耐高低温柔性多层隔热材料结构与隔热性表征
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摘要
柔性防护材料是人类探索世界和宇宙时,在特殊场合下仍能正常操作移动的必要条件。实际应用中亦已提出对在高、低温环境下性能保持柔性、轻质材料的需求,如空间技术、探险、运动、特殊工程等。柔性超薄隔热材料是人体热防护或可变形隔热的基本用材。柔性或运动无障碍隔热材料一般通过两种途径实现：一是纤维集合体物质,但厚度偏大,密封性差；一是薄膜多层组合物,但柔性和隔热性会受到影响。
本文主要研究柔性多层复合隔热材料,用于对高温(150℃)环境、低温(-150℃)环境的温场隔绝。依据对隔热材料本身性能与传热关系的分析,整体设计出由反射屏与间隔材料组合的柔性多层隔热材料的结构,实现了超薄、柔性、高效的隔绝目标,并对柔性多层隔热材料的制备与加工工艺做了简单的介绍。与金属箔相比,镀金属薄膜强度高、重复使用性好,且金属铝与聚酯的结合性能好且价格低,故选择镀铝聚酯薄膜作为反射屏。分别对六种规格的镀铝聚酯薄膜做了性能测试,从而选择复合膜(6μm PET+0.03μm Al+8μm PET)作为多层隔热材料的反射屏；在反射屏相同的情况下,分别添加四种不同间隔材料,对组合而成的柔性多层隔热材料的导热系数和热阻进行比较,从而选择涤纶丝网状织物(网孔内添加羽绒)作为柔性多层隔热材料的间隔物；进而对多层复合膜与间隔物的组合方式与接触状态做了相应的研究,得出了隔绝性能较好的组合形式。
通过对多层隔热材料小样的性能测试,得出满足课题要求的最终成型小样,其结构为：外层织物+中间层(11层复合膜,相邻屏间间隔涤纶衬网,为提高隔热性能,衬网间添加羽绒)+外层织物；同时。对复合膜进行揉皱处理,以达到材料最优的隔热性质。这使最终成型小样的单位面积重量为475.52 g/m2,导热系数为0.0326 W/m·K,保温率为87.72%,传热系数均值为1.333 W/m2-℃,克罗值为4.862。当成型小样外层承受160℃的高温环境2小时后,其内层的温度大约保持在43.2℃；当成型小样外层承受-120℃～-110℃的低温环境2小时后,其内层的温度大约保持在-5.4℃,其中在-110℃左右的条件下,经纬向柔软度下降均小于6%,且试样无微观龟裂和脆性破坏现象产生。通过对材料在高、低温下的机械性能及气密性的测试,证实材料在规定的温场及微压条件下,满足动态弯曲、压作用和一般悬挂等使用,柔性变化在3%以内,且为气密性材料。
在前人研究的基础上,首先提出了多层隔热材料的理想传热模型和固体导热模型两种简易的传热模型。采用牛顿迭代法,计算了多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布与传热热流。在多层隔热系统简易传热模型的基础上,考虑了反射屏与间隔物的导热系数随温度的变化,反射屏的表面发射率随温度的变化,从而提出了本课题所研究的多层隔热材料的理想传热模型与实际传热模型,该模型是一个层间固体导热、层间气体传热和辐射传热三种传热途径相复合的逐层传热模型。采用二分法计算了实际传热模型中多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布与传热热流。并将模型计算结果与实验测量结果相比较,得出模型计算的多层层合隔热材料的热流量和导热系数与实验测量结果相吻合,导热系数的计算误差在10%以内,热流量的计算误差在3%以内。这表明本文提出的数值计算模型用于分析多层隔热材料的传热过程是可行的。
通过理论分析计算得出了相邻反射屏间只有辐射传热的理想传热模型,连续固体导热模型,以及用推导公式求得的实际传热模型,三者从低温(123K)到273K、从高温(433K)到273K两种情况下多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布。实际中多层隔热材料靠近冷端的温度变化比理想传热模型计算的温度变化小,而在接近热端的温度变化比理想传热模型计算的温度变化大。实际多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布介于理想传热模型和连续固体导热模型计算的温度值之间。
在本课题所研究的多层隔热材料的基础上,针对高温到273K、低温到273K两种情况下,讨论了多层隔热材料层间固体导热、气体传热与辐射传热三种传热方式的热流量,及其各自所占比重量。在常压下,层间气体的传热量与通过多层材料的总传热量之比大于0.6,辐射传热热阻最大,传热量较小。相对层间气体传热与固体导热来说,辐射传热热流量几乎可以忽略。通过理论计算进一步讨论了通过降低层间气体压强来降低气体传热,降低层间间隔物的导热系数来降低层间的固体导热。对多层隔热材料的表观导热系数及传热过程进行了分析。随着气体传热与层间固体导热的降低,辐射传热所占的比重增大,辐射传热所占的比重越大,多层隔热材料的隔热性能就越接近于真空多层隔热的理想状态。
Flexible protective material is a fundamental condition for normal moving in special occasions to explore the world and the universe. There is much demand to develop light weight materials with stability and flexibility under high/low temperature in practical applications, such as space technology, adventure, sport, special engineering etc. Flexible thin thermal insulation material is the basic material of personal thermal protection and deformable thermal insulation. Flexibility or movement without obstacle can be realized through two methods usually. One is fiber aggregate which is thick and has poor airproof properties. The another is multilayer films combination material which will impact the flexibility and thermal insulating performance in applications.
In this paper, the flexible multilayer insulation composite materials which are mainly used for high (150℃), low (-150℃) temperature insulation were discussed. Based on the analysis about the relationship between the properties of the insulation materials and their heat transfer process, the structure of the flexible multilayer insulation material which is combined by reflecting shields and spacers was designed. And the ultra-thin, flexible and high efficient insulation materials were obtained. Furthermore, the preparation and the processing technology for the materials were introduced simply. Compared with the metal foils, the films evaporated with metal are high strength and good reusability. Especially, the performance of aluminum and polyester is much better and low price. So it is reasonable to choose the aluminized polyester film as a reflecting shield. The performance of six different aluminized polyester films were tested. As a result, the composite film (6μm PET+0.03μm Al+8μm PET) was selected as the reflecting shield of the flexible multilayer insulation composite material. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of multilayer insulation materials with four different spacers were compared, and the best spacer structure is the polyester mesh that had down added into the mesh. Meanwhile, the properties of the multilayer insulation material with different surface contact state and different combination structures were studied, and then the optimal combination structure of the multilayer insulation materials was obtained.
The final forming sample which met the requirements were obtained through the experiments about the multilayer insulation samples. The structure of the final forming sample is outer fabric+ the middle layers (11 composite films with polyester mesh between adjacent reflecting shields, and down was fixed into the mesh in order to improve the insulation performance)+inner fabric. Meanwhile, the composite films were crumpled in order to achieve the best insulating effect. The weight per unit area of the final forming sample is 475.52 g/m2, the thermal conductivity is 0.0326 W/m-K, the temperature preservation rate is 87.72%, the average heat transfer coefficient is 1.333 W/m2·℃, and the clo value is 4.862. After the forming sample at 160℃two-hours treating, the temperature of inner side of fabric remained at about 43.2℃. After the forming sample treating under a low temperature -120℃～-110℃for 2 hours, the temperature of inner side of the fabric remained at about -5.4℃. Under the low temperature -120℃～110℃, the flexibility decreases of both warp and weft directions were less than 6%, and there was no frost and low temperature embrittlement phenomenon. The mechanism and airtight properties of the multilayer insulation material at high/low temperature condition were measured. And it can be found that the multilayer insulation materials could meet the requirements of bending, compressing, the hanging etc applications. Furthermore, the change rate of flexibility was less than 3%, and there was no leaking phenomenon of the samples.
Firstly, the ideal heat transfer model and the solid thermal conductivity transfer model of multilayer insulation material were given based on previous studies. And the temperature distributions of reflecting shields and heat fluxes through the materials were calculated using Newton's iterative method. Then, for the dependence of the thermal conductivity of the temperature about reflecting shields and spacers, and the dependence of the surface reflecting emission of the temperature, the ideal heat transfer model and practical heat transfer model of the materials which discussed in this paper were investigated on the basis of the simple heat transfer models. Heat transfer fluxes through the material which consists of thermal radiation flux, solid heat transfer flux and gas heat transfer flux have been investigated according to the practical heat transfer model. The temperature distributions and heat fluxes of multilayer insulation materials have been solved by practical heat transfer model using iterative method combining with dichotomy method. The comparison between the experimental results and the calculated values which are obtained from the model shows that the model is feasible to be applied in engineering. The errors between experimental thermal conductivity and the theoretical results by heat transfer model are less than 10%, and errors between experimental heat fluxes and the calculated results by model in this paper are below 3%. So the numerical model of the flexible multilayer material can be applied to practical engineering.
The theoretical temperature distributions of reflecting shields of multilayer insulation materials from high temperature (433K)/low temperature (123K) to 273K were obtained using ideal heat transfer model, solid heat transfer model and the practical heat transfer model. The increase of the temperature gradient of practical model is smaller than that of ideal model approaching the cold boundary. And the decrease of the temperature gradient of practical model is larger than that of ideal model approaching the hot boundary. The results show that the temperature distribution of practical heat transfer model is between distribution of ideal heat transfer model and solid conductive heat transfer model.
The heat fluxes and the ratios of heat fluxes for radiation heat transfer, solid conductive heat transfer, and gas heat transfer have been discussed in this paper from high temperature (433K)/ low temperature (123K) to 273K were calculated and analyzed. In atmospheric pressure, the ratio of gas heat transfer flux through multilayer insulation material is less than 0.6; the radiation resistance is the largest; and the heat transfer flux is the least. The radiation heat transfer flux is almost negligible compared with the gas and solid heat transfer fluxes. While the gas heat transfer flux was reduced by reducing gas pressure, and the solid heat transfer flux was reduced by reducing the thermal conductivity of the material, the apparent thermal conductivity and heat transfer process of the multilayer insulation material were analyzed. When the gas and solid heat transfer fluxes were reduced, the radio of radiation heat transfer flux increases. With the increase of the proportion of radiation thermal transfer flux for multilayer insulation materials, the insulation performance of the material would be more closed to the ideal state of vacuum multilayer insulation.
本文主要研究柔性多层复合隔热材料,用于对高温(150℃)环境、低温(-150℃)环境的温场隔绝。依据对隔热材料本身性能与传热关系的分析,整体设计出由反射屏与间隔材料组合的柔性多层隔热材料的结构,实现了超薄、柔性、高效的隔绝目标,并对柔性多层隔热材料的制备与加工工艺做了简单的介绍。与金属箔相比,镀金属薄膜强度高、重复使用性好,且金属铝与聚酯的结合性能好且价格低,故选择镀铝聚酯薄膜作为反射屏。分别对六种规格的镀铝聚酯薄膜做了性能测试,从而选择复合膜(6μm PET+0.03μm Al+8μm PET)作为多层隔热材料的反射屏；在反射屏相同的情况下,分别添加四种不同间隔材料,对组合而成的柔性多层隔热材料的导热系数和热阻进行比较,从而选择涤纶丝网状织物(网孔内添加羽绒)作为柔性多层隔热材料的间隔物；进而对多层复合膜与间隔物的组合方式与接触状态做了相应的研究,得出了隔绝性能较好的组合形式。
通过对多层隔热材料小样的性能测试,得出满足课题要求的最终成型小样,其结构为：外层织物+中间层(11层复合膜,相邻屏间间隔涤纶衬网,为提高隔热性能,衬网间添加羽绒)+外层织物；同时。对复合膜进行揉皱处理,以达到材料最优的隔热性质。这使最终成型小样的单位面积重量为475.52 g/m2,导热系数为0.0326 W/m·K,保温率为87.72%,传热系数均值为1.333 W/m2-℃,克罗值为4.862。当成型小样外层承受160℃的高温环境2小时后,其内层的温度大约保持在43.2℃；当成型小样外层承受-120℃～-110℃的低温环境2小时后,其内层的温度大约保持在-5.4℃,其中在-110℃左右的条件下,经纬向柔软度下降均小于6%,且试样无微观龟裂和脆性破坏现象产生。通过对材料在高、低温下的机械性能及气密性的测试,证实材料在规定的温场及微压条件下,满足动态弯曲、压作用和一般悬挂等使用,柔性变化在3%以内,且为气密性材料。
在前人研究的基础上,首先提出了多层隔热材料的理想传热模型和固体导热模型两种简易的传热模型。采用牛顿迭代法,计算了多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布与传热热流。在多层隔热系统简易传热模型的基础上,考虑了反射屏与间隔物的导热系数随温度的变化,反射屏的表面发射率随温度的变化,从而提出了本课题所研究的多层隔热材料的理想传热模型与实际传热模型,该模型是一个层间固体导热、层间气体传热和辐射传热三种传热途径相复合的逐层传热模型。采用二分法计算了实际传热模型中多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布与传热热流。并将模型计算结果与实验测量结果相比较,得出模型计算的多层层合隔热材料的热流量和导热系数与实验测量结果相吻合,导热系数的计算误差在10%以内,热流量的计算误差在3%以内。这表明本文提出的数值计算模型用于分析多层隔热材料的传热过程是可行的。
通过理论分析计算得出了相邻反射屏间只有辐射传热的理想传热模型,连续固体导热模型,以及用推导公式求得的实际传热模型,三者从低温(123K)到273K、从高温(433K)到273K两种情况下多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布。实际中多层隔热材料靠近冷端的温度变化比理想传热模型计算的温度变化小,而在接近热端的温度变化比理想传热模型计算的温度变化大。实际多层隔热材料中反射屏的温度分布介于理想传热模型和连续固体导热模型计算的温度值之间。
在本课题所研究的多层隔热材料的基础上,针对高温到273K、低温到273K两种情况下,讨论了多层隔热材料层间固体导热、气体传热与辐射传热三种传热方式的热流量,及其各自所占比重量。在常压下,层间气体的传热量与通过多层材料的总传热量之比大于0.6,辐射传热热阻最大,传热量较小。相对层间气体传热与固体导热来说,辐射传热热流量几乎可以忽略。通过理论计算进一步讨论了通过降低层间气体压强来降低气体传热,降低层间间隔物的导热系数来降低层间的固体导热。对多层隔热材料的表观导热系数及传热过程进行了分析。随着气体传热与层间固体导热的降低,辐射传热所占的比重增大,辐射传热所占的比重越大,多层隔热材料的隔热性能就越接近于真空多层隔热的理想状态。
Flexible protective material is a fundamental condition for normal moving in special occasions to explore the world and the universe. There is much demand to develop light weight materials with stability and flexibility under high/low temperature in practical applications, such as space technology, adventure, sport, special engineering etc. Flexible thin thermal insulation material is the basic material of personal thermal protection and deformable thermal insulation. Flexibility or movement without obstacle can be realized through two methods usually. One is fiber aggregate which is thick and has poor airproof properties. The another is multilayer films combination material which will impact the flexibility and thermal insulating performance in applications.
In this paper, the flexible multilayer insulation composite materials which are mainly used for high (150℃), low (-150℃) temperature insulation were discussed. Based on the analysis about the relationship between the properties of the insulation materials and their heat transfer process, the structure of the flexible multilayer insulation material which is combined by reflecting shields and spacers was designed. And the ultra-thin, flexible and high efficient insulation materials were obtained. Furthermore, the preparation and the processing technology for the materials were introduced simply. Compared with the metal foils, the films evaporated with metal are high strength and good reusability. Especially, the performance of aluminum and polyester is much better and low price. So it is reasonable to choose the aluminized polyester film as a reflecting shield. The performance of six different aluminized polyester films were tested. As a result, the composite film (6μm PET+0.03μm Al+8μm PET) was selected as the reflecting shield of the flexible multilayer insulation composite material. The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of multilayer insulation materials with four different spacers were compared, and the best spacer structure is the polyester mesh that had down added into the mesh. Meanwhile, the properties of the multilayer insulation material with different surface contact state and different combination structures were studied, and then the optimal combination structure of the multilayer insulation materials was obtained.
The final forming sample which met the requirements were obtained through the experiments about the multilayer insulation samples. The structure of the final forming sample is outer fabric+ the middle layers (11 composite films with polyester mesh between adjacent reflecting shields, and down was fixed into the mesh in order to improve the insulation performance)+inner fabric. Meanwhile, the composite films were crumpled in order to achieve the best insulating effect. The weight per unit area of the final forming sample is 475.52 g/m2, the thermal conductivity is 0.0326 W/m-K, the temperature preservation rate is 87.72%, the average heat transfer coefficient is 1.333 W/m2·℃, and the clo value is 4.862. After the forming sample at 160℃two-hours treating, the temperature of inner side of fabric remained at about 43.2℃. After the forming sample treating under a low temperature -120℃～-110℃for 2 hours, the temperature of inner side of the fabric remained at about -5.4℃. Under the low temperature -120℃～110℃, the flexibility decreases of both warp and weft directions were less than 6%, and there was no frost and low temperature embrittlement phenomenon. The mechanism and airtight properties of the multilayer insulation material at high/low temperature condition were measured. And it can be found that the multilayer insulation materials could meet the requirements of bending, compressing, the hanging etc applications. Furthermore, the change rate of flexibility was less than 3%, and there was no leaking phenomenon of the samples.
Firstly, the ideal heat transfer model and the solid thermal conductivity transfer model of multilayer insulation material were given based on previous studies. And the temperature distributions of reflecting shields and heat fluxes through the materials were calculated using Newton's iterative method. Then, for the dependence of the thermal conductivity of the temperature about reflecting shields and spacers, and the dependence of the surface reflecting emission of the temperature, the ideal heat transfer model and practical heat transfer model of the materials which discussed in this paper were investigated on the basis of the simple heat transfer models. Heat transfer fluxes through the material which consists of thermal radiation flux, solid heat transfer flux and gas heat transfer flux have been investigated according to the practical heat transfer model. The temperature distributions and heat fluxes of multilayer insulation materials have been solved by practical heat transfer model using iterative method combining with dichotomy method. The comparison between the experimental results and the calculated values which are obtained from the model shows that the model is feasible to be applied in engineering. The errors between experimental thermal conductivity and the theoretical results by heat transfer model are less than 10%, and errors between experimental heat fluxes and the calculated results by model in this paper are below 3%. So the numerical model of the flexible multilayer material can be applied to practical engineering.
The theoretical temperature distributions of reflecting shields of multilayer insulation materials from high temperature (433K)/low temperature (123K) to 273K were obtained using ideal heat transfer model, solid heat transfer model and the practical heat transfer model. The increase of the temperature gradient of practical model is smaller than that of ideal model approaching the cold boundary. And the decrease of the temperature gradient of practical model is larger than that of ideal model approaching the hot boundary. The results show that the temperature distribution of practical heat transfer model is between distribution of ideal heat transfer model and solid conductive heat transfer model.
The heat fluxes and the ratios of heat fluxes for radiation heat transfer, solid conductive heat transfer, and gas heat transfer have been discussed in this paper from high temperature (433K)/ low temperature (123K) to 273K were calculated and analyzed. In atmospheric pressure, the ratio of gas heat transfer flux through multilayer insulation material is less than 0.6; the radiation resistance is the largest; and the heat transfer flux is the least. The radiation heat transfer flux is almost negligible compared with the gas and solid heat transfer fluxes. While the gas heat transfer flux was reduced by reducing gas pressure, and the solid heat transfer flux was reduced by reducing the thermal conductivity of the material, the apparent thermal conductivity and heat transfer process of the multilayer insulation material were analyzed. When the gas and solid heat transfer fluxes were reduced, the radio of radiation heat transfer flux increases. With the increase of the proportion of radiation thermal transfer flux for multilayer insulation materials, the insulation performance of the material would be more closed to the ideal state of vacuum multilayer insulation.
引文
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