机载合成孔径雷达成像实时信号处理研究
摘要
合成孔径雷达成像具有全天候、全天时和远距离的特点，因此合成孔径雷达
成像实时信号处理的研究对军用和民用均具有重要的实用价值。合成孔径雷达的
成像算法中，多普勒参数的估计精度直接影响到成像质量的好坏。本文首先讨论
了基于原始数据的多普勒参数的估计方法，并且分析了距离多普勒算法在实时处
理中的实现，以及实时成像下的运动补偿、数据分段及几何校正；然后在此算法
的基础上提出了相应的系统解决方案，系统设计采用 VME 总线结构，其运算核心
部分是一个由四片数字信号处理器组成的共享总线式并行处理模块，论文并提供
了整个实时成像算法的软件实现。论文最后介绍了实时操作系统在合成孔径雷达
成像中的运用。本文对研究合成孔径雷达成像实时信号处理具有一定的现实意义。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the characteristic of all-weather, day/night and
long range, so it is of great value to study on real-time processing for SAR imaging in
both civilian and military applications. In the algorithm for SAR, the estimation
precision of Doppler parameter affects the quality of image directly. At first, the paper
discusses the method of Doppler parameter estimation based on raw datum, and
analyzes the realization for Range-Doppler algorithm in real-time processing, motion
compensation, datum subsection and geometry emendation. Then, the corresponding
system solution based on the algorithm is put forward. The Versa Module Eurocard bus
construction is adopted in the system design. Operation core is a shared-bus,
parallel-processing module, which is composed of four digital signal processors. The
whole real-time imaging algorithm realization in software is also given. At last, the
paper expounds the application of Real Time Operation System (RTOS) on SAR
imaging. So the paper is of realistic meaning in a sense for studying SAR imaging
real-time signal processing.
成像实时信号处理的研究对军用和民用均具有重要的实用价值。合成孔径雷达的
成像算法中，多普勒参数的估计精度直接影响到成像质量的好坏。本文首先讨论
了基于原始数据的多普勒参数的估计方法，并且分析了距离多普勒算法在实时处
理中的实现，以及实时成像下的运动补偿、数据分段及几何校正；然后在此算法
的基础上提出了相应的系统解决方案，系统设计采用 VME 总线结构，其运算核心
部分是一个由四片数字信号处理器组成的共享总线式并行处理模块，论文并提供
了整个实时成像算法的软件实现。论文最后介绍了实时操作系统在合成孔径雷达
成像中的运用。本文对研究合成孔径雷达成像实时信号处理具有一定的现实意义。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the characteristic of all-weather, day/night and
long range, so it is of great value to study on real-time processing for SAR imaging in
both civilian and military applications. In the algorithm for SAR, the estimation
precision of Doppler parameter affects the quality of image directly. At first, the paper
discusses the method of Doppler parameter estimation based on raw datum, and
analyzes the realization for Range-Doppler algorithm in real-time processing, motion
compensation, datum subsection and geometry emendation. Then, the corresponding
system solution based on the algorithm is put forward. The Versa Module Eurocard bus
construction is adopted in the system design. Operation core is a shared-bus,
parallel-processing module, which is composed of four digital signal processors. The
whole real-time imaging algorithm realization in software is also given. At last, the
paper expounds the application of Real Time Operation System (RTOS) on SAR
imaging. So the paper is of realistic meaning in a sense for studying SAR imaging
real-time signal processing.
引文
[1] 刘永坦，雷达成像技术，哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1999。
[2] 张澄波，合成孔径雷达，北京：科学出版社，1989。
[3] C.W.Sherwin,J.P.Ruina,R.D.Rawcliffe, “Some early developments in synthetic
aperture radar system,” IRE Trans.On military electronics,Vol.6,No.2,pp.111-115,
1962.
[4] J.J.Kovaly,High resolution radar fundamentals,In Eli-Broakner,Radar Technology,
Dedham,Mass,Artech House,1997.
[5] Jin,M.Y.Wu.C. “ASAR correction algorithm which accommodates Large-Range
migration” IEEE Trans.On Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol.GE-22,No.6,
Nov.1984,pp.592-597.
[6] R.Horn, “E-SAR-The experimental airborne L/C band SAR system of DLR,”Proc.
Of IGARSS’88,pp.417-426 1991.
[7] S.N.Maden,E.L.Christensen,et al, “The danish SAR system:design and initial tests,”
IEEE Trans.GRS,Vol.29,No.3,pp.417-426,1991.
[8] J.Dall,J.H.J,E.L.C,S.N.Maden, “Real-time processor for the Danish airborne SAR,”
IEE Proceedings-F,Vol.139,No.2,pp115-121,1992.
[9] W.E.Elache et al “Shuttle Imaging Radar experiment”,Science,Vol.218, pp.
996-1003,1982.
[10] J.B.Cimino et al. SIR-B “The second Shuttle Imaging Radar Experiment”,IEEE
Trans.GRS.Vol.24.No.3,pp.445-452,1986.
[11] E.P.W.Attena, “TheActive Microwave Instrument on-board The ESR-1Satellite”,
Proc.IEEE,Vol.79,No.6 pp.791-799.1991.
[12] Ian R.MacDonald,David B.Buthman,Willian W.Sager,Michael B.Peceini,Norman
L.Guinasso,Jr.Pulsed oil discharge from a mud volcano.
[13] T.Einstein, “Real-time SyntheticAperture Radar Processing on the RACE
Multicomputer,”Application Note 203.0 Mercury Computing Systems,Inc
Chelmsford,MA,1995.
[14] 黄岩，《高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达成像处理技术研究》，北京航空航天大学
电子工程系博士论文，第三章，第二节，1999 年 6 月。
[15] F.K.Li,D.N.Held,et al. “Doppler parameter estimation for spaceborne synthetic
48 机载合成孔径雷达成像实时信号处理研究
aperture radar”.IEEE Trans.on GRS,1985,23(1):47-56.
[16] S.D.Madsen. “Estimating the doppler centroid of SAR data”.IEEE Trans.on
AES,1989,25(2):134-140.
[17] R.Bamler. “Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound”,IEEE
Trans.on GRS,1991,29(3):385-389.
[18] Li.Xi.Liu Guosui,G. “Autofocusing of ISAR Images Based on Entropy Minimizati
–on”IEEE Trans.AES,Vol.35,No.4,1999,pp.1240-1251.
[19] 邢孟道，《基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究》，西安电子科技大学博士论文，
第 6 章，2002 年 3 月。
[20] Profersor JohnA.Stankovic,Real-time Computeing,Department of Computer
Science ,University of Massachusetts,Arnherst,MA01003,April 16,1992.
[21] M.Wright,M.Green,G..Fiegl et al “An Expert System for Real-time Control”, IEEE
software,Vol.3No.2,pp.16-24,March 1986.
[22] Bork Furht ,Dan Grostick,et al.Real-time UNIX Systems:design and application
guide,KluwerAcademic Publishers Group,Norwell,MA,USA,1991.
[23] Andrew S.Tanenbaum 著，陈向群等译，《现代操作系统》，机械工业出版社，
2000 年 4 月，第二次印刷。
[24] C.L.Liu and J.W.Laylard, “SchedulingAlgorithms for Multiprogramming in a
Hard Real-Time environment”,Journal of theACM,Vol.20,No.1,January 1973,
pp.46-61.
[2] 张澄波，合成孔径雷达，北京：科学出版社，1989。
[3] C.W.Sherwin,J.P.Ruina,R.D.Rawcliffe, “Some early developments in synthetic
aperture radar system,” IRE Trans.On military electronics,Vol.6,No.2,pp.111-115,
1962.
[4] J.J.Kovaly,High resolution radar fundamentals,In Eli-Broakner,Radar Technology,
Dedham,Mass,Artech House,1997.
[5] Jin,M.Y.Wu.C. “ASAR correction algorithm which accommodates Large-Range
migration” IEEE Trans.On Geoscience and Remote Sensing Vol.GE-22,No.6,
Nov.1984,pp.592-597.
[6] R.Horn, “E-SAR-The experimental airborne L/C band SAR system of DLR,”Proc.
Of IGARSS’88,pp.417-426 1991.
[7] S.N.Maden,E.L.Christensen,et al, “The danish SAR system:design and initial tests,”
IEEE Trans.GRS,Vol.29,No.3,pp.417-426,1991.
[8] J.Dall,J.H.J,E.L.C,S.N.Maden, “Real-time processor for the Danish airborne SAR,”
IEE Proceedings-F,Vol.139,No.2,pp115-121,1992.
[9] W.E.Elache et al “Shuttle Imaging Radar experiment”,Science,Vol.218, pp.
996-1003,1982.
[10] J.B.Cimino et al. SIR-B “The second Shuttle Imaging Radar Experiment”,IEEE
Trans.GRS.Vol.24.No.3,pp.445-452,1986.
[11] E.P.W.Attena, “TheActive Microwave Instrument on-board The ESR-1Satellite”,
Proc.IEEE,Vol.79,No.6 pp.791-799.1991.
[12] Ian R.MacDonald,David B.Buthman,Willian W.Sager,Michael B.Peceini,Norman
L.Guinasso,Jr.Pulsed oil discharge from a mud volcano.
[13] T.Einstein, “Real-time SyntheticAperture Radar Processing on the RACE
Multicomputer,”Application Note 203.0 Mercury Computing Systems,Inc
Chelmsford,MA,1995.
[14] 黄岩，《高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达成像处理技术研究》，北京航空航天大学
电子工程系博士论文，第三章，第二节，1999 年 6 月。
[15] F.K.Li,D.N.Held,et al. “Doppler parameter estimation for spaceborne synthetic
48 机载合成孔径雷达成像实时信号处理研究
aperture radar”.IEEE Trans.on GRS,1985,23(1):47-56.
[16] S.D.Madsen. “Estimating the doppler centroid of SAR data”.IEEE Trans.on
AES,1989,25(2):134-140.
[17] R.Bamler. “Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound”,IEEE
Trans.on GRS,1991,29(3):385-389.
[18] Li.Xi.Liu Guosui,G. “Autofocusing of ISAR Images Based on Entropy Minimizati
–on”IEEE Trans.AES,Vol.35,No.4,1999,pp.1240-1251.
[19] 邢孟道，《基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究》，西安电子科技大学博士论文，
第 6 章，2002 年 3 月。
[20] Profersor JohnA.Stankovic,Real-time Computeing,Department of Computer
Science ,University of Massachusetts,Arnherst,MA01003,April 16,1992.
[21] M.Wright,M.Green,G..Fiegl et al “An Expert System for Real-time Control”, IEEE
software,Vol.3No.2,pp.16-24,March 1986.
[22] Bork Furht ,Dan Grostick,et al.Real-time UNIX Systems:design and application
guide,KluwerAcademic Publishers Group,Norwell,MA,USA,1991.
[23] Andrew S.Tanenbaum 著，陈向群等译，《现代操作系统》，机械工业出版社，
2000 年 4 月，第二次印刷。
[24] C.L.Liu and J.W.Laylard, “SchedulingAlgorithms for Multiprogramming in a
Hard Real-Time environment”,Journal of theACM,Vol.20,No.1,January 1973,
pp.46-61.