输电线路激光除冰的理论与实验研究
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摘要
覆冰威胁着电网的运行安全。输电线路防冰-除冰正在研究应用的技术有30余种，主要包括涂层法、热熔法和机械法等。激光以其高能量、单色性好、远距离传输效率高、非导电等优点，成为新型的具有潜力的除冰方法之一。
本论文围绕输电线路中的绝缘子、高压导线表面覆冰展开激光除冰研究。根据不同激光波长在冰内穿透深度的不同，论文提出了辐照冰块表面的激光应分为面热源和体热源；在这一思想指导下，建立了面热源和体热源辐照冰的理论模型，进行了面热源和体热源除冰的数值模拟和实验研究；得到了面热源和体热源除冰的速度和效率、辐照后冰的形态。具体的研究结果如下：
（1）从热传导方程出发，根据冰块厚度与激光在冰块内部穿透深度的比值，得到辐照冰块表面的激光热源类型判断标准：当比值大于6时，认为此时作用的激光是面热源，可采用一维热传导方程求解；当比值小于6时，认为此时作用的激光是体热源，须采用二维热传导方程求解温度分布。
（2）波长为1.064μm激光辐照冰的厚度小于258mm时，视为体热源，辐照后的冰块热和应力影响区域呈体分布状态，坚硬而透明的冰块在激光作用后变得不透明且非常疏松，沿着应力分布方向施加机械力辅助作用，冰块非常容易被去除，除冰的速度得以大幅提高。实验测得：功率为275W、光斑直径为38mm的Nd:YAG激光器熔冰体速度为236.5mm~3/s，熔冰能耗为1.33J/mm~3；功率为270W、光斑直径为4mm的激光熔冰线速度可以达到2.123mm/s。
（3）波长为10.6μm的CO_2激光辐照冰的厚度大于38μm时，将其视为面热源，冰块出现逐层熔化的现象，作用后的冰块依旧透明而坚硬，没有出现疏松状态，几乎不存在热应力影响区。实验测得：功率为2000W、光斑面积为693mm2的连续CO_2激光器熔冰，其熔冰体速度为1639mm~3/s，熔冰能耗为1.221J/mm~3，熔冰线速度为1.318mm/s。
（4）理论与实验研究表明，体热源和面热源激光熔冰速度和熔冰能耗近似相等，体热源激光作用后的冰块出现应力分布和疏松状态。因此，输电线路除冰用激光器的选择遵循以下原则：激光在冰块内部有较大的穿透深度，根据输电线路的覆冰厚度，Nd:YAG激光比CO_2激光更加适用；对于同类激光器，应选择更高功率或者更高能量、同一功率密度条件下更大的光斑，以保证更高除冰的速度和效率。
（5）论文还对输电线路中绝缘子和高压铝包钢绞线进行了激光损伤的研究。得到：瓷绝缘子表面温度达到250℃时，会出现热损伤；产生断裂损伤主要由拉应力引起，实验测得激光破坏绝缘子的应力阈值为11.1J/mm2。复合绝缘子在激光照射后极易出现燃烧现象。高压导线在高功率激光照射一段时间后，未见损伤现象。
Ice deposited on overhead transmission lines, power network insulators, andhigh-voltage towers threatens the security of power utilities. About30types of de-icing andanti-icing techniques have been developed, but several methods are being used in practice.Laser technology, which has the advantages of high energy, non-contact operation, longdistance and high transmission efficiency, can be one of the novel and potential methods ofde-icing.
The main research of this thesis was laser deicing for transmission lines. The laserpenetrating length into the ice was decided by laser wavelength. So in this thesis theviewpoint that laser irradiating the ice could be devided into volume thermal source andplane thermal source was presented. According to the thought, the theorical model of planeand volume thermal source irradiating ice was established. The numerical simulation andexperimental research of plane and volume thermal source irradiating the ice were alsoexplored. The melting ice rate and melting ice efficiency were obtained. The researchresults were as following:
Firstly, basing on thermal conduction equation, according to the ratio of ice depth topenetrating depth, the judaging standard of the laser thermal type irradiating the ice wasobtained: when the ratio is more than6, the laser can be considered as plane thermal sourceand the temperature distribution could be obtained by1-D thermal conduction equation;while when the ratio is less than6, the laser can be considered as volume thermal sourceand the temperature distribution should be obtained by2-D thermal conduction equation.
Secondly, when the laser with wavelength1.064micron irradiated the transparent andhard ice with depth less than258mm, the laser could be considered as volume thermalsource. The melting rate was influenced by laser power density, and most parts were heatedand the remaining ice became opaque and its structure became loose, apparently as a resultof thermal stress. A mechanical force was applied to the ice after laser irradiation in thedirection of the thermal stress and the remaining ice could be easily removed. This wouldspeed up laser deicing. The experiment was performed with a275-W pulsed Nd:YAG laserwith beam diameter38mm. The results were: the melted volume of ice per second was236.5mm~3, and the laser energy consumed for melting1mm~3of ice was1.33J. The maxim melted length of ice per unit time can reach2.123mm with270-W/4mm laser irradiated theice.
Thirdly, when the laser with wavelength10.6micron irradiated the transparent andhard ice with depth more than38micron, the laser could be considered as plane thermalsource. The melting ice rate and melting ice efficiency are both influenced by laser power.Only the surface of the ice was heated, and the ice was removed layer by layer. Most of theremaining ice was still transparent and hard, as there was hardly any thermal stress. Theexperiment was performed with a CW CO_2laser with output power2000W, beam area693mm2. The results were1639mm~3/s,1.221J/mm~3and1.318mm/s.
Fourthly, the theorical and experimental results showed that the melting ice rates andefficiencies of volume and plane thermal source were almost equal at the same powerdensity, and the irradiated ice was opaque due to the thermal stress. In principle, lasers withthe following characteristics could be selected for a power-line laser deicing system: thelaser has large penetrating length into the ice, and according to the ice depth whichdeposited to the transmission lines, the Nd:YAG laser is more appropriate for a laserdeicing system than CO_2laser. For the same laser, higher power or energy and larger beamspot under the condition of the same power density should be chosen for obtaining highermelting rate and efficiency.
Finally, the research of high power laser irradiating insulator and aluminum line wasexplored. When the surface temperature of porcelain insulator reached250℃, the thermaldamage occurred. The thermal stress leaded to the breakdown damage. The experimentaldamage threshold of porcelain insulator was about11.1J/mm2. The compound insulator waseasily buring with laser irradiation. Aluminum lines were not damaged after high powerlaser irradiated for a long time.
本论文围绕输电线路中的绝缘子、高压导线表面覆冰展开激光除冰研究。根据不同激光波长在冰内穿透深度的不同，论文提出了辐照冰块表面的激光应分为面热源和体热源；在这一思想指导下，建立了面热源和体热源辐照冰的理论模型，进行了面热源和体热源除冰的数值模拟和实验研究；得到了面热源和体热源除冰的速度和效率、辐照后冰的形态。具体的研究结果如下：
（1）从热传导方程出发，根据冰块厚度与激光在冰块内部穿透深度的比值，得到辐照冰块表面的激光热源类型判断标准：当比值大于6时，认为此时作用的激光是面热源，可采用一维热传导方程求解；当比值小于6时，认为此时作用的激光是体热源，须采用二维热传导方程求解温度分布。
（2）波长为1.064μm激光辐照冰的厚度小于258mm时，视为体热源，辐照后的冰块热和应力影响区域呈体分布状态，坚硬而透明的冰块在激光作用后变得不透明且非常疏松，沿着应力分布方向施加机械力辅助作用，冰块非常容易被去除，除冰的速度得以大幅提高。实验测得：功率为275W、光斑直径为38mm的Nd:YAG激光器熔冰体速度为236.5mm~3/s，熔冰能耗为1.33J/mm~3；功率为270W、光斑直径为4mm的激光熔冰线速度可以达到2.123mm/s。
（3）波长为10.6μm的CO_2激光辐照冰的厚度大于38μm时，将其视为面热源，冰块出现逐层熔化的现象，作用后的冰块依旧透明而坚硬，没有出现疏松状态，几乎不存在热应力影响区。实验测得：功率为2000W、光斑面积为693mm2的连续CO_2激光器熔冰，其熔冰体速度为1639mm~3/s，熔冰能耗为1.221J/mm~3，熔冰线速度为1.318mm/s。
（4）理论与实验研究表明，体热源和面热源激光熔冰速度和熔冰能耗近似相等，体热源激光作用后的冰块出现应力分布和疏松状态。因此，输电线路除冰用激光器的选择遵循以下原则：激光在冰块内部有较大的穿透深度，根据输电线路的覆冰厚度，Nd:YAG激光比CO_2激光更加适用；对于同类激光器，应选择更高功率或者更高能量、同一功率密度条件下更大的光斑，以保证更高除冰的速度和效率。
（5）论文还对输电线路中绝缘子和高压铝包钢绞线进行了激光损伤的研究。得到：瓷绝缘子表面温度达到250℃时，会出现热损伤；产生断裂损伤主要由拉应力引起，实验测得激光破坏绝缘子的应力阈值为11.1J/mm2。复合绝缘子在激光照射后极易出现燃烧现象。高压导线在高功率激光照射一段时间后，未见损伤现象。
Ice deposited on overhead transmission lines, power network insulators, andhigh-voltage towers threatens the security of power utilities. About30types of de-icing andanti-icing techniques have been developed, but several methods are being used in practice.Laser technology, which has the advantages of high energy, non-contact operation, longdistance and high transmission efficiency, can be one of the novel and potential methods ofde-icing.
The main research of this thesis was laser deicing for transmission lines. The laserpenetrating length into the ice was decided by laser wavelength. So in this thesis theviewpoint that laser irradiating the ice could be devided into volume thermal source andplane thermal source was presented. According to the thought, the theorical model of planeand volume thermal source irradiating ice was established. The numerical simulation andexperimental research of plane and volume thermal source irradiating the ice were alsoexplored. The melting ice rate and melting ice efficiency were obtained. The researchresults were as following:
Firstly, basing on thermal conduction equation, according to the ratio of ice depth topenetrating depth, the judaging standard of the laser thermal type irradiating the ice wasobtained: when the ratio is more than6, the laser can be considered as plane thermal sourceand the temperature distribution could be obtained by1-D thermal conduction equation;while when the ratio is less than6, the laser can be considered as volume thermal sourceand the temperature distribution should be obtained by2-D thermal conduction equation.
Secondly, when the laser with wavelength1.064micron irradiated the transparent andhard ice with depth less than258mm, the laser could be considered as volume thermalsource. The melting rate was influenced by laser power density, and most parts were heatedand the remaining ice became opaque and its structure became loose, apparently as a resultof thermal stress. A mechanical force was applied to the ice after laser irradiation in thedirection of the thermal stress and the remaining ice could be easily removed. This wouldspeed up laser deicing. The experiment was performed with a275-W pulsed Nd:YAG laserwith beam diameter38mm. The results were: the melted volume of ice per second was236.5mm~3, and the laser energy consumed for melting1mm~3of ice was1.33J. The maxim melted length of ice per unit time can reach2.123mm with270-W/4mm laser irradiated theice.
Thirdly, when the laser with wavelength10.6micron irradiated the transparent andhard ice with depth more than38micron, the laser could be considered as plane thermalsource. The melting ice rate and melting ice efficiency are both influenced by laser power.Only the surface of the ice was heated, and the ice was removed layer by layer. Most of theremaining ice was still transparent and hard, as there was hardly any thermal stress. Theexperiment was performed with a CW CO_2laser with output power2000W, beam area693mm2. The results were1639mm~3/s,1.221J/mm~3and1.318mm/s.
Fourthly, the theorical and experimental results showed that the melting ice rates andefficiencies of volume and plane thermal source were almost equal at the same powerdensity, and the irradiated ice was opaque due to the thermal stress. In principle, lasers withthe following characteristics could be selected for a power-line laser deicing system: thelaser has large penetrating length into the ice, and according to the ice depth whichdeposited to the transmission lines, the Nd:YAG laser is more appropriate for a laserdeicing system than CO_2laser. For the same laser, higher power or energy and larger beamspot under the condition of the same power density should be chosen for obtaining highermelting rate and efficiency.
Finally, the research of high power laser irradiating insulator and aluminum line wasexplored. When the surface temperature of porcelain insulator reached250℃, the thermaldamage occurred. The thermal stress leaded to the breakdown damage. The experimentaldamage threshold of porcelain insulator was about11.1J/mm2. The compound insulator waseasily buring with laser irradiation. Aluminum lines were not damaged after high powerlaser irradiated for a long time.
引文
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