科技型中小微企业异质知识网络、组织学习与技术能力关系研究
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摘要
知识网络和组织学习是企业技术能力的重要影响因素。在如今开放式创新的时代背景下，对于中小微企业而言，应比以往更加注重对外部知识的获取，并通过构建学习型组织，提高外部知识利用的效率。大量研究从网络结构视角出发，探讨了知识网络在技术能力提升过程中的重要作用，同时指出了组织学习是知识转化为能力的重要机制。然而，基于知识内容出发，知识网络所提供的不同类型、不同价值的知识究竟如何影响技术能力，现有研究还缺乏更为“直接”证据。这一研究现状也为其他研究者提供了分析知识网络新的研究视角。
基于已有研究，本文首先以顺德区家用电器产业基地为研究对象，运用社会网络分析方法验证了企业异质知识网络的存在。其次，通过理论演绎构建了知识网络理论、组织学习理论、技术能力理论之间关系的概念模型，并以广东省顺德地区的中小微企业为研究对象进行了实证研究。结果表明：第一、产业集群中的知识网络具有多维性质，具体可分为技术、市场和管理三种子知识网络。即每一种知识类型都对应着一种特定的具有不同结构特征的知识网络，在这些知识网络中企业以不同的方式交流不同类型的知识。第二、当中小微企业选择利用式学习作为主要的学习方式时，异质知识网络（包括技术、管理和市场知识网络）对于中小微企业技术能力的直接正向影响并未在本研究中得到证实，但是三种知识网络可通过利用式学习的中介作用对中小微企业技术能力产生间接正向作用，并且利用式学习在三种知识网络对于企业技术能力的影响中发挥的都是一种完全的中介作用。第三、当中小微企业选择探索式学习作为主要的学习方式时，探索式学习也在异质知识网络对技术能力的影响中发挥中介作用。具体说来，在技术知识网络对企业技术能力的影响中，探索式学习发挥着部分中介作用；而在市场知识网络对企业技术能力的影响中，探索式学习发挥着完全中介作用。
本文的理论与实证研究成果丰富并完善了知识网络理论、组织学习理论与技术能力理论。特别是在当前宏观经济环境的背景下，本文研究结论对提升我国中小微企业的技术能力具有一定的实践启示意义。因此，企业应根据自身知识需求的类型，结合自身开展组织学习活动的类型，针对性地构建基于特定知识内容的知识网络。政府应系统思考对中小微企业的扶持办法，通过搭建各类平台，引导中小微企业积极融入各类知识网络。
Knowledge network and organizational learning have been considered to be the keyfactors of enterprise’s technological capability. In the background of the age of openinnovation, the small, medium and micro enterprises should pay more attention on externalknowledge acquisition, and improve the efficiency of using external knowledge by buildingthe learning organization. Most research investigate that the knowledge network plays animportant role on improving technological capability through the perspective of networkstructure. At the same time, these researches point out that organizational learning is thecritical mechanism which could transform the knowledge into the capability. However, basedto the knowledge content, how the different types of knowledge which could have differentvalues to the enterprises can influence the technological capability, the existing research havenot given adequate “direct” evidence. This provided a new perspective of analyzingknowledge network for other researchers.
Based on the existing research, this dissertation took a software park in Tianhe Region ofGuangzhou city as the research sample, using social network analysis method to verificationthe existence of enterprises’ heterogeneous knowledge network. Then, according to thecorrelative theories, a conceptual framework of the relationship among the knowledgenetwork, organizational learning and technical ability was constructed. Besides, thisdissertation makes an empirical study by taking the small, medium and micro enterprises ofShunde Region located in Guangdong Province as the research object. The results showed:firstly, the knowledge network of the industrial clusters has multidimensional characteristics,which can be divided into three kinds of knowledge subnetwork in detail: technical,management and marketing knowledge subnetwork. That means every type of knowledgecorresponds to a specific knowledge network with different structural features. Theenterprises exchanged different types of knowledge with each other in different way in theseknowledge networks. Secondly, when the small, medium and micro enterprises chooseexploitative learning as their main way of learning, all the heterogeneous knowledgenetworks’(including technical, management and marketing knowledge network) direct,positive effect on enterprises’ technological capability has not been confirmed in this study. But these three kinds of knowledge network have an indirect, positive effect on theenterprises’ technical ability through the exploitative learning’s mediating effect. Thirdly,when the small, medium and micro enterprises choose exploratory learning as their main wayof learning, the exploratory learning also has a mediating effect on the relationship betweenheterogeneous knowledge network and technical ability. To say more specifically, technicalknowledge network has an effect on enterprise’s technical ability, the exploratory learningplays an mediating role partly between them. But marketing knowledge network has an effecton enterprise’s technical ability through the exploratory learning’ fully mediating effect.
The theories and empirical study of this dissertation have some academic contributionson enriching and improving the theory of knowledge network, organizational learning andtechnical ability. Especially under the current macroeconomic environment, the conclusion ofthis paper provides some guidances of improving enterprise’s technical ability practices,especially for the small, medium and micro enterprises. First of all, an enterprise shouldrealized what kind of knowledge it needs and what the type of organizational learning it fits,and build its knowledge network based on the specific knowledge. The government ought tothink systematically about the supporting policys for the small, medium and micro enterprises.And the government could conduct these enterprises to integrate each type of knowledgenetwork positively by building all kinds of platforms.
基于已有研究，本文首先以顺德区家用电器产业基地为研究对象，运用社会网络分析方法验证了企业异质知识网络的存在。其次，通过理论演绎构建了知识网络理论、组织学习理论、技术能力理论之间关系的概念模型，并以广东省顺德地区的中小微企业为研究对象进行了实证研究。结果表明：第一、产业集群中的知识网络具有多维性质，具体可分为技术、市场和管理三种子知识网络。即每一种知识类型都对应着一种特定的具有不同结构特征的知识网络，在这些知识网络中企业以不同的方式交流不同类型的知识。第二、当中小微企业选择利用式学习作为主要的学习方式时，异质知识网络（包括技术、管理和市场知识网络）对于中小微企业技术能力的直接正向影响并未在本研究中得到证实，但是三种知识网络可通过利用式学习的中介作用对中小微企业技术能力产生间接正向作用，并且利用式学习在三种知识网络对于企业技术能力的影响中发挥的都是一种完全的中介作用。第三、当中小微企业选择探索式学习作为主要的学习方式时，探索式学习也在异质知识网络对技术能力的影响中发挥中介作用。具体说来，在技术知识网络对企业技术能力的影响中，探索式学习发挥着部分中介作用；而在市场知识网络对企业技术能力的影响中，探索式学习发挥着完全中介作用。
本文的理论与实证研究成果丰富并完善了知识网络理论、组织学习理论与技术能力理论。特别是在当前宏观经济环境的背景下，本文研究结论对提升我国中小微企业的技术能力具有一定的实践启示意义。因此，企业应根据自身知识需求的类型，结合自身开展组织学习活动的类型，针对性地构建基于特定知识内容的知识网络。政府应系统思考对中小微企业的扶持办法，通过搭建各类平台，引导中小微企业积极融入各类知识网络。
Knowledge network and organizational learning have been considered to be the keyfactors of enterprise’s technological capability. In the background of the age of openinnovation, the small, medium and micro enterprises should pay more attention on externalknowledge acquisition, and improve the efficiency of using external knowledge by buildingthe learning organization. Most research investigate that the knowledge network plays animportant role on improving technological capability through the perspective of networkstructure. At the same time, these researches point out that organizational learning is thecritical mechanism which could transform the knowledge into the capability. However, basedto the knowledge content, how the different types of knowledge which could have differentvalues to the enterprises can influence the technological capability, the existing research havenot given adequate “direct” evidence. This provided a new perspective of analyzingknowledge network for other researchers.
Based on the existing research, this dissertation took a software park in Tianhe Region ofGuangzhou city as the research sample, using social network analysis method to verificationthe existence of enterprises’ heterogeneous knowledge network. Then, according to thecorrelative theories, a conceptual framework of the relationship among the knowledgenetwork, organizational learning and technical ability was constructed. Besides, thisdissertation makes an empirical study by taking the small, medium and micro enterprises ofShunde Region located in Guangdong Province as the research object. The results showed:firstly, the knowledge network of the industrial clusters has multidimensional characteristics,which can be divided into three kinds of knowledge subnetwork in detail: technical,management and marketing knowledge subnetwork. That means every type of knowledgecorresponds to a specific knowledge network with different structural features. Theenterprises exchanged different types of knowledge with each other in different way in theseknowledge networks. Secondly, when the small, medium and micro enterprises chooseexploitative learning as their main way of learning, all the heterogeneous knowledgenetworks’(including technical, management and marketing knowledge network) direct,positive effect on enterprises’ technological capability has not been confirmed in this study. But these three kinds of knowledge network have an indirect, positive effect on theenterprises’ technical ability through the exploitative learning’s mediating effect. Thirdly,when the small, medium and micro enterprises choose exploratory learning as their main wayof learning, the exploratory learning also has a mediating effect on the relationship betweenheterogeneous knowledge network and technical ability. To say more specifically, technicalknowledge network has an effect on enterprise’s technical ability, the exploratory learningplays an mediating role partly between them. But marketing knowledge network has an effecton enterprise’s technical ability through the exploratory learning’ fully mediating effect.
The theories and empirical study of this dissertation have some academic contributionson enriching and improving the theory of knowledge network, organizational learning andtechnical ability. Especially under the current macroeconomic environment, the conclusion ofthis paper provides some guidances of improving enterprise’s technical ability practices,especially for the small, medium and micro enterprises. First of all, an enterprise shouldrealized what kind of knowledge it needs and what the type of organizational learning it fits,and build its knowledge network based on the specific knowledge. The government ought tothink systematically about the supporting policys for the small, medium and micro enterprises.And the government could conduct these enterprises to integrate each type of knowledgenetwork positively by building all kinds of platforms.
引文
①数据来源：http://www.apec-smesummit.org/html/Chinese/Review/2008APECsmesummit/SalonNews/948.html，2011/12/23.
①资料来源：http://news.163.com/12/0305/11/7RR3OVV800014JB6.html.2012/3/7.
①资料来源：工业和信息化部,国家统计局,发展改革委,财政部.中小企业划型标准规定[S].2011.
①资料来源：工业和信息化部,国家统计局,发展改革委,财政部.中小企业划型标准规定[S].2011.
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