家兔的血清瘦素水平与其繁殖性能及相关血液生化指标的关系研究
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摘要
瘦素是近年来研究的热点,然而对于瘦素与动物的繁殖性能和血液生化指标三者的关系研究较少。本文以控制家兔的体重为连结点,分别从家兔血清瘦素、血脂与脂肪肝的关系、家兔的体重与瘦素及肝功能的关系、家兔的体重与血清瘦素及繁殖性能的关系、家兔的体重与血清瘦素及肾功能的关系四个方面系统地研究血清瘦素水平与动物的繁殖性能和血液生化指标的关系,取得了以下结果：
(1)20只刚断奶的40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为两组,每组10只。高脂组：予以高脂饲料(高脂饲料配制：83%普通饲料+2%胆固醇+7%蛋黄粉+8%猪油)连续喂养12周。对照组：用普通饲料饲喂12周。分别在0,6,和12周对各组的血脂及血清瘦素进行检测分析,并在12周末检测和观察兔肝脏组织病理学变化。与对照组相比,高脂组的血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和瘦素水平极显著升高(p<0.01),其中高脂组的血清瘦素水平在第6周和第12周分别为8.15ng/ml和8.36ng/ml,比对照组提高了60.4%和61.6%；而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)差异不显著。兔饲养12周后,高脂组肝细胞均呈现弥漫性脂肪变性,汇管区和小叶间可见炎性细胞浸润、坏死及纤维化,而对照组肝组织无异常。高脂饮食会引发家兔高脂血症、脂肪肝和血清瘦素水平的升高,由此推断,高胆固醇血症可能是引起脂肪肝和血清瘦素水平升高的诱因。
(2)30只刚断奶的、40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。分别通过不同的饲养方式：对照组按兔子的营养标准正常饲喂,过饲组在对照组日饲喂量的基础上增加30%,限饲组则在对照组日饲喂量的基础上减少30%。分别在0,6,12周测定各组的体重、血清瘦素(Leptin)水平、总蛋白(TP)及肝功能指标：谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(T-BIL)。在12周末检测各组脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平及脂肪细胞的瘦素mRNA相对表达量。饲养至第12周,过饲组和限饲组的体重与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05)；限饲组和过饲组的血清Leptin水平分别为17.64ng/ml和13.43ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的9.96ng/ml,而且限饲组的血清Leptin水平甚至高于过饲组(P<0.05)；12周末过饲组和限饲组脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平分别为19.36ng/ml和22.17ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的13.73ng/ml,并且过饲组和限饲组的瘦素水平差异也达到了显著水平(p<0.05)；对照组、过饲组、限饲组脂肪瘦素的mRNA表达分别为0.42mmol/l、0.63mmol/l、和0.85mmol/l,其中过饲组和限饲组均显著高于对照组,而且限饲组也显著高于过饲组(p<0.05)；脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平及脂肪细胞的瘦素mRNA相对表达呈现出与血清瘦素的变化相一致和对应的情况。限饲组血清ALT、AST、TBA、T-BIL均高于对照组和过饲组(p<0.05),而过饲组与对照组相比无明显变化。限饲组血清TP水平显著低于对照组和过饲组(p<0.05),而过饲组与对照组相比无明显变化。由于限饲动物出现了营养不良、体重降低,并引发肝功能受损,伴随出现高瘦素血症,同时还会相应引起脂肪组织的瘦素水平及其mRNA的表达相应升高,说明长期限饲导致leptin升高,调节体脂动员,发生脂肪肝和肝组织损伤；而在正常饲喂和营养供给充分的情况下,动物均处在能量蛋白正平衡中,体重越大,瘦素越高。
(3)30只刚断奶,40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。各组饲养水平设计同前一实验。分别在初情期、妊娠期、分娩后期测定各组的体重与血清瘦素水平及繁殖性能。结果发现,在3组体重差异显著的情况下,体重越大,初情期越早。在最早出现初情期的过饲组其血清瘦素水平为28.23ng/ml,比对照组的8.76ng/ml高出了69%,差异极显著(p<0.01),比限饲组的17.65ng/ml高37%,差异也达到显著水平(p<0.05)。过饲组出现初情期时,促性腺激素FSH(促卵泡激素)和LH(促黄体激素)水平大大高于没有出现初情期对照组和限饲组,且差异极显著(p<0.01)；而限饲组和对照组之间差异不显著。到了妊娠期和分娩后期,各组的FSH和LH水平无显著差异。妊娠期受胎率：过饲组的受胎率最高(100%),其次为对照组(90%)和限饲组(50%)。分娩后期胎儿体重：过饲组和限饲组的仔兔初生个体重分别显著高于、低于对照组(p<0.05),而窝产仔数在3组间无显著差异。结论：初情期的出现与营养状况和血清瘦素水平有关,营养供给越充足,体重越大,瘦素越高,初情期越早；在初情期时,血清瘦素水平表现出与性激素FSH和LH同时的升高趋势,由此推测,瘦素可能也是动物发情的诱发因素之一；从初情期到妊娠期和分娩后期,Leptin与FSH和LH有着相同的变化规律；当动物处于能量蛋白正平衡时,体重越大,血清瘦素水平越高,并可在一定程度上提高动物的繁殖性能；反之,当动物营养不良时,会处于能量蛋白负平衡中,从而导致体重降低及血清瘦素水平虚高的情况,由此引起动物的繁殖性能下降。
(4)30只刚断奶,40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。各组饲喂水平同前一实验。分别在0,6,12周测定各组的体重、血清瘦素(Leptin)水平和肾功能指标：尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(SCr)、总蛋白(TP)。饲养至第12周,过饲组和限饲组的体重与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05)；过饲组和限饲组的血清Leptin水平分别为13.43ng/ml和17.64ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的9.96ng/ml,而且限饲组的血清Leptin水平也显著高于过饲组(p<0.05)；限饲组血清UA、SCr、BUN均高于对照组(p<0.05),而过饲组无明显变化；限饲组血清TP低于对照组(p<0.05),而过饲组无明显变化。由于动物限饲出现了营养不良、体重降低,会引发肾功能受损并伴随出现高瘦素血症情况；肾功能损害和Leptin水平升高有可能会导致体重的进一步下降,由此推断,在能量负平衡状态下,肾功能损害和Leptin水平升高与体重之间存在着一种负相关的反馈作用关系。
Leptin is a research hotspot in recent years. However, researches in relationship of leptin, animal reproductive performance and blood biochemical indices is few. In this paper, relationship of leptin, animal reproductive performance and blood biochemical indices is studied respectively from correlations of body weight, serum leptin, blood lipid, fatty liver, liver function, reproductive performance and renal function. The results are as following:
i) According to body mass number,20rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into two groups:(a)high-lipid group (n=10), which was maintained on high-lipid diet for12weeks (formulation of high-lipid diet:83%normal feed+2%cholesterol and7%egg yolk powder+8%lard), and (b) control group (n=10), which was fed with normal diet for12weeks. Liver tissue pathological changes were observed and blood lipids parameters, serum leptin level were analysed at0,6, and12weeks in both groups. Compared with the control group, rabbits fed with high-lipid diets showed higher levels of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin (P<0.01). The serum leptin levels of high-lipid groups are8.15ng/ml and8.36ng/ml improved60.4%and61.6%higher than the control group at sixth weeks and twelfth weeks. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) was not significant difference between two groups. After raising for12weeks, hepatocytes of the high-lipid group rabbits developed diffuse fatty degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis and fibrosis were observed in the portal area and lobules. Abnormal liver was not observed in the control group. In conclusion, high-lipid diet induce hypercholesterolemia and elevated serum leptin levels in rabbits. This study indicate that hypercholesterolemia itself might induce increased serum leptin levels,
ii) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:control group (n=10) was fed with normal diet, excessive feeding group (n=10) was fed with diet increased by30%on the basis of control group, restricted feeding group (n=10) was fed with diet reduced by30%on the basis of control group. The body weight of each group showed significant differences (P<0.05) after12weeks of feeding. At the same time, serum leptin (Leptin) level, total protein (TP) and hepatic function index analyses were performed including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (T-BIL). Leptin mRNA relative expression in adipose cells of culture medium were detected at the end of the12week. The weight of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group had significant difference (P<0.05) compared with the control group after12weeks; Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group and excessive feeding group were17.64ng/ml and13.43ng/ml which were significantly higher than those in control group (9.96ng/ml); Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group even higher than the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05). The leptin levels of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group in fat cell culture medium were19.36ng/ml and22.17ng/ml which were higher than the control group (13.73ng/ml), and difference of the leptin levels between excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group was significant (P<0.05). Expression of leptin mRNA in fatty of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group were0.63mmol/L and0.85mmol/L which were significantly higher than that of the control group (0.42mmol/L), and difference of the leptin levels between excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group was significant (P<0.05). Level of leptin in adipose cell culture medium and leptin mRNA relative expression in adipose cell were associated with the changes of serum leptin. Serum ALT, AST, TBA and T-BIL of restricted feeding group were higher than those in control group and excessive feeding group (P<0.05), and excessive feeding group showed no significant change compared with the control group. Serum TP of restricted feeding group was lower than that of control group and feeding groups (P<0.05), and excessive feeding group showed no significant change compared with the control group. Animals suffered from malnutrition and weight loss can lead to impaired liver function and hyperleptinemia because of restricted feeding. At the same time, leptin level in adipose tissue and its mRNA expression are also increased correspondingly. Therefore, long-term restriction not only leads to elevating leptin and regulating fat mobilization but also the occurrence of fatty liver and injury of liver tissue. When animal was in energy positive balance, the larger the body weight of rabbits is,-the higher the leptin level is.
iii) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group (n=10), excessive feeding group (n=10) and restricted feeding group (n=10), the design for3groups were same as previous test. Serum leptin levels, reproductive performance-and body weight were recorded at the period of puberty, pregnancy and childbirth. With significant difference between the body weight in3groups, the weight bigger, the sooner the initial estrus appears. Serum leptin level of excessive feeding group was28.23ng/ml which was increase by69%and37%higher than that of control group (8.76ng/ml, P<0.01) and restricted feeding group (17.65ng/ml, P<0.05). Sexual hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) levels of excessive feeding group were significantly higher than control group and restricted feeding group in the period of initial estrus (P<0.01), and different between restricted feeding group and control group was not significant. FSH and LH level of each group had no significant difference during pregnancy and tate delivery. Conception rate of excessive feeding group was the highest (100%), followed by control group (90%) and restricted feeding group (50%). Birth weight of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group were significantly higher and lower than that of control group (P<0.05) during late delivery, and litter size have no significant difference among groups. Puberty was related with nutritional status and serum leptin levels. Nutrition was supplied more sufficient, body weight was greater, leptin level is higher, the early oestrus became sooner. Serum leptin levels showed the same trend with FSH and LH in puberty which indicated the predisposing factors of animal estrus. Leptin, FSH and LH had the same variation in the period of puberty, pregnancy and childbirth. When the animal'energy and protein is balant, the greater of the weight, the higher of serum leptin level which can improve animal reproductive performance in a certain extent. Conversely, animal can lead to weight loss and serum leptin level in virtual high which results in reduction of animal reproductive performance.
iv) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group (n=10), excessive feeding group (n=10), restricted feeding group (n=10). The design for3groups were same as previous test. The body weight of each group showed significant differences (P<0.05) after12weeks of feeding. At the same time, serum leptin (Leptin) level and renal function index analyses were performed including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), serum creatinine (SCr) and total protein (TP). Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group and excessive feeding group were17.64ng/ml and13.43ng/ml which were significantly higher than those in control group (9.96ng/ml); and the restricted feeding group even showed higher serum leptin levels than those of the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05). The restricted feeding group also showed higher levels of serum UA, SCr, BUN and lower levels of serum TP than those of the control group and the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05), and the excessive feeding groups showed no significant change compared with the control group. On one hand, animals suffered from malnutrition and weight loss can lead to impaired renal function and hyperleptinemia because of restricted feeding, on the other hand, impaired renal function and high levels of serum leptin intensify the malnutrition, which led to a further decline in body weight. Thus, impairment of renal function and the increasing level of leptin have a feedback mechanism and negative correlation between the weight.
(1)20只刚断奶的40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为两组,每组10只。高脂组：予以高脂饲料(高脂饲料配制：83%普通饲料+2%胆固醇+7%蛋黄粉+8%猪油)连续喂养12周。对照组：用普通饲料饲喂12周。分别在0,6,和12周对各组的血脂及血清瘦素进行检测分析,并在12周末检测和观察兔肝脏组织病理学变化。与对照组相比,高脂组的血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和瘦素水平极显著升高(p<0.01),其中高脂组的血清瘦素水平在第6周和第12周分别为8.15ng/ml和8.36ng/ml,比对照组提高了60.4%和61.6%；而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)差异不显著。兔饲养12周后,高脂组肝细胞均呈现弥漫性脂肪变性,汇管区和小叶间可见炎性细胞浸润、坏死及纤维化,而对照组肝组织无异常。高脂饮食会引发家兔高脂血症、脂肪肝和血清瘦素水平的升高,由此推断,高胆固醇血症可能是引起脂肪肝和血清瘦素水平升高的诱因。
(2)30只刚断奶的、40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。分别通过不同的饲养方式：对照组按兔子的营养标准正常饲喂,过饲组在对照组日饲喂量的基础上增加30%,限饲组则在对照组日饲喂量的基础上减少30%。分别在0,6,12周测定各组的体重、血清瘦素(Leptin)水平、总蛋白(TP)及肝功能指标：谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(T-BIL)。在12周末检测各组脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平及脂肪细胞的瘦素mRNA相对表达量。饲养至第12周,过饲组和限饲组的体重与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05)；限饲组和过饲组的血清Leptin水平分别为17.64ng/ml和13.43ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的9.96ng/ml,而且限饲组的血清Leptin水平甚至高于过饲组(P<0.05)；12周末过饲组和限饲组脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平分别为19.36ng/ml和22.17ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的13.73ng/ml,并且过饲组和限饲组的瘦素水平差异也达到了显著水平(p<0.05)；对照组、过饲组、限饲组脂肪瘦素的mRNA表达分别为0.42mmol/l、0.63mmol/l、和0.85mmol/l,其中过饲组和限饲组均显著高于对照组,而且限饲组也显著高于过饲组(p<0.05)；脂肪细胞培养基中的瘦素水平及脂肪细胞的瘦素mRNA相对表达呈现出与血清瘦素的变化相一致和对应的情况。限饲组血清ALT、AST、TBA、T-BIL均高于对照组和过饲组(p<0.05),而过饲组与对照组相比无明显变化。限饲组血清TP水平显著低于对照组和过饲组(p<0.05),而过饲组与对照组相比无明显变化。由于限饲动物出现了营养不良、体重降低,并引发肝功能受损,伴随出现高瘦素血症,同时还会相应引起脂肪组织的瘦素水平及其mRNA的表达相应升高,说明长期限饲导致leptin升高,调节体脂动员,发生脂肪肝和肝组织损伤；而在正常饲喂和营养供给充分的情况下,动物均处在能量蛋白正平衡中,体重越大,瘦素越高。
(3)30只刚断奶,40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。各组饲养水平设计同前一实验。分别在初情期、妊娠期、分娩后期测定各组的体重与血清瘦素水平及繁殖性能。结果发现,在3组体重差异显著的情况下,体重越大,初情期越早。在最早出现初情期的过饲组其血清瘦素水平为28.23ng/ml,比对照组的8.76ng/ml高出了69%,差异极显著(p<0.01),比限饲组的17.65ng/ml高37%,差异也达到显著水平(p<0.05)。过饲组出现初情期时,促性腺激素FSH(促卵泡激素)和LH(促黄体激素)水平大大高于没有出现初情期对照组和限饲组,且差异极显著(p<0.01)；而限饲组和对照组之间差异不显著。到了妊娠期和分娩后期,各组的FSH和LH水平无显著差异。妊娠期受胎率：过饲组的受胎率最高(100%),其次为对照组(90%)和限饲组(50%)。分娩后期胎儿体重：过饲组和限饲组的仔兔初生个体重分别显著高于、低于对照组(p<0.05),而窝产仔数在3组间无显著差异。结论：初情期的出现与营养状况和血清瘦素水平有关,营养供给越充足,体重越大,瘦素越高,初情期越早；在初情期时,血清瘦素水平表现出与性激素FSH和LH同时的升高趋势,由此推测,瘦素可能也是动物发情的诱发因素之一；从初情期到妊娠期和分娩后期,Leptin与FSH和LH有着相同的变化规律；当动物处于能量蛋白正平衡时,体重越大,血清瘦素水平越高,并可在一定程度上提高动物的繁殖性能；反之,当动物营养不良时,会处于能量蛋白负平衡中,从而导致体重降低及血清瘦素水平虚高的情况,由此引起动物的繁殖性能下降。
(4)30只刚断奶,40日龄的健康雌性新西兰白兔,按体质量编号后,按随机数字表分为三组：正常对照组(n=10),过饲组(n=10)及限饲组(n=10)。各组饲喂水平同前一实验。分别在0,6,12周测定各组的体重、血清瘦素(Leptin)水平和肾功能指标：尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(SCr)、总蛋白(TP)。饲养至第12周,过饲组和限饲组的体重与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05)；过饲组和限饲组的血清Leptin水平分别为13.43ng/ml和17.64ng/ml,均显著高于对照组的9.96ng/ml,而且限饲组的血清Leptin水平也显著高于过饲组(p<0.05)；限饲组血清UA、SCr、BUN均高于对照组(p<0.05),而过饲组无明显变化；限饲组血清TP低于对照组(p<0.05),而过饲组无明显变化。由于动物限饲出现了营养不良、体重降低,会引发肾功能受损并伴随出现高瘦素血症情况；肾功能损害和Leptin水平升高有可能会导致体重的进一步下降,由此推断,在能量负平衡状态下,肾功能损害和Leptin水平升高与体重之间存在着一种负相关的反馈作用关系。
Leptin is a research hotspot in recent years. However, researches in relationship of leptin, animal reproductive performance and blood biochemical indices is few. In this paper, relationship of leptin, animal reproductive performance and blood biochemical indices is studied respectively from correlations of body weight, serum leptin, blood lipid, fatty liver, liver function, reproductive performance and renal function. The results are as following:
i) According to body mass number,20rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into two groups:(a)high-lipid group (n=10), which was maintained on high-lipid diet for12weeks (formulation of high-lipid diet:83%normal feed+2%cholesterol and7%egg yolk powder+8%lard), and (b) control group (n=10), which was fed with normal diet for12weeks. Liver tissue pathological changes were observed and blood lipids parameters, serum leptin level were analysed at0,6, and12weeks in both groups. Compared with the control group, rabbits fed with high-lipid diets showed higher levels of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin (P<0.01). The serum leptin levels of high-lipid groups are8.15ng/ml and8.36ng/ml improved60.4%and61.6%higher than the control group at sixth weeks and twelfth weeks. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) was not significant difference between two groups. After raising for12weeks, hepatocytes of the high-lipid group rabbits developed diffuse fatty degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis and fibrosis were observed in the portal area and lobules. Abnormal liver was not observed in the control group. In conclusion, high-lipid diet induce hypercholesterolemia and elevated serum leptin levels in rabbits. This study indicate that hypercholesterolemia itself might induce increased serum leptin levels,
ii) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:control group (n=10) was fed with normal diet, excessive feeding group (n=10) was fed with diet increased by30%on the basis of control group, restricted feeding group (n=10) was fed with diet reduced by30%on the basis of control group. The body weight of each group showed significant differences (P<0.05) after12weeks of feeding. At the same time, serum leptin (Leptin) level, total protein (TP) and hepatic function index analyses were performed including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (T-BIL). Leptin mRNA relative expression in adipose cells of culture medium were detected at the end of the12week. The weight of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group had significant difference (P<0.05) compared with the control group after12weeks; Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group and excessive feeding group were17.64ng/ml and13.43ng/ml which were significantly higher than those in control group (9.96ng/ml); Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group even higher than the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05). The leptin levels of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group in fat cell culture medium were19.36ng/ml and22.17ng/ml which were higher than the control group (13.73ng/ml), and difference of the leptin levels between excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group was significant (P<0.05). Expression of leptin mRNA in fatty of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group were0.63mmol/L and0.85mmol/L which were significantly higher than that of the control group (0.42mmol/L), and difference of the leptin levels between excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group was significant (P<0.05). Level of leptin in adipose cell culture medium and leptin mRNA relative expression in adipose cell were associated with the changes of serum leptin. Serum ALT, AST, TBA and T-BIL of restricted feeding group were higher than those in control group and excessive feeding group (P<0.05), and excessive feeding group showed no significant change compared with the control group. Serum TP of restricted feeding group was lower than that of control group and feeding groups (P<0.05), and excessive feeding group showed no significant change compared with the control group. Animals suffered from malnutrition and weight loss can lead to impaired liver function and hyperleptinemia because of restricted feeding. At the same time, leptin level in adipose tissue and its mRNA expression are also increased correspondingly. Therefore, long-term restriction not only leads to elevating leptin and regulating fat mobilization but also the occurrence of fatty liver and injury of liver tissue. When animal was in energy positive balance, the larger the body weight of rabbits is,-the higher the leptin level is.
iii) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group (n=10), excessive feeding group (n=10) and restricted feeding group (n=10), the design for3groups were same as previous test. Serum leptin levels, reproductive performance-and body weight were recorded at the period of puberty, pregnancy and childbirth. With significant difference between the body weight in3groups, the weight bigger, the sooner the initial estrus appears. Serum leptin level of excessive feeding group was28.23ng/ml which was increase by69%and37%higher than that of control group (8.76ng/ml, P<0.01) and restricted feeding group (17.65ng/ml, P<0.05). Sexual hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) levels of excessive feeding group were significantly higher than control group and restricted feeding group in the period of initial estrus (P<0.01), and different between restricted feeding group and control group was not significant. FSH and LH level of each group had no significant difference during pregnancy and tate delivery. Conception rate of excessive feeding group was the highest (100%), followed by control group (90%) and restricted feeding group (50%). Birth weight of excessive feeding group and restricted feeding group were significantly higher and lower than that of control group (P<0.05) during late delivery, and litter size have no significant difference among groups. Puberty was related with nutritional status and serum leptin levels. Nutrition was supplied more sufficient, body weight was greater, leptin level is higher, the early oestrus became sooner. Serum leptin levels showed the same trend with FSH and LH in puberty which indicated the predisposing factors of animal estrus. Leptin, FSH and LH had the same variation in the period of puberty, pregnancy and childbirth. When the animal'energy and protein is balant, the greater of the weight, the higher of serum leptin level which can improve animal reproductive performance in a certain extent. Conversely, animal can lead to weight loss and serum leptin level in virtual high which results in reduction of animal reproductive performance.
iv) According to body mass number,30rabbits at the age of40days were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group (n=10), excessive feeding group (n=10), restricted feeding group (n=10). The design for3groups were same as previous test. The body weight of each group showed significant differences (P<0.05) after12weeks of feeding. At the same time, serum leptin (Leptin) level and renal function index analyses were performed including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), serum creatinine (SCr) and total protein (TP). Serum leptin levels of restricted feeding group and excessive feeding group were17.64ng/ml and13.43ng/ml which were significantly higher than those in control group (9.96ng/ml); and the restricted feeding group even showed higher serum leptin levels than those of the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05). The restricted feeding group also showed higher levels of serum UA, SCr, BUN and lower levels of serum TP than those of the control group and the excessive feeding groups (P<0.05), and the excessive feeding groups showed no significant change compared with the control group. On one hand, animals suffered from malnutrition and weight loss can lead to impaired renal function and hyperleptinemia because of restricted feeding, on the other hand, impaired renal function and high levels of serum leptin intensify the malnutrition, which led to a further decline in body weight. Thus, impairment of renal function and the increasing level of leptin have a feedback mechanism and negative correlation between the weight.
引文
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