任、督二脉源流探析
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摘要
本题任、督二脉源流探析在进入正文之前,包括了前言与文献综述两部分,表明立题意义与依据,并综述关于任、督二脉理论探讨及临床应用的研究现况；进入正文分为九部分。
第一部分论述了任、督二脉的记载起源,分别见于《黄帝内经》及《庄子》篇章中。
第二部分是秦汉时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述了此时期核心背景,西汉初以黄老之术治国休养生息,道家思想成为主流,形成了儒道并行的背景。此时期从三处概括了任、督二脉相关内容的记载。其一是经考证,推估其时代在《黄帝内经》成书之前,其上已绘有督脉路径的汉墓出土经脉木人。其二是首见任脉、督脉之名,并记载了任脉、督脉的循行、生理功能、有关腧穴、主病及刺灸运用的《黄帝内经》。其三是继承了《黄帝内经》,删繁补缺,概括了任脉、督脉的循行起止,纲领性论述了任脉、督脉主病,并最早论述了后世所谓“丹田”这一部位功能特点的《难经》。
第三部分是魏晋隋唐时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述了此时期于隋唐承袭了魏晋玄学,最终形成儒、佛、道三者兼容的社会文化背景因而出现了哪些现象。此外,探源“周天”、“内丹”之名,亦于此时期明确提出。而“丹田”一词见于医籍当中,亦从西晋皇甫谧的《针灸甲乙经》开始。有关道家思想及养生等概念,在此时期正经由丹田部位,以穴位的形式与任脉、督脉相关内容产生一定的联系。此时期关于任、督二脉记载,首先以《针灸甲乙经》继承《内经》、《难经》中关于循行、病候,并将两者相参注解予以补充。此外,载录了其它医籍关于脉象、病候、治方的记载；另一方面,隋唐时期百岁的道医孙思邈除了在医学方面有精辟的论述,对于养生保健及气功方面也有所领略,在医着中汇集了儒、佛禅、道、武学、瑜伽等家静心养生的精要,于著作中记载了打通任、督二脉的修炼方法,为后世提供了简易的静心养生方式。
第四部分是五代宋金元时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述此时期延续前一历史时期,儒、佛、道融合的潮流弥漫至社会生活各个领域,如何影响“理学”思潮的产生。关于任、督二脉记载,依前一历史时期《针灸甲乙经》对魏晋以前针灸学成就进行了全面总结后,提出此时期任脉、督脉相关内容变化更少,主要在穴位、主治上作进一步发挥。另论述宋代出现大量方书,因而为任脉、督脉方药的流传提供了条件载录了医籍中的任脉、督脉治方。
第五部分是明清时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述此时期“心学”思潮的主要社会文化背景,医学进一步结合了丹道发展,以李时珍的《奇经八脉考》中重点阐述的“丹家河车妙旨”为代表,其后杨继洲的《针灸大成》中亦记载了“任督二脉一功”,对后世养生保健的探讨有所启发,均突出了此时期由外转内认识的任、督二脉相关内容。而清代道光帝以后,太医院废除针灸科,在此背景下,针灸学术整体处于衰退状况。然而,清代方药学进一步发达,任、督二脉用药记载大量出现。
第六部分是属现代的民国至今,有关任、督二脉文献的记载。主要论述了任、督二脉临床辨证应用,以及结合现代医学与养生相关的内容,突出了神经学与任、督二脉相联系的重要性意义,并经由现代已整理出之古代医籍中任脉、督脉穴位主治记载的研究及现代医学神经学的研究进行了对比与总结。从与养生相关的“小周天功”部分,概括了前述各历史时期最终以儒、佛、道融合的中国传统文化,一直以蕴含深义的方式带给后世启发与影响。
第七部分以循行、穴位、主病为主,将任、督二脉相关内容做一小结。
第八部分是经各历史时期任、督二脉相关内容的梳理过程,对自己产生的一些关于临床上的想法与启发,进行了相关内容的探讨。
第九部分以发展及演化年谱的形式,将任、督二脉相关内容结合社会文化背景进行了从源到流的梳理。最后,针对全文作一结语。
The topic of this paper is the exploration and analysis of the origin and development of the conception and governor vessels. Before moving to the main body, there are the Introduction and Literature Review sections, which indicate the significance and evidence of this topic and summarize the theoretical exploration of the conception and governor vessels and the situation of current clinical application studies. The main body is divided into nine parts.
In the first part, the origin of records on the conception and governor vessels is elaborated. They are recorded in Huangdi's Neijing and Chuang-Tzu respectively.
The second part covers the documentary records on the social and cultural background in the Qin and Han dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. It also expounds the core background-the School advocated by Huangdi and Lao-Tzu being considered as the doctrine in governing state affairs and rehabilitating at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the Taoism being held as the main stream and coexisting with Confucianism. Records concerning the conception and governor vessels in this period are summarized from three aspects. The first one is that based on textual research, it is estimated that this period is prior to the completion of Huangdi's Neijing and meridian wood models excavated from the Han Dynasty tombs already had the governor vessel painted on them. The second one is that the name of the conception vessel and the governor vessel was firstly found in Huangdi's Neijing, accompanied by the circulation, physiological function, the application of relevant acupuncture points, diseases and acupuncture. The third one is that Nanjing inherits Huangdi's Neijing, cuts out what was repetit ious and fills in gaps, summarizes the starting and ending points of the circulation of the conception and governor vessels, expounds the diseases on the conception and governor vessels programmatically and is the earliest to discuss the funct ions and features of the "elixir field" as the later genera t ions call it.
The third part is about the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the Wei and Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. The inheritance of Wei-Jin metaphysics in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the social and cultural background under which the coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted was finally formed are discussed, and the phenomenon caused by such coexistence as well. Furthermore, it is also in this period that the exploration of the source of "circulation" and "internal elixir" was also clearly put forward. The appearance of "elixir field" on medical books started from A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion written by Huang Fumi in the Western Jin Dynasty. A certain connection was established with the contents regarding the conception and governor vessels via acupuncture points from the elixir field in this period when it comes to the concepts of Taoism and health maintenance. In this period, records on the conception and governor vessels are firstly, Huangdi's Neijing inherited by A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and circulation and diseases recorded in Nanjing. And these two were used as a reference and supplement of each other. In addition, records regarding pulse condition, diseases and treatments on other medical books were also extracted. On the other hand, Sun Simiao, the representative of Taoism medicine who had lived for over one hundred years in the Sui and Tang dynasties, also showed certain appreciation on health maintenance and breathing exercises, apart from his incisive statements on medicine. He collected the essentials of meditation and health maintenance from Confucianism, Buddhism and Zen, Taoism, martial arts and yoga in medicine, and recorded the practices of getting through the conception and governor vessels in his words. Thanks to him, the later generations have been enjoying a simple and unsophisticated mode of meditation and health maintenance.
The fourth part covers the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the five dynasties and Song Jin Yuan period and the conception and governor vessels. This period continued the previous historical period, which is reflected in that the trend of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was pervaded in all the fields of the society and people's life. It was under such background that the ideological trend on how to influence "Confucian school of idealist philosophy" originated. Since achievements in the science of acupuncture and moxibustion prior to the Wei and Jin dynasties had already been comprehensively summarized in A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, it is summarized that there were few changes about the contents regarding the conception and governor vessels in this period, and the primary progress was further development of acupuncture points and indications. Moreover, the Song Dynasty witnessed a large number of medical formularies, which offered necessary conditions for the circulation of prescriptions on the conception and governor vessels and relevant records on medical books.
The fifth part is about the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the Ming and Qing dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. The main social and cultural background of the ideological trend of "the philosophy of the mind" is introduced. Medically speaking, the development of Book of Changes and Tao The King-based thought was further integrated, as represented by "the ingenious statement about vessels" highlighted in Eight Extraordinary Meridians written by Li Shizhen. Followed by that is "the conception and governor vessels and one exercised" recorded in the Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Yang Jizhou. They all inspire the later generations in the explorations of health maintenance and highlight the cognition of the conception and governor vessels from exteriorly to interiorly in this period. While after the Daoguang Emperor Period in the Qing Dynasty, the department of acupuncture and moxibustion was demolished by the Imperial Academy of Medicine. Under such background, the science of acupuncture and moxibustion was declining as a whole. However, since prescription further developed in this dynasty, a large number of records on the medications concerning the conception and governor vessels showed up.
The sixth part is literature records on the conception and governor vessels ever since the Republic of China. The clinical dialectical application of the conception and governor vessels and the combination of modern medicine and health maintenance in highlighting the great significance of relating neurology with the conception and governor vessels are mainly elaborated in this part. And records on the studies on the treatments of conception and governor vessels acupuncture points classified from ancient medical books and studies on the modern neurology are compared and summarized. On the basis of the "small circulation practice" part related with health maintenance, Chinese traditional cultures which are the final integration result of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the prior historical periods are summarized in this part. And they have been inspiring and affecting the later generations in a profound and good way.
The seventh part focuses on the circulation, acupuncture points and diseases, and summarizes relevant contents of the conception and governor vessels.
The eighth part classifies the contents on the concept ion and governor vessels in different historical periods and motivates the author to probe into certain contents on the thoughts and inspirations clinically.
The ninth part classifies the contents of the conception and governor vessels and the social and cultural background from the origin to the development through a chronicle of the development and evolution. Finally, it makes a conclusion of the whole thesis.
第一部分论述了任、督二脉的记载起源,分别见于《黄帝内经》及《庄子》篇章中。
第二部分是秦汉时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述了此时期核心背景,西汉初以黄老之术治国休养生息,道家思想成为主流,形成了儒道并行的背景。此时期从三处概括了任、督二脉相关内容的记载。其一是经考证,推估其时代在《黄帝内经》成书之前,其上已绘有督脉路径的汉墓出土经脉木人。其二是首见任脉、督脉之名,并记载了任脉、督脉的循行、生理功能、有关腧穴、主病及刺灸运用的《黄帝内经》。其三是继承了《黄帝内经》,删繁补缺,概括了任脉、督脉的循行起止,纲领性论述了任脉、督脉主病,并最早论述了后世所谓“丹田”这一部位功能特点的《难经》。
第三部分是魏晋隋唐时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述了此时期于隋唐承袭了魏晋玄学,最终形成儒、佛、道三者兼容的社会文化背景因而出现了哪些现象。此外,探源“周天”、“内丹”之名,亦于此时期明确提出。而“丹田”一词见于医籍当中,亦从西晋皇甫谧的《针灸甲乙经》开始。有关道家思想及养生等概念,在此时期正经由丹田部位,以穴位的形式与任脉、督脉相关内容产生一定的联系。此时期关于任、督二脉记载,首先以《针灸甲乙经》继承《内经》、《难经》中关于循行、病候,并将两者相参注解予以补充。此外,载录了其它医籍关于脉象、病候、治方的记载；另一方面,隋唐时期百岁的道医孙思邈除了在医学方面有精辟的论述,对于养生保健及气功方面也有所领略,在医着中汇集了儒、佛禅、道、武学、瑜伽等家静心养生的精要,于著作中记载了打通任、督二脉的修炼方法,为后世提供了简易的静心养生方式。
第四部分是五代宋金元时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述此时期延续前一历史时期,儒、佛、道融合的潮流弥漫至社会生活各个领域,如何影响“理学”思潮的产生。关于任、督二脉记载,依前一历史时期《针灸甲乙经》对魏晋以前针灸学成就进行了全面总结后,提出此时期任脉、督脉相关内容变化更少,主要在穴位、主治上作进一步发挥。另论述宋代出现大量方书,因而为任脉、督脉方药的流传提供了条件载录了医籍中的任脉、督脉治方。
第五部分是明清时期社会文化背景及任、督二脉文献记载。论述此时期“心学”思潮的主要社会文化背景,医学进一步结合了丹道发展,以李时珍的《奇经八脉考》中重点阐述的“丹家河车妙旨”为代表,其后杨继洲的《针灸大成》中亦记载了“任督二脉一功”,对后世养生保健的探讨有所启发,均突出了此时期由外转内认识的任、督二脉相关内容。而清代道光帝以后,太医院废除针灸科,在此背景下,针灸学术整体处于衰退状况。然而,清代方药学进一步发达,任、督二脉用药记载大量出现。
第六部分是属现代的民国至今,有关任、督二脉文献的记载。主要论述了任、督二脉临床辨证应用,以及结合现代医学与养生相关的内容,突出了神经学与任、督二脉相联系的重要性意义,并经由现代已整理出之古代医籍中任脉、督脉穴位主治记载的研究及现代医学神经学的研究进行了对比与总结。从与养生相关的“小周天功”部分,概括了前述各历史时期最终以儒、佛、道融合的中国传统文化,一直以蕴含深义的方式带给后世启发与影响。
第七部分以循行、穴位、主病为主,将任、督二脉相关内容做一小结。
第八部分是经各历史时期任、督二脉相关内容的梳理过程,对自己产生的一些关于临床上的想法与启发,进行了相关内容的探讨。
第九部分以发展及演化年谱的形式,将任、督二脉相关内容结合社会文化背景进行了从源到流的梳理。最后,针对全文作一结语。
The topic of this paper is the exploration and analysis of the origin and development of the conception and governor vessels. Before moving to the main body, there are the Introduction and Literature Review sections, which indicate the significance and evidence of this topic and summarize the theoretical exploration of the conception and governor vessels and the situation of current clinical application studies. The main body is divided into nine parts.
In the first part, the origin of records on the conception and governor vessels is elaborated. They are recorded in Huangdi's Neijing and Chuang-Tzu respectively.
The second part covers the documentary records on the social and cultural background in the Qin and Han dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. It also expounds the core background-the School advocated by Huangdi and Lao-Tzu being considered as the doctrine in governing state affairs and rehabilitating at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the Taoism being held as the main stream and coexisting with Confucianism. Records concerning the conception and governor vessels in this period are summarized from three aspects. The first one is that based on textual research, it is estimated that this period is prior to the completion of Huangdi's Neijing and meridian wood models excavated from the Han Dynasty tombs already had the governor vessel painted on them. The second one is that the name of the conception vessel and the governor vessel was firstly found in Huangdi's Neijing, accompanied by the circulation, physiological function, the application of relevant acupuncture points, diseases and acupuncture. The third one is that Nanjing inherits Huangdi's Neijing, cuts out what was repetit ious and fills in gaps, summarizes the starting and ending points of the circulation of the conception and governor vessels, expounds the diseases on the conception and governor vessels programmatically and is the earliest to discuss the funct ions and features of the "elixir field" as the later genera t ions call it.
The third part is about the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the Wei and Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. The inheritance of Wei-Jin metaphysics in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the social and cultural background under which the coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexisted was finally formed are discussed, and the phenomenon caused by such coexistence as well. Furthermore, it is also in this period that the exploration of the source of "circulation" and "internal elixir" was also clearly put forward. The appearance of "elixir field" on medical books started from A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion written by Huang Fumi in the Western Jin Dynasty. A certain connection was established with the contents regarding the conception and governor vessels via acupuncture points from the elixir field in this period when it comes to the concepts of Taoism and health maintenance. In this period, records on the conception and governor vessels are firstly, Huangdi's Neijing inherited by A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and circulation and diseases recorded in Nanjing. And these two were used as a reference and supplement of each other. In addition, records regarding pulse condition, diseases and treatments on other medical books were also extracted. On the other hand, Sun Simiao, the representative of Taoism medicine who had lived for over one hundred years in the Sui and Tang dynasties, also showed certain appreciation on health maintenance and breathing exercises, apart from his incisive statements on medicine. He collected the essentials of meditation and health maintenance from Confucianism, Buddhism and Zen, Taoism, martial arts and yoga in medicine, and recorded the practices of getting through the conception and governor vessels in his words. Thanks to him, the later generations have been enjoying a simple and unsophisticated mode of meditation and health maintenance.
The fourth part covers the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the five dynasties and Song Jin Yuan period and the conception and governor vessels. This period continued the previous historical period, which is reflected in that the trend of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was pervaded in all the fields of the society and people's life. It was under such background that the ideological trend on how to influence "Confucian school of idealist philosophy" originated. Since achievements in the science of acupuncture and moxibustion prior to the Wei and Jin dynasties had already been comprehensively summarized in A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, it is summarized that there were few changes about the contents regarding the conception and governor vessels in this period, and the primary progress was further development of acupuncture points and indications. Moreover, the Song Dynasty witnessed a large number of medical formularies, which offered necessary conditions for the circulation of prescriptions on the conception and governor vessels and relevant records on medical books.
The fifth part is about the documentary records on the social and cultural background of the Ming and Qing dynasties and the conception and governor vessels. The main social and cultural background of the ideological trend of "the philosophy of the mind" is introduced. Medically speaking, the development of Book of Changes and Tao The King-based thought was further integrated, as represented by "the ingenious statement about vessels" highlighted in Eight Extraordinary Meridians written by Li Shizhen. Followed by that is "the conception and governor vessels and one exercised" recorded in the Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Yang Jizhou. They all inspire the later generations in the explorations of health maintenance and highlight the cognition of the conception and governor vessels from exteriorly to interiorly in this period. While after the Daoguang Emperor Period in the Qing Dynasty, the department of acupuncture and moxibustion was demolished by the Imperial Academy of Medicine. Under such background, the science of acupuncture and moxibustion was declining as a whole. However, since prescription further developed in this dynasty, a large number of records on the medications concerning the conception and governor vessels showed up.
The sixth part is literature records on the conception and governor vessels ever since the Republic of China. The clinical dialectical application of the conception and governor vessels and the combination of modern medicine and health maintenance in highlighting the great significance of relating neurology with the conception and governor vessels are mainly elaborated in this part. And records on the studies on the treatments of conception and governor vessels acupuncture points classified from ancient medical books and studies on the modern neurology are compared and summarized. On the basis of the "small circulation practice" part related with health maintenance, Chinese traditional cultures which are the final integration result of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the prior historical periods are summarized in this part. And they have been inspiring and affecting the later generations in a profound and good way.
The seventh part focuses on the circulation, acupuncture points and diseases, and summarizes relevant contents of the conception and governor vessels.
The eighth part classifies the contents on the concept ion and governor vessels in different historical periods and motivates the author to probe into certain contents on the thoughts and inspirations clinically.
The ninth part classifies the contents of the conception and governor vessels and the social and cultural background from the origin to the development through a chronicle of the development and evolution. Finally, it makes a conclusion of the whole thesis.
引文
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清.潘楫.医灯续焰
明.李时珍.本草纲目
春秋战国.五十二病方
明.卢之颐.本草乘雅半偈
宋.王怀隐.太平圣惠方
清.张志聪.本草崇原
宋.赵佶等.圣济总录
清.张璐.本经逢原
宋.陈自明.妇人大全良方
明.王肯堂.证治准绳
清.汪昂.医方集解
晋.皇甫谧.针灸甲乙经
隋.巢元方.诸病源候论
元.滑寿.十四经发挥
唐.孙思邈.千金翼方
明.李时珍.奇经八脉考
唐.王焘.外台秘要
明.杨继洲.针灸大成
宋.丹波康赖.医心方
明.龚信纂.古今医鉴
明.虞抟.医学正传
明.张介宾.景岳全书
明.武之望.济阴纲目
清.冯兆张.冯氏锦囊秘录
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