外部环境与组织柔性对企业创新模式选择的影响研究
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摘要
以往关于企业创新的研究,绝大多数或者从企业竞争环境的角度或者从组织资源的角度来探索影响企业创新的各种因素。随着市场竞争和技术变化日益加剧,企业不能仅仅只依靠某一种竞争优势来创造顾客价值,如何把企业资源储备与企业所面临的环境有机联系起来,进而分析二者的有机组合对企业创新的影响,已经现实地摆在了战略管理研究者和企业经营者的面前。本文正是针对这种情况,从企业应对环境变化的能力入手,以外部环境、组织柔性和企业创新模式为基本研究要素,将外部环境、组织柔性和企业创新模式整合在一个框架下研究三个要素之间的作用机理,并建立了包括外部环境、组织柔性和创新模式的概念模型。本文通过108家企业有效数据对概念模型进行了实证检验,为企业如何根据环境特征匹配相应的资源进而创造有利于制定某种创新模式的决策提供了定量化依据。
本文具体做了如下工作:
(1)对企业创新的影响因素进行了研究。在众多影响因素中,从企业应对环境变化的能力入手,分析了组织柔性的内涵和维度;分析了环境的构成维度——动态性、复杂性和敌对性的特征;分析了渐进创新、跃进创新、产品创新和过程创新的内涵,并把四种创新类型按照创新内容和创新幅度组合成四种新的创新模式:渐进式产品创新、渐进式过程创新、跃进式产品创新和跃进式过程创新,并分析了四种创新模式的特征。
(2)在实证的基础上,对不同类型的外部环境与不同类型的组织柔性及其创新模式之间存在的相关关系进行了研究。研究了三种外部环境维度与四种组织柔性维度之间的关系;研究了四种组织柔性维度与四种创新模式之间的关系;研究了三种外部环境维度与四种创新模式之间的关系;建立了外部环境、组织柔性和创新模式的概念模型。
(3)在概念模型实证的基础上,根据三种环境维度强弱变化,使用聚类方法对我国企业面临竞争环境进行划分,得到三种企业竞争环境:差异细分型、稳定发展型和大量涌入型;并分析了在三种不同竞争环境类型下,企业能够有效选择的创新模式种类,以及与三种竞争环境和创新模式相匹配的组织模式问题。
As the influences of science and technology on society and economy increase, global competition is gradually embroidered in the power of economy and technology.Technology revolution and increasingly fierce competition in international markets make innovation more essential in competition. innovation becomes a key factor of facilitating economic growth and increasing technological competitiveness.Chinese government also comes to realize the importance of innovation to national economy and enterprise development, thereby setting down a series of policies to encourage innovation.As a result of guidance of favourable national macroeconomic policies,Companies in China show a growing passion towards innovation.However,a problem arises as to how to choose an effective innovation pattern rationally,that is,Chinese companies are confronted with problems of selection on how to innovate and what to innovate.It is important to resolve this key issue in both theoretical and empirical way.We find it also essential to explore the factors which influence the selection of enterprise innovation pattern,and unveil these binding conditions affecting the effectiveness of these factors as well as the internal operational mechanism between the factors and innovation pattern.
Tracing back toprevious studies on enterprise innovation,we find that most studies discuss the.factors affecting'enterprise innovation either from the viewpoint of competition environment or organizational resources.But,as market competition and change of technology grow intense,companies can not solely rely on one competitive advantage to create customer value.How to relate organization resources to its operational environment and further analyse the effects of the organic combination of these two factors on innovation pattern stands out as a serious challenge to researchers on strategic management and companymanagers.Recent researches in this field are still not systematic,as researchers haven' t established a mature view on the influencing mechanism of external environment and organizational flexibility on the selection of enterprise innovation pattern.
On the basis of above research backgroundandrelated theories,This paper takes external environment,organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation pattern as basic research factors,trying to figure out the functioning mechanism among them by integrating these factors into:a complete framework,as well as building a conceptual model including all the three factors.Usingthe effective data collected from Chinese companies,this paper makes an empirical examination to the conceptual model,also givesa measurable reference on how to match slack resources of enterprise with its environment and thereafter makes decisions in favour of stipulating a certain innovation pattern.
The research of this paper involves jobs as follows:
Upon summarising current studies on external environment,organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation as well as a few new factorsinfluencing enterprise innovation,this paper forms a framework of analysing these three factors,and identifies their boundaries and essentials.
This paper also conducts a research on the conceptual model on the relationships of the three factors.Based on respective study of the essentials of these factors,it also researches different types of external environment and organizational flexibility as well as the relationship with their related innovation pattern,raises a few hypothesises and establishes a conceptual model of the three factors.Also,with reference to the measurement scale of three factors,it conducts an empirical examination to the conceptual model by using the data of 108 companies and makes a correction on themodel wherever necessary.
Again on the basis of empirical practice of the conceptual model,this paper. adopts the method of cluster to classify different types of competition. environment companies' face in China in terms of the variation of environmental dimension and comes up with three types of competition environments.Meanwhile, it works outinnovation patterns available to enterprise in each of different environment situations as well.as the distribution of different types of organizational flexibility matching with the organization' s external environment and innovation pattern.
Through the research above,this article has got the following aspects of main achievements and conclusions:
Based on innovation object and span,this paper raises four innovation pattern include incremental product,incremental process,radical product and radical process innovation.And this paper anlysis the reason that enterprise selects a kind of innovation pattern,then integrate the external environment to which the enterprise faces,the flexibility condition of the enterprise and the patterns of enterprise innovation into one concept module,in theory, achieve organic connection of the external environment,the organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation.Considering the external environment and by which the organizational flexibility is constricted as factors which influenced the innovation of enterprise and The relations of the factors reflected by the final examinat.ion of the concept pattern shows that there is an apparent matching relationship,which provides the enterprise with important references value to formulate innovation development plan,between different external environments,different organizational flexibility and different organization patterns of innovation.
According to the characteristics of the environment of Chinese companies conducted by non-complete market mechanism,the empirical study about the relationship between the external environment and organizational flexibility, to some extent,explains the reasons of the paradox between environment and flexibility and also changes the traditional viewpoint of organizational flexibility fully in order to deal with the changes of external environment. The empirical study also indicates that the dynamics,complexity and hostility of the environment have different functions to different types of organizational flexibility,rather than a corresponsive relation between them. The study about the relationship between external environment,and organizational flexibility hasanswered the question about the enterprise how to formulate organizational flexibility efficiently,in the situation of competition between Chinese companies.There is an apparent relation between environment of particular type and flexibility,which provides the enterprise with good theory basis to identify and formulate corresponding organizational flexibility according to the characteristics of environment.
Through the research about organizational flexibility and innovation pattern,this paper finds that there is a particular relationship between different types of flexibility and innovation pattern.Some kinds.of organizational,flexibility have a positive imPact on all types of innovation pattern,some kinds of organizational flexibility only influence certain types of innovation pattern positively or negatively,and-the other,kinds of organizational flexibility have a non-linear relation with innovation.The research on the relationship between organizational flexibility and innovation pattern shows the nature of influence choice of enterprise innovation,and also provides the enterprise with corresponding basis to choose a variety of suggestions.
Through the research on the external environment to which the enterprise faces,this paper changes the previous methods of studying certain environment dimension separately,expands the concept of competition,environment and classifies the competition environment to which the Chinese companies face into three categories:difference subdivision,stable development,and largely surging,according to the survey data and applying the clustering,analysis. This paper also extends the present research on environment to a various situations and identifies three types of the pattern of competition environment. And this kind of methods adopted by this paper has a practical guidance for the Chinese companies in the situation of transferring the economic environment.
Through the research about the external environment andinnovation pattern, this paper finds that there is a particular relationship between different types of external environment and innovation pattern.Actual only environment complexity has a positive impact on product innovation,hostility has a positive impact on radical process innovation,and dynamic has non-relation with all kinds of innovation pattern.It shows that external factor such as environment, has a limit impact on different kind of innovation pattern.And innovation would depend on the internal factor such as enterprise' s resource and ability.
This article overcomes the paradox of three types of competition environment and the need for organizational flexibility efficiently,and the paradox between incremental innovation and radicalinnovation.This paper uses the dual organization pattern by Tushman to analyze the distribution.of four kinds of organizational flexibility with respect to dual organization pattern on condition that the enterprise has the four categories of innovation simultaneously including gradual product innovation,gradual process innovation,leaping product innovation and leaping process innovation.Through introducing contingency factor into the analysis,we can adopt different organization patterns in different situations.On the basis of dual organization pattern studying different categories of organizational flexibility in the aspect of internal allocation of the enterprise,this paper overcomes new paradox between leaping innovation and gradual innovation for the companies situated in Chinese classical competition environment,and also organizes the resource of the enterprise and the allocation of ability flexibility efficiently,which has an important and practical meaning.
本文具体做了如下工作:
(1)对企业创新的影响因素进行了研究。在众多影响因素中,从企业应对环境变化的能力入手,分析了组织柔性的内涵和维度;分析了环境的构成维度——动态性、复杂性和敌对性的特征;分析了渐进创新、跃进创新、产品创新和过程创新的内涵,并把四种创新类型按照创新内容和创新幅度组合成四种新的创新模式:渐进式产品创新、渐进式过程创新、跃进式产品创新和跃进式过程创新,并分析了四种创新模式的特征。
(2)在实证的基础上,对不同类型的外部环境与不同类型的组织柔性及其创新模式之间存在的相关关系进行了研究。研究了三种外部环境维度与四种组织柔性维度之间的关系;研究了四种组织柔性维度与四种创新模式之间的关系;研究了三种外部环境维度与四种创新模式之间的关系;建立了外部环境、组织柔性和创新模式的概念模型。
(3)在概念模型实证的基础上,根据三种环境维度强弱变化,使用聚类方法对我国企业面临竞争环境进行划分,得到三种企业竞争环境:差异细分型、稳定发展型和大量涌入型;并分析了在三种不同竞争环境类型下,企业能够有效选择的创新模式种类,以及与三种竞争环境和创新模式相匹配的组织模式问题。
As the influences of science and technology on society and economy increase, global competition is gradually embroidered in the power of economy and technology.Technology revolution and increasingly fierce competition in international markets make innovation more essential in competition. innovation becomes a key factor of facilitating economic growth and increasing technological competitiveness.Chinese government also comes to realize the importance of innovation to national economy and enterprise development, thereby setting down a series of policies to encourage innovation.As a result of guidance of favourable national macroeconomic policies,Companies in China show a growing passion towards innovation.However,a problem arises as to how to choose an effective innovation pattern rationally,that is,Chinese companies are confronted with problems of selection on how to innovate and what to innovate.It is important to resolve this key issue in both theoretical and empirical way.We find it also essential to explore the factors which influence the selection of enterprise innovation pattern,and unveil these binding conditions affecting the effectiveness of these factors as well as the internal operational mechanism between the factors and innovation pattern.
Tracing back toprevious studies on enterprise innovation,we find that most studies discuss the.factors affecting'enterprise innovation either from the viewpoint of competition environment or organizational resources.But,as market competition and change of technology grow intense,companies can not solely rely on one competitive advantage to create customer value.How to relate organization resources to its operational environment and further analyse the effects of the organic combination of these two factors on innovation pattern stands out as a serious challenge to researchers on strategic management and companymanagers.Recent researches in this field are still not systematic,as researchers haven' t established a mature view on the influencing mechanism of external environment and organizational flexibility on the selection of enterprise innovation pattern.
On the basis of above research backgroundandrelated theories,This paper takes external environment,organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation pattern as basic research factors,trying to figure out the functioning mechanism among them by integrating these factors into:a complete framework,as well as building a conceptual model including all the three factors.Usingthe effective data collected from Chinese companies,this paper makes an empirical examination to the conceptual model,also givesa measurable reference on how to match slack resources of enterprise with its environment and thereafter makes decisions in favour of stipulating a certain innovation pattern.
The research of this paper involves jobs as follows:
Upon summarising current studies on external environment,organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation as well as a few new factorsinfluencing enterprise innovation,this paper forms a framework of analysing these three factors,and identifies their boundaries and essentials.
This paper also conducts a research on the conceptual model on the relationships of the three factors.Based on respective study of the essentials of these factors,it also researches different types of external environment and organizational flexibility as well as the relationship with their related innovation pattern,raises a few hypothesises and establishes a conceptual model of the three factors.Also,with reference to the measurement scale of three factors,it conducts an empirical examination to the conceptual model by using the data of 108 companies and makes a correction on themodel wherever necessary.
Again on the basis of empirical practice of the conceptual model,this paper. adopts the method of cluster to classify different types of competition. environment companies' face in China in terms of the variation of environmental dimension and comes up with three types of competition environments.Meanwhile, it works outinnovation patterns available to enterprise in each of different environment situations as well.as the distribution of different types of organizational flexibility matching with the organization' s external environment and innovation pattern.
Through the research above,this article has got the following aspects of main achievements and conclusions:
Based on innovation object and span,this paper raises four innovation pattern include incremental product,incremental process,radical product and radical process innovation.And this paper anlysis the reason that enterprise selects a kind of innovation pattern,then integrate the external environment to which the enterprise faces,the flexibility condition of the enterprise and the patterns of enterprise innovation into one concept module,in theory, achieve organic connection of the external environment,the organizational flexibility and enterprise innovation.Considering the external environment and by which the organizational flexibility is constricted as factors which influenced the innovation of enterprise and The relations of the factors reflected by the final examinat.ion of the concept pattern shows that there is an apparent matching relationship,which provides the enterprise with important references value to formulate innovation development plan,between different external environments,different organizational flexibility and different organization patterns of innovation.
According to the characteristics of the environment of Chinese companies conducted by non-complete market mechanism,the empirical study about the relationship between the external environment and organizational flexibility, to some extent,explains the reasons of the paradox between environment and flexibility and also changes the traditional viewpoint of organizational flexibility fully in order to deal with the changes of external environment. The empirical study also indicates that the dynamics,complexity and hostility of the environment have different functions to different types of organizational flexibility,rather than a corresponsive relation between them. The study about the relationship between external environment,and organizational flexibility hasanswered the question about the enterprise how to formulate organizational flexibility efficiently,in the situation of competition between Chinese companies.There is an apparent relation between environment of particular type and flexibility,which provides the enterprise with good theory basis to identify and formulate corresponding organizational flexibility according to the characteristics of environment.
Through the research about organizational flexibility and innovation pattern,this paper finds that there is a particular relationship between different types of flexibility and innovation pattern.Some kinds.of organizational,flexibility have a positive imPact on all types of innovation pattern,some kinds of organizational flexibility only influence certain types of innovation pattern positively or negatively,and-the other,kinds of organizational flexibility have a non-linear relation with innovation.The research on the relationship between organizational flexibility and innovation pattern shows the nature of influence choice of enterprise innovation,and also provides the enterprise with corresponding basis to choose a variety of suggestions.
Through the research on the external environment to which the enterprise faces,this paper changes the previous methods of studying certain environment dimension separately,expands the concept of competition,environment and classifies the competition environment to which the Chinese companies face into three categories:difference subdivision,stable development,and largely surging,according to the survey data and applying the clustering,analysis. This paper also extends the present research on environment to a various situations and identifies three types of the pattern of competition environment. And this kind of methods adopted by this paper has a practical guidance for the Chinese companies in the situation of transferring the economic environment.
Through the research about the external environment andinnovation pattern, this paper finds that there is a particular relationship between different types of external environment and innovation pattern.Actual only environment complexity has a positive impact on product innovation,hostility has a positive impact on radical process innovation,and dynamic has non-relation with all kinds of innovation pattern.It shows that external factor such as environment, has a limit impact on different kind of innovation pattern.And innovation would depend on the internal factor such as enterprise' s resource and ability.
This article overcomes the paradox of three types of competition environment and the need for organizational flexibility efficiently,and the paradox between incremental innovation and radicalinnovation.This paper uses the dual organization pattern by Tushman to analyze the distribution.of four kinds of organizational flexibility with respect to dual organization pattern on condition that the enterprise has the four categories of innovation simultaneously including gradual product innovation,gradual process innovation,leaping product innovation and leaping process innovation.Through introducing contingency factor into the analysis,we can adopt different organization patterns in different situations.On the basis of dual organization pattern studying different categories of organizational flexibility in the aspect of internal allocation of the enterprise,this paper overcomes new paradox between leaping innovation and gradual innovation for the companies situated in Chinese classical competition environment,and also organizes the resource of the enterprise and the allocation of ability flexibility efficiently,which has an important and practical meaning.
引文
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[1]本文使用美国传统词典在线(http://www.bartleby.com/61/80/E0168000.html)查询了environment的英文解释。
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[1]本文使用美国传统词典在线(http://www.bartleby.com/61/27/F0182700.html)查询了flexibility的英文解释。
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[1]转引自张洪石的博士论文《突破性创新动因与组织模式研究》2005年,第57-58页.
[1]问卷设计的框架结构部分参考了吴增源的博士论文《IT能力对企业绩效的影响机制研究》
[1]信度与效度分析参见了张鹤达的博士论文《基于资源观的IT能力对企业绩效的影响机制研究》,2008年吉林大学博士论文
[1]数据来源于新华网 http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-01/06/content_10611068.htm
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[1]此处论述参考了张洪石的博士论文《突破性创新动因与组织模式研究》第54-56页.
[1]转引自张洪石的博士论文《突破性创新动因与组织模式研究》2005年,第57-58页.
[1]问卷设计的框架结构部分参考了吴增源的博士论文《IT能力对企业绩效的影响机制研究》
[1]信度与效度分析参见了张鹤达的博士论文《基于资源观的IT能力对企业绩效的影响机制研究》,2008年吉林大学博士论文
[1]数据来源于新华网 http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-01/06/content_10611068.htm
[1]伊志宏等著.中国企业创新能力研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008年,第332-344页.
[1]转引自张洪石的博士论文《突破性创新动因与组织模式研究》2005年,第156-158页。
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