不同温度型小麦杂交后代的生物学性状之研究
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摘要
本试验对用选取群体温度、产量、株型、叶形、生理性状等方面都具有代表性的典型品种(系)为种质材料配置的杂交组合的杂交后代F_1、F_2的冠层温度、叶功能期、叶绿素含量、蛋白氮含量、过氧化氢酶、丙二醛含量、净光合速率、进行了观测和分析，结果表明：
(1) 冷型小麦为亲本和具有不同温度型的种质材料进行杂交后，其后代群体平均温度总的趋势低于暖型小麦为亲本配置的同样的组合。在F_2代中出现低温种质材料的机率比暖型小麦要大，尤其是在灌浆后期，这种差异更加明显。
(2) 用冷型小麦作亲本，其后代的各叶位叶片的衰老进程和暖型小麦作亲本存在较大差异，以冷型小麦为亲本的后代在籽粒灌浆期间的绿叶数较多，各叶位叶片功能期均长，且随叶位的降低，功能期之缩短要比暖型小麦明显为缓。
(3) 以冷型小麦为亲本的杂交后代植株的旗叶的叶绿素含量，不管是在F_1代还是在F_2代，叶绿素分解缓慢、叶绿素含量降解率较低，叶绿素稳定时间长；而以暖型小麦为亲本，其杂交后代植株旗叶叶绿素分解较快、叶绿素降解率较高，叶绿素稳定时间短。
(4) 用冷型小麦作母本还是作父本，其杂交后代F_1和F_2代的蛋白氮含量均表现出相对于以暖型小麦为亲本的相应后代的优势。特别是在灌浆后期更为明显。
(5) 分别以冷型小麦和暖型小麦为母本时，杂交F_1代的CAT活性虽然在灌浆初期差异不大，但是从灌浆中期一直到灌浆末期，以冷型小麦为母本的杂交F_1代，都表现出较暖型小麦后代为优的趋势，这种趋势在F_2代也有显现。作父本时，不管是F_1代还是F_2代，冷型小麦后代CAT活性都表现出较强。
(6) 小麦旗叶丙二醛(MDA)含量从灌浆初期开始上升，冷型小麦作亲本时，其F_1代和F_2代的MDA的积累速率和暖型小麦有着明显的差别：冷型小麦后代的MDA含量上升缓慢，而暖型小麦后代上升较快。
(7) 用冷型小麦作亲本，杂交后代在整个灌浆期间净光合速率都高于用暖型小麦为亲本配置的同样的杂交后代。
This experiment to use to select by examinations community temperature, yield, stub type, leafs type, physiology form etc. have representative typical model species (department) as germplasm install miscellaneous to hand over to combine miscellaneous the canopy temperature, leaf function period, chlorophyll that hand over the posterity F1, F2 contains the deal, protein nitrogen contains the deaK CAT\ MDA, net photosynthesis rate to prognosticate with analyze. The main results as follow:
(1) After the cold type wheat hybrid with the warm type wheat there is a lower temperature
than warm type wheat in total trend in mean temperature in community in one after one generation. Appear the probability that low temperature material want to be big in the FI of the cold type wheat, particularly after the filling starches period, this kind of difference is more obvious.
(2) There is a great different between parents that using the cold type wheat and the warm
type wheat in progress in decrepitude ,with cold type wheat is close origin in the filling starching period with the cold type wheat more, the function period of each leaf is all long, and lower with leafs, function period horten to be more obvious than worm type wheat for slowing.
(3) Regard cold type wheat as the close foliar chlorophyll in the flag leaf of miscellaneously hybrid progeny, whether is in FI or in F2, the chlorophyll resolves slow-moving, the chlorophyll contains declines to solve the rate lower, chlorophyll stability time is long, But regard warm type wheat as close origin, its miscellaneous hybrid progeny, flag leafs chlorophyll resolves more quickly, the chlorophyll declines to solve the rate higher, chlorophyll stability time is short.
(4) The cold type wheat makes the mother or this to make the father, the contains of
protein nitrogen of FI and Fa all express opposite in with warm type wheat is close origin advantage. Especially after the filling starches the period is more obvious.
(5) The difference regard the warm type wheat and the cold type wheat as the mother this,
although the activity of CAT of FI in the early filling starch period is not very, there has been an bigger advantage of activity in the cold type wheat from the filling
middle period to the filling last period, regarding cold type wheat as the mother its FI all expressed the well than the warm type wheat. This kind of trend too presents in the Fa. While making the father this, whether is the Fj or p2 the activity of CAT of the cold type wheat's posterity is stronger.
(6) When the contains of MDA of the flag leaf begin to rises from the filling starch early,
cold type wheat make close origin, its FI and ? have got the obvious difference: The contains of MDA of the cold type wheat posterity slowly ascend, but the warm type wheat posterity runs high more quickly.
(7) Making with the cold type wheat as parents, the velocity in the net photosynthesis rate
in whole filling period of crossing descendents all is higher than use warm type wheat as the parent installs equally miscellaneous to hand over the posterity.
(1) 冷型小麦为亲本和具有不同温度型的种质材料进行杂交后，其后代群体平均温度总的趋势低于暖型小麦为亲本配置的同样的组合。在F_2代中出现低温种质材料的机率比暖型小麦要大，尤其是在灌浆后期，这种差异更加明显。
(2) 用冷型小麦作亲本，其后代的各叶位叶片的衰老进程和暖型小麦作亲本存在较大差异，以冷型小麦为亲本的后代在籽粒灌浆期间的绿叶数较多，各叶位叶片功能期均长，且随叶位的降低，功能期之缩短要比暖型小麦明显为缓。
(3) 以冷型小麦为亲本的杂交后代植株的旗叶的叶绿素含量，不管是在F_1代还是在F_2代，叶绿素分解缓慢、叶绿素含量降解率较低，叶绿素稳定时间长；而以暖型小麦为亲本，其杂交后代植株旗叶叶绿素分解较快、叶绿素降解率较高，叶绿素稳定时间短。
(4) 用冷型小麦作母本还是作父本，其杂交后代F_1和F_2代的蛋白氮含量均表现出相对于以暖型小麦为亲本的相应后代的优势。特别是在灌浆后期更为明显。
(5) 分别以冷型小麦和暖型小麦为母本时，杂交F_1代的CAT活性虽然在灌浆初期差异不大，但是从灌浆中期一直到灌浆末期，以冷型小麦为母本的杂交F_1代，都表现出较暖型小麦后代为优的趋势，这种趋势在F_2代也有显现。作父本时，不管是F_1代还是F_2代，冷型小麦后代CAT活性都表现出较强。
(6) 小麦旗叶丙二醛(MDA)含量从灌浆初期开始上升，冷型小麦作亲本时，其F_1代和F_2代的MDA的积累速率和暖型小麦有着明显的差别：冷型小麦后代的MDA含量上升缓慢，而暖型小麦后代上升较快。
(7) 用冷型小麦作亲本，杂交后代在整个灌浆期间净光合速率都高于用暖型小麦为亲本配置的同样的杂交后代。
This experiment to use to select by examinations community temperature, yield, stub type, leafs type, physiology form etc. have representative typical model species (department) as germplasm install miscellaneous to hand over to combine miscellaneous the canopy temperature, leaf function period, chlorophyll that hand over the posterity F1, F2 contains the deal, protein nitrogen contains the deaK CAT\ MDA, net photosynthesis rate to prognosticate with analyze. The main results as follow:
(1) After the cold type wheat hybrid with the warm type wheat there is a lower temperature
than warm type wheat in total trend in mean temperature in community in one after one generation. Appear the probability that low temperature material want to be big in the FI of the cold type wheat, particularly after the filling starches period, this kind of difference is more obvious.
(2) There is a great different between parents that using the cold type wheat and the warm
type wheat in progress in decrepitude ,with cold type wheat is close origin in the filling starching period with the cold type wheat more, the function period of each leaf is all long, and lower with leafs, function period horten to be more obvious than worm type wheat for slowing.
(3) Regard cold type wheat as the close foliar chlorophyll in the flag leaf of miscellaneously hybrid progeny, whether is in FI or in F2, the chlorophyll resolves slow-moving, the chlorophyll contains declines to solve the rate lower, chlorophyll stability time is long, But regard warm type wheat as close origin, its miscellaneous hybrid progeny, flag leafs chlorophyll resolves more quickly, the chlorophyll declines to solve the rate higher, chlorophyll stability time is short.
(4) The cold type wheat makes the mother or this to make the father, the contains of
protein nitrogen of FI and Fa all express opposite in with warm type wheat is close origin advantage. Especially after the filling starches the period is more obvious.
(5) The difference regard the warm type wheat and the cold type wheat as the mother this,
although the activity of CAT of FI in the early filling starch period is not very, there has been an bigger advantage of activity in the cold type wheat from the filling
middle period to the filling last period, regarding cold type wheat as the mother its FI all expressed the well than the warm type wheat. This kind of trend too presents in the Fa. While making the father this, whether is the Fj or p2 the activity of CAT of the cold type wheat's posterity is stronger.
(6) When the contains of MDA of the flag leaf begin to rises from the filling starch early,
cold type wheat make close origin, its FI and ? have got the obvious difference: The contains of MDA of the cold type wheat posterity slowly ascend, but the warm type wheat posterity runs high more quickly.
(7) Making with the cold type wheat as parents, the velocity in the net photosynthesis rate
in whole filling period of crossing descendents all is higher than use warm type wheat as the parent installs equally miscellaneous to hand over the posterity.
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Proceedings of a seminar, Zaragoza, Spain, 12-14 April, 2000．
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[83] Choudhary-OP; Bajwa-MS; Josan-AS. Tolerance of wheat and tfiticale to sodicity. Crop-Improvement. 1996, 23: 2, 238-246; 14 ref.
[84] Dawson, I. A etal. Canpoy temperature as a crop water stress indicator. Water Resourse .1981,17:1133-1138
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[87] Halliwel B,Chloroplast metabolism, the structure and function of chloroplasts in green leaf cells,Charendon Press, Oxford,P186． [90] Hede-AR; Skovmand-B. Evaluating genetic diversity for heat tolerance traits in Mexican wheat landraces. Genetic-Resources and-Crop-Evolution. 1999,46: 1, 37-45;
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[93] Rao-TV; Brahma-BC; Singh-RK. Spectral response and canopy temperature of rainfed wheat in relation to pre-sown mulches and nitrogen levels. Annals-of Agricultural Research. 1997, 18: 2, 127-134; 9 ref.
[94] Rashid,-A.; Stark,-J.C. Use of canopy temperature measurements as a screening tool for drought tolerance in spring wheat. J-agron-crop-sci. Berlin, Germany : Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH. June 1999． v. 182 (4) p. 231-237．
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[96] Reynolds-MP; Pfeiffer-WH. Applying physiological strategies to improve yield potential. Durum wheat improvement in the Mediterranean region: new challenges.
Proceedings of a seminar, Zaragoza, Spain, 12-14 April, 2000．
[97] Reynolds. Using canopy temperature depression to select for yield potential of wheat in heat stressed environments. CIMMYT Wheat Special Report (WPSR) (CIMMYT). no. 42． 3．
[98] Reynolds. M.P.etal. Response of Plants to Environmental stress,New York:academic press
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[101] Reynolds. Problems of wheat cultivation at high temperature: A research perspective. Seventh Regional Wheat Workshop: For Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Mexico, DF (Mexico). CIMMYT. 1991． p. 345-352．
[102] Saadalla-MM. Infrared-thermal sensing as a screening criterion for drought tolerance in wheat Annals-of-Agricultural-Science-Cairo. 2000, 45: 2, 421-437; 23 ref.
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