].模具制造,2007,(9):64-67.
[53] JOSEPH L,HAZELTON. Ever developing machines-EDM builders continue to advance their machines tools’capabilities and pay special attention to medical-parts manufacturers[J]. Cutting Tool Engineering,2007,59(5):48-52.
[54]寇元哲.影响电火花成形加工工艺指标的因素分析研究[J].模具技术,2008,(7):59-62.
[55]高梅.电火花脉冲加工及电参数对加工效率和加工精度的影响[J].机械制造与自动化,2006,35 (4):153-155.
[56]徐阳,罗正斌.影响模具电火花加工质量的工艺因素[J].中国科技信息,2005,(13):111.
[57] Jae Won Jung, Seok Hoon Ko,Young Hun Jeong,et al. Real-time gap control for micro-EDM:application in a microfactory [J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2008,9(1):3-6.
[58]胡海明,张浩,张自浩.轮胎活络模具花纹块电火花加工工艺的研究应用[J].模具技术,2010,(1):48-50.
[59]赵伟,张云鹏,王忠惠,等.电火花铣削的应用研究[J].电加工与模具,2006,(6):35-37.
[60] CRISTINA RACOCEA, GEORGETA CIOBANASU,LIVIU. 3-D modeling and the design process [J]. Bul.Inst. Polit. Iasi, t., 2001, XLVII (LI):52-56.
[61]曹岩,刘建养,关铭.UG NX4数控加工实例精解[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:1-2.
[62]卫兵工作室.UG NX4中文版数控编程入门与实例进阶[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:32-34.
[63]朱德泉,朱德文,周杰敏,等.UG二次开发技术在模具CAD系统设计中的应用[J].包装与食品机械,2005,23(2):35-39.
[64]魏润强,龚晓宏.UG软件的二次开发工具[J].制造业自动化,2003,25(Z1):113-114.
[65]周建安,阮锋.UG固定轴曲面铣削加工应用[J].机械制造,2004,42(476):55-56.
[66]李瑞,罗良玲,吴伟,等.采用UGNX进行文字加工自动编程的研究[J].机械制造,2005,43(487):23-25.
[67]蒋晔.在曲面上如何用实现曲线加工[J].机车车辆工艺,2005,(2):27-28.
[68]李金红,陈威,王朝光,等.浅谈UG软件中变轴加工的设置[J].中国橡胶,24(13):40-41.
[69]李舒,李野.UG CAM在轮胎模具花纹块加工中的应用[J].电加工与模具,2009,(3):74-76.
[70] Eung-Ki Lee, Won-Pyo Hong, Jong-Geun Choi. Continuous tool-path generation for high speed machining [J]. International Journal of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering,2002,3(4):31-36.
[71]金霞.基于UG/CAM模块可变轴曲面轮廓数控铣的研究[J].机电产品开发与创新,2008,21(2):179-180.
[72]李舒,王可.基于UG的轮胎模具CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2003,32(3):75-77.
[73] Zhiyang Yao,Satyandra K.Gupta. Cutter path generation for 2.5D milling by combining multiple different cutter path patterns[J]. International Journal of Production Research, 2004,42 (11):2141-2161.
[74]李金红,王金晖,郭燕.UG在轮胎模具电极加工中的应用[J].中国橡胶,2009,24(10):38-39.
[75]李烨,李舒.基于UG的轮胎模具电极加工CAD/CAM技术应用[J].电加工与模具,2009,(4):63-64.
[76]黄志荣,丁仕燕.UG NX在三轴和五轴数控加工中的应用[J].机械工程与自动化,2008,149(4):19-23.
[77] Takeshi UMEHARA,Koji TERAMOTO,Tohru ISHIDA, et al. Tool posture determination for 5-Axis control machining by area division method[J].JSME International Journal,2006,49(1):35-41.
[78]康文利,路世强.UG在等高轮廓铣与固定轴轮廓铣中的综合应用[J].机械工程师,2008,(3):103-105.
[79]谢国明.基于UG铣加工过程的3D跨距及其应用[J].制造技术与机床,2004,(6):69-70.
[80]郭燕,赵明辉,霍洪波.轮胎模具侧板字体CAD/CAM技术应用[J].中国橡胶,2008,25(11):32-33.
[81]李舒,李烨.轮胎模具侧板字体加工的CAD/CAM技术应用[J].当代化工,2009,38(2):29-31.
[82]李立英,柳和生,饶锡新,等.基于UG二次开发工具的应用研究[J].上饶师范学院学报,2005,25(6):30-33.
[83]夏天,吴立军.UG二次开发技术基础[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005.9:1-9.
[84]阳意慧,张建月,阮锋,等.UG二次开发与加工自动化[J].模具技术,2006,(5):51-54.
[85]汤辉,费业泰,黄其圣. UG软件CAE二次开发研究及应用[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2005,(1):36-38.
[86]袁蔚,陈拂晓,郭俊卿.二次开发UG中标准件库的建立[J].河南科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,26(5):19-22.
[87]游安弼.利用Java二次开发UG NX[J].数字化设计,2006,(9):58-61.
[88]吕彦明,王庆福.UG二次开发功能在刀具设计中的应用[J].工具技术,2005,39(7):44-46.
[89] Azad Ali,Seever Sulaiman. Adding a new language to VB .NET globalization-making the case for the Kurdish language[J]. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology,2006,(3):23-31.
[90]陈云霞主编.Visual Basic程序设计(第二版)[M].北京:石油大学出版社,2002.7:54-284.
[91]李烨,程钢.UG在轮胎活络模具设计上的应用[J].中国橡胶,2005,21(11):25-26.
[92]林惠音,王熙平.变节距胎面花纹的计算机辅助设计[J].轮胎工业,1995,15(9):