微结构低损耗太赫兹光纤及光纤传感技术研究
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摘要
与石英光纤相似,太赫兹(Terahertz, THz)光纤及定向耦合器件是THz波传输和传感检测系统的一个重要部件。由于常用的光纤材料对THz波的本征吸收系数较大,设计具有低损耗、免受外界环境干扰和便于控制的THz光纤及光纤定向耦合器件非常困难。
微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器具有灵敏度高、免标记及检测快速等优点,但基于微结构光纤制备的表面等离子体共振传感器往往存在纤芯模式与表面模不易匹配、表面等离子体模透入分析液的深度低的缺点,从而限制了传感器灵敏度的提高。
针对光纤传感器存在的以上难题,本文运用数值分析方法,重点研究了基于微结构的太赫兹光纤及偏振分束器、光纤表面等离子体共振传感器以及单偏振单模光纤等关键器件。主要研究内容归纳如下：
1.低损耗悬挂空芯THz光纤
亚波长THz光纤可实现THz低损耗传输,但传输过程易受外界环境干扰。本文提出一种新型悬挂芯光纤,以等宽度介质层为组成结构,组成以空气为主体的简单结构THz光纤,利用高平均折射率区形成纤芯,低平均折射率区形成包层。这种结构通过调整介质层间距即可实现对THz传输损耗的调节,克服了之前悬挂芯光纤必须通过减小支撑条宽度及纤芯尺寸来调整传输损耗的缺点。这种悬挂空芯THz光纤还具有可以获得高双折射传输及组成双芯光纤的优点。保持横向介质层厚度不变,调节纵向介质层厚度即可获得低损耗高双折射THz波传输,双折射可达10-2量级。以传统方法设计的THz偏振分束器存在器件尺寸大,损耗高的缺点。我们发现以悬挂空芯结构组成的双芯THz光纤,其耦合特性具有强的偏振相关性,基于此原理可实现低损耗的THz偏振分束。
2.低损耗十字架型THz光纤
传统的全内反射型微结构光纤其纤芯尺寸均大于包层支撑条宽度,以形成全内反射传导机制。本文首次提出了一种纤芯与包层无明显划分区域的新型光纤,即十字架型THz光纤,分析并证实了其传光原理是基于光纤径向等效折射率从中心向外呈递减趋势,从而形成等效的全内反射传导。在同样的损耗要求下,这种光纤可采用比典型悬挂芯THz光纤厚一倍的介质层和更大的介质圆环内直径,且具有光纤结构简单,便于制作,易获得宽带THz波传输的特点。简单改变其中一个介质层的厚度,即可实现低损耗、高双折射传输的目的,增加一个介质层即可获得双芯结构。研究表明：双芯十字架型THz光纤呈现出单偏振耦合特性,即其中一个偏振模可以完全不发生耦合,而另一偏振产生低损耗耦合,呈现出与一般双芯光纤完全不同的耦合特性。
3.单偏振单模光纤
研究发现十字架型光纤同样可以应用近红外波段,通过简单地改变十字架型光纤横向和纵向介质层的夹角就可以用使光纤两偏振模的损耗差别增大。基于此现象可以实现单偏振单模的光传输。这种结构不存在偏振耦合现象,具有大的空气占空比,有利于传感应用时,进行液体、气体填充,并与传输光产生强的相互作用,实现高精度的传感应用。
4.基于双层环形孔包层的微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器
本文首次提出了一种双层环形孔包层的微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器,采用小纤芯结构,使纤芯基模的部分能量扩展到包层的第一层空气孔中,降低了纤芯基模有效折射率,实现了将共振波长调节到C+L波段,增加了所激发的表面等离子体波透入分析液的深度,提高了传感灵敏度。由于在第一层空气孔包层中加入了扇环形支撑臂,扇环形支撑臂沿径向是逐渐增宽的,控制支撑臂对应的圆心角的大小,在确保实现纤芯基模与表面等离子体模有一定耦合深度的同时纤芯基模仍为高斯型模场分布,便于普通高斯光源激发。
The terahertz (THz) propagation fibers and directional coupling devices are important components in THz propagation and sensing system which is similar to silica optical fiber. However, almost all materials are highly absorbent in the THz region making designs of the low-loss, isolated from disturbing of surrounding and easy operating THz fibers and fiber directional coupling devices challenging.
The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors based on microstructured optical fiber (MOF) have advantages of high sensitivity, label-free, and rapid detection. Nevertheless, there are usually two principal difficulties in the development of the highly-sensitive MOF-based SPR sensors. One of the problems is that it is hard to realize phase matching between the core-guided mode and surface plasmon mode. The second problem is the difficulty to increase plasmon penetration depth into the analyte.
In this dissertation, based on the simulation analyzing method, we focus on the research of several kinds of key sensing devices based on microstructure, including THz fiber, polarization splitter, SPR sensor and single-polarization single-mode fiber. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The low-loss suspended hollow-core THz fiber
Low-loss transmission of THz waves can be realized in the sub-wavelength THz fiber, while the THz propagation is susceptible to high perturbation from any environmental contact on the surface. To conquer this difficulty, a suspended hollow-core THz fiber is designed in this dissertation, the dielectric strips with equal width are used to construct the fiber, and the majority space in the fiber is filled with air. The suggested configuration forms an effectively high-index core and low-index cladding. The transmission loss of the THz fiber can be tuned by adjusting the period of the dielectric strips, which is in contrast to the original suspended core THz fiber, where the low loss transmission can only be achieved by reducing the strip width and core size. The proposed suspended hollow-core THz fiber can also be applied to achieve highly-birefringent operation and two-core operation. By preserving the thickness of horizontal dielectric strips while tuning the thickness of the vertical dielectric strips, low-loss highly-birefringent operation can be achieved, the birefringence of the fiber can be on the order of10-2. The previously reported THz polarization splitters generally have long device length, and high transmission loss. The proposed suspended hollow-core can be applied to construct two-core THz fiber, which shows strong polarization-dependent coupling characteristics. Low-loss THz polarization splitter can be achieved based on the configuration.
2. The low-loss crossed structure THz fiber
The microstructured optical fiber based on total-reflection theory generally requires the core size larger than the cladding strips to supply light guiding mechanism. We reported in here a novel kind of THz fiber which does not have evident core and cladding regions. The refraction indexes along the radial direction in the so called cross-structure THz fiber shows an effectively gradient reduction, which is why the effectively total-reflection guidance can be achieved. Compared to the suspended core THz fiber with the same transmission loss, the thickness of the dielectric strip of this fiber can be twice thick and the inner diameter of the dielectric cirque can be even larger. The configuration also shows the merits of simple structure, easy fabrication and wide operational bandwidth. By simply adjusting the thickness of one direction, highly-birefringent transmission with loss loss can be achieved. Two-core THz fiber can be constructured by increasing the strips at one direction. It's found the proposed two-core THz fiber shows single-polarized coupling characteristics, that is, one of the polarization state do not coupling with each other, whereas another state show low loss coupling. Such phenomenon is totally different with the conventional two-core optical fibers.
3. The single polarization and single mode fiber
By simply adjusting the angle between the two dielectric layers crossed in the cross-structure fiber, it's found the difference between the losses of the two polarizations can be increased, which is applied to achieve single-polarization optical fiber working at the near-infrared band. The structure avoids the polarization coupling in conventional optical fiber and contains high air-filling fraction, which will be advantageous for sensing application to ensure strong interaction with liquid or gas filled in the air-holes, as a result, high sensitivity can be achieved.
4. The SPR sensor based on MOF with two layers of annular-shaped holes
In this dissertation, we propose for the first time a novel SPR sensor design based on MOF with two layers of annular-shaped holes. In the proposed structure, a small fiber core is applied to extending the energy of the core mode to the first air-hole layer, so that the effective refractive index of the core-guided mode can be reduced. The resonance wavelength can be tuned across the C+L-band and the low operation frequency of the sensor increases plasmon penetration depth into the analyte, thus enhancing sensor sensitivity. In the first layer of holes, the sector ring arms, used as supporting stripes, with increased wideness along the radius can tune the resonance depth and guarantee the Gaussian intensity distribution of a core-guided mode, which facilitating the excitation by standard Gaussian laser sources.
微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器具有灵敏度高、免标记及检测快速等优点,但基于微结构光纤制备的表面等离子体共振传感器往往存在纤芯模式与表面模不易匹配、表面等离子体模透入分析液的深度低的缺点,从而限制了传感器灵敏度的提高。
针对光纤传感器存在的以上难题,本文运用数值分析方法,重点研究了基于微结构的太赫兹光纤及偏振分束器、光纤表面等离子体共振传感器以及单偏振单模光纤等关键器件。主要研究内容归纳如下：
1.低损耗悬挂空芯THz光纤
亚波长THz光纤可实现THz低损耗传输,但传输过程易受外界环境干扰。本文提出一种新型悬挂芯光纤,以等宽度介质层为组成结构,组成以空气为主体的简单结构THz光纤,利用高平均折射率区形成纤芯,低平均折射率区形成包层。这种结构通过调整介质层间距即可实现对THz传输损耗的调节,克服了之前悬挂芯光纤必须通过减小支撑条宽度及纤芯尺寸来调整传输损耗的缺点。这种悬挂空芯THz光纤还具有可以获得高双折射传输及组成双芯光纤的优点。保持横向介质层厚度不变,调节纵向介质层厚度即可获得低损耗高双折射THz波传输,双折射可达10-2量级。以传统方法设计的THz偏振分束器存在器件尺寸大,损耗高的缺点。我们发现以悬挂空芯结构组成的双芯THz光纤,其耦合特性具有强的偏振相关性,基于此原理可实现低损耗的THz偏振分束。
2.低损耗十字架型THz光纤
传统的全内反射型微结构光纤其纤芯尺寸均大于包层支撑条宽度,以形成全内反射传导机制。本文首次提出了一种纤芯与包层无明显划分区域的新型光纤,即十字架型THz光纤,分析并证实了其传光原理是基于光纤径向等效折射率从中心向外呈递减趋势,从而形成等效的全内反射传导。在同样的损耗要求下,这种光纤可采用比典型悬挂芯THz光纤厚一倍的介质层和更大的介质圆环内直径,且具有光纤结构简单,便于制作,易获得宽带THz波传输的特点。简单改变其中一个介质层的厚度,即可实现低损耗、高双折射传输的目的,增加一个介质层即可获得双芯结构。研究表明：双芯十字架型THz光纤呈现出单偏振耦合特性,即其中一个偏振模可以完全不发生耦合,而另一偏振产生低损耗耦合,呈现出与一般双芯光纤完全不同的耦合特性。
3.单偏振单模光纤
研究发现十字架型光纤同样可以应用近红外波段,通过简单地改变十字架型光纤横向和纵向介质层的夹角就可以用使光纤两偏振模的损耗差别增大。基于此现象可以实现单偏振单模的光传输。这种结构不存在偏振耦合现象,具有大的空气占空比,有利于传感应用时,进行液体、气体填充,并与传输光产生强的相互作用,实现高精度的传感应用。
4.基于双层环形孔包层的微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器
本文首次提出了一种双层环形孔包层的微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器,采用小纤芯结构,使纤芯基模的部分能量扩展到包层的第一层空气孔中,降低了纤芯基模有效折射率,实现了将共振波长调节到C+L波段,增加了所激发的表面等离子体波透入分析液的深度,提高了传感灵敏度。由于在第一层空气孔包层中加入了扇环形支撑臂,扇环形支撑臂沿径向是逐渐增宽的,控制支撑臂对应的圆心角的大小,在确保实现纤芯基模与表面等离子体模有一定耦合深度的同时纤芯基模仍为高斯型模场分布,便于普通高斯光源激发。
The terahertz (THz) propagation fibers and directional coupling devices are important components in THz propagation and sensing system which is similar to silica optical fiber. However, almost all materials are highly absorbent in the THz region making designs of the low-loss, isolated from disturbing of surrounding and easy operating THz fibers and fiber directional coupling devices challenging.
The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors based on microstructured optical fiber (MOF) have advantages of high sensitivity, label-free, and rapid detection. Nevertheless, there are usually two principal difficulties in the development of the highly-sensitive MOF-based SPR sensors. One of the problems is that it is hard to realize phase matching between the core-guided mode and surface plasmon mode. The second problem is the difficulty to increase plasmon penetration depth into the analyte.
In this dissertation, based on the simulation analyzing method, we focus on the research of several kinds of key sensing devices based on microstructure, including THz fiber, polarization splitter, SPR sensor and single-polarization single-mode fiber. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The low-loss suspended hollow-core THz fiber
Low-loss transmission of THz waves can be realized in the sub-wavelength THz fiber, while the THz propagation is susceptible to high perturbation from any environmental contact on the surface. To conquer this difficulty, a suspended hollow-core THz fiber is designed in this dissertation, the dielectric strips with equal width are used to construct the fiber, and the majority space in the fiber is filled with air. The suggested configuration forms an effectively high-index core and low-index cladding. The transmission loss of the THz fiber can be tuned by adjusting the period of the dielectric strips, which is in contrast to the original suspended core THz fiber, where the low loss transmission can only be achieved by reducing the strip width and core size. The proposed suspended hollow-core THz fiber can also be applied to achieve highly-birefringent operation and two-core operation. By preserving the thickness of horizontal dielectric strips while tuning the thickness of the vertical dielectric strips, low-loss highly-birefringent operation can be achieved, the birefringence of the fiber can be on the order of10-2. The previously reported THz polarization splitters generally have long device length, and high transmission loss. The proposed suspended hollow-core can be applied to construct two-core THz fiber, which shows strong polarization-dependent coupling characteristics. Low-loss THz polarization splitter can be achieved based on the configuration.
2. The low-loss crossed structure THz fiber
The microstructured optical fiber based on total-reflection theory generally requires the core size larger than the cladding strips to supply light guiding mechanism. We reported in here a novel kind of THz fiber which does not have evident core and cladding regions. The refraction indexes along the radial direction in the so called cross-structure THz fiber shows an effectively gradient reduction, which is why the effectively total-reflection guidance can be achieved. Compared to the suspended core THz fiber with the same transmission loss, the thickness of the dielectric strip of this fiber can be twice thick and the inner diameter of the dielectric cirque can be even larger. The configuration also shows the merits of simple structure, easy fabrication and wide operational bandwidth. By simply adjusting the thickness of one direction, highly-birefringent transmission with loss loss can be achieved. Two-core THz fiber can be constructured by increasing the strips at one direction. It's found the proposed two-core THz fiber shows single-polarized coupling characteristics, that is, one of the polarization state do not coupling with each other, whereas another state show low loss coupling. Such phenomenon is totally different with the conventional two-core optical fibers.
3. The single polarization and single mode fiber
By simply adjusting the angle between the two dielectric layers crossed in the cross-structure fiber, it's found the difference between the losses of the two polarizations can be increased, which is applied to achieve single-polarization optical fiber working at the near-infrared band. The structure avoids the polarization coupling in conventional optical fiber and contains high air-filling fraction, which will be advantageous for sensing application to ensure strong interaction with liquid or gas filled in the air-holes, as a result, high sensitivity can be achieved.
4. The SPR sensor based on MOF with two layers of annular-shaped holes
In this dissertation, we propose for the first time a novel SPR sensor design based on MOF with two layers of annular-shaped holes. In the proposed structure, a small fiber core is applied to extending the energy of the core mode to the first air-hole layer, so that the effective refractive index of the core-guided mode can be reduced. The resonance wavelength can be tuned across the C+L-band and the low operation frequency of the sensor increases plasmon penetration depth into the analyte, thus enhancing sensor sensitivity. In the first layer of holes, the sector ring arms, used as supporting stripes, with increased wideness along the radius can tune the resonance depth and guarantee the Gaussian intensity distribution of a core-guided mode, which facilitating the excitation by standard Gaussian laser sources.
引文
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